Trond Olav Pettersen
Senior Engineer
(+47) 406 22 903
trond.pettersen@nibio.no
Place
Landvik
Visiting address
Reddalsveien 215, 4886 Grimstad
Authors
Anne Friederike Borchert Karin Juul Hesselsøe Atle Beisland Trond Olav Pettersen Tatsiana EspevigAbstract
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To reduce the dependency of fungicides in treating turf grass diseases we investigated the use of biostimulants and colour pigments and their capacity to prevent the proliferation of microdochium and anthracnose on annual meadow grass (Poa annua). The study was conducted in two sites (Landvik, Norway and Bingley, United Kingdom) for two years (May 2020 – May 2022). The biostimulant Hicure could reduce the fungicidal use from three to two without loss of efficiency in treating the fungal diseases. The biostimulant also preserved the visual quality of the turf grasses when reducing the fungicidal treatment from three to two. The colour pigment Ryder in all treatments was effective at increasing the colour intensity of the turf grasses compared to the control. Additionally, the biostimulant treatments could treat anthracnose better than the fungicidal only treatment. The biostimulant Hicure and the colour pigment Ryder have potential for further research and development to reduce the use of fungicides while simultaneously preserving the pristine quality of turf grasses in golf greens.
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Lecture – ROBOGOLF results
Karin Juul Hesselsøe, Anne Friederike Borchert, Trond Olav Pettersen, ...
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Karin Juul Hesselsøe Anne Friederike Borchert Trond Olav Pettersen Atle Beisland Bjarni Hannesson Lars H. Nielsen Atle Revheim Hansen Markus Rehnström Janne Lehto Trygve S. AamlidAbstract
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Authors
Karin Juul Hesselsøe Anne Friederike Borchert Trygve S. Aamlid Bjarni Hannesson Per Rasmussen Karin Normann Tatsiana Espevig Michelle DaCosta Eric Watkins Andrew Hollman Jørgen Hornslien Trond Olav Pettersen Pia Heltoft ThomsenAbstract
The objective of SCANGREEN 2019-22 was to find species, varieties and seed blends/mixtures of Agrostis, Festuca, Poa and Lolium that are suited for pesticide-free management of putting greens in the two major climatic zones of the Nordic countries and in the northern USA. The four test sites in the Nordic countries were Reykjavik GC, Iceland and NIBIO Apelsvoll in the the northern zone, and NIBIO Landvik, Norway and Smørum GC, Denmark in the southern zone. The two US test sites were located at Troll Turfgrass Research Facility in Massachusetts and at University of Minnesota. The trials included 30 candidate varieties representing eight different species and subspecies from 13 different seed companies/representatives, and three seed mixtures of red fescue and colonial and creeping bentgrass, a seed mixture of creeping bentgrass and perennial ryegrass and a seed blend of red fescue. Monthly evaluations of overall impression, tiller density, winter hardiness, disease and weed coverage etc., were done from three weeks after sowing in June-September 2019 until October 2022. The trial at Smørum GC was established in May 2021. The trials were established according to a split-plot design with three blocks (replicates), species on main plots and varieties on subplots. The experimental greens were mown three times per week – Monday, Wednesday, and Friday and deficit-irrigated to 80% of field capacity three to four times per week in periods without sufficient natural rainfall. Fertilizer (mean N–P–K ratio, 100–22–74) was given as completely balanced compound fertilizers every second week. Each experimental green was divided in different management levels: High and low fertilizer rate and high and low mowing. The two fertilizer rates were 10 and 17 g N m−2 yr−1 and the two mowing heights were 3 and 5 mm. Mixtures were managed at both regimes. There was no use of pesticides or plant growth regulators in any of the trials.
Authors
Karin Juul Hesselsøe Anne Friederike Borchert Trygve S. Aamlid Bjarni Hannesson Per Rasmussen Karin Normann Tatsiana Espevig Michelle DaCosta Eric Watkins Andrew Hollman Jørgen Hornslien Trond Olav Pettersen Pia Heltoft ThomsenAbstract
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Kemeng Xiao Karin Juul Hesselsøe Christer Magnusson Tatsiana Espevig Trond Olav Pettersen Trygve S. AamlidAbstract
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Authors
Pia Heltoft Thomsen Gudni Thorvaldsson Anne Mette Dahl Jensen Tatsiana Espevig Karin Juul Hesselsøe Wendy Marie Waalen Torben K. Petersen Trond Olav Pettersen Jan Tangsveen Per Sørensen Tanja Gneist Bjarni Hannesson Kristine Sundsdal Trygve S. AamlidAbstract
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Denne rapporten gir resultater fra andre år (2021) i prosjektet"ROBO-GOLF: Bedre gresskvalitet, redusert gjødselkostnad og mindre bruk av fossil energi ved bruk av robotklippere på fairway og semi-rough". Arbeidspakke (WP1) omfatter forsøk med sammenlikning av robotklipper og manuell klipper (sylinder-klipper på fairway, 15 mm klippehøyde; rotorklipper på semirough, 35 mm klippehøyde) til ulike grasarter. Resultatene viste forskjeller mellom robotklipping og manuell klipping, som for det meste ble sett på semi-rough når det gjelder sykdommer, ugress (hvitkløver) og jordpakking. En tendens til lavere sykdomsforekomst med robotklipping ble sett spesielt på semi-rough i alle arter på sensommeren/høsten, men også i Agrostis capillaris på fairway. Mer hvitkløver på de robotklippede ruter med Lolium perenne i semi-rough resulterte i et lavere helhetsinntrykk. I arbeidspakke 2 (WP2) ble nitrogen (N) gjødseleffekten av retur av klipp med robot- vs. manuell klipping studert på fairway etablert i en blanding bestående av Poa pratensis, Agrostis capillaris og Festuca rubra. Årlige N-rater på 0, 30, 60, 90 og 120 kg/ha/år, hver delt inn i 6 like tilførsler, ble brukt over sesongen. Innsamling av klipp én gang per måned viste at tilbakeføring av klipp både for manuell og robotklipping økte gressveksten sammenlignet med når klippet ble fjernet. Samtidig var N-konsentrasjonen i klippet høyere om våren og forsommeren, men ikke på sensommeren og høsten. Helhetsinntrykket av gresset viste samme høye vurdering for robot- og manuell klipp. I WP3 ble demonstrasjonsforsøk med robotklippere sammenlignet med sylinderklippere på fairway og rotorklippere på semi-rough videreført fra 2020 på fem golfbaner i Norden. Helhetsinntrykk, dekning av ugress og sykdommer og energibruk ble registrert månedlig fra mai til september. Helhetsinntrykk i robotklippede ruter var stort sett lik manuelt klippede ruter på fairway og semi-rough. På noen datoer resulterte robotklipping i signifikant høyere helhetsinntrykk enn manuell klipping.
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Soil surfactants are applied to alleviate soil water repellency (SWR). The ability of surfactants to improve turfgrass quality under dry conditions is well documented, but less information exists about their role in situations with water surplus. Our objective was to study responses to monthly application of the surfactant Qualibra (20 L ha–1) under dry and wet conditions on a sand-based green covered with creeping bentgrass. Dry conditions implied irrigation to field capacity (FC) once a week (FC1) in 2014 (a year with warm and dry weather from May through July) and deficit irrigation to 60% of FC once a week (DEF1) in 2015 (May through July cool and wet). Wet conditions implied excessive irrigation twice a week (EX2) with 50% more water than needed to replenish FC. The surfactant decreased the average soil water content of the surface 7.5 cm of the root zone from 0.193 to 0.168 m3 m–3 in 2014 and from 0.191 to 0.171 m3 m–3 in 2015. In 2015, the reduction in SWC was stronger with EX2 than with DEF1 irrigation, and this was accompanied by less organic matter accumulation on plots receiving EX2 irrigation. The surfactant reduced the water drop penetration time (WDPT) regardless of irrigation treatments, but improved turfgrass quality only with DEF1 irrigation in 2015. A harder playing surface due to Qualibra was not observed in 2014 and only at one out of six observations with EX2 irrigation in 2015. We conclude that surfactants imply various benefits depending on water supply.
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Many greenkeepers and authorities are concerned about the environmental risks resulting from pesticide use on golf courses. We studied leaching and surface runoff of fungicides and metabolites during two winter seasons after fall application of boscalid, pyraclostrobin, prothioconazole, trifloxystrobin and fludioxonil in field lysimeters at NIBIO Landvik, Norway. The applications were made on creeping bentgrass greens (5% slope) that had been established from seed or sod (26 mm mat) on USGA‐spec. root zones amended with Sphagnum peat or garden compost, both with 0.3‐0.4% organic carbon in the root zone. The proportions of the winter precipitation recovered as surface and drainage water varied from 3 and 91% in 2016‐17 to 33 and 55% in 2017‐18 due to differences in soil freezing, rainfall intensity and snow and ice cover. Detections of fungicides and their metabolites in drainage water were mostly within the Environmental Risk Limits (ERLs) for aquatic organisms. In contrast, concentrations in surface runoff exceeded ERLs by up to 1000 times. Greens established from sod usually had higher fungicide losses in surface runoff but lower losses in drainage water than greens established from seed. Presumably because of higher microbial activity and a higher pH that made prothioconazole‐desthio more polar, fungicide and metabolite losses in drainage water were usually higher from greens containing compost that from greens containing peat. Leaching of fungicides and metabolites occurred even from frozen greens. The results are discussed in a practical context aiming for reduced environmental risks from spraying fungicides against turfgrass winter diseases.
Authors
Kemeng Xiao Karin Juul Hesselsøe Christer Magnusson Tatsiana Espevig Trond Olav Pettersen Trygve S. AamlidAbstract
In 2018–2019, establishment problems were encountered, after reseeding creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) on a sand-based putting green after ice encasement at the NIBIO Turfgrass Research Center, Norway. Seeds germinated, but the seedlings attained a purple color and died in large patches. Replacement of the top 3 cm layer with new sand amended with Sphagnum peat or garden compost did not solve the problem. To explain this phenomenon, we (1) analyzed the original substrate for nematodes in patches with and without reestablishment failure; and (2) conducted a factorial pot trial with creeping bentgrass and Chewings fescue (Festuca rubra ssp. commutata) seeded on different substrates, some of them in layers, and with and without phosphorus (P) fertilization. The nematode counts showed six times more stubby-root nematodes and two times more spiral nematodes and needle nematodes in the patches with dead seedlings than in the patches with healthy seedings. In the pot trial, the fastest and slowest reestablishment was observed with new sand amended with garden compost and in the two treatments that included the original substrate, respectively. Replacement of the top 3 cm of the old substrate with new garden compost resulted in stagnation of bentgrass seedlings from four weeks after seeding, while fescue seedlings were unaffected. We conclude that the failure to reestablish creeping bentgrass was primarily due to nematodes, which are likely to be more critical for seedlings than for established turf. The green was later reestablished successfully with a 100 % red fescue seed blend.
Authors
Pia Heltoft Thomsen Gudni Thorvaldsson Anne Mette Dahl Jensen Tatsiana Espevig Karin Juul Hesselsøe Wendy Marie Waalen Torben Kastrup Petersen Trond Olav Pettersen Jan Tangsveen Per Sørensen Tania Gneist Bjarni Hannesson Kristine Sundsdal Trygve S. AamlidAbstract
Seed mixtures with a nurse grass that germinates quickly at low soil temperatures can be an option for faster establishment of Agrostis stolonifera (AS) putting greens after winter damage. From 2015 to 2018 Poa trivialis (PT) ‘Dark Horse’ and Lolium perenne (LP) ‘Chardin’ were evaluated as nurse grasses in comparison with pure AS ‘Independence’ at two experimental sites in each of the two major climatic zones of the Nordic countries. Poa annua (PA) ‘Two‐Putt’ was also included as a nurse grass in the northern zone. As an overall trend, establishment was faster with AS+LP than with AS+PT and AS+PA, which in turn had faster establishment than pure AS. In the northern zone, AS+PT produced better turf quality than pure AS in the seeding year and year after and tended to be superior even on average for the entire trial period (mean value 6.0 vs. 5.8 for pure AS, 5.3 for AS+LP, and 4.6 for AS+PA; scale 1–9 where 9 is the highest quality). In the same zone, AS+PT also suffered less overall winter damage than the other combinations and was less infected with microdochium patch than pure AS. In the southern zone, PT and especially LP were far more persistent than in the northern zone and compromised turfgrass quality compared with pure AS. In conclusion, we recommend PT as a nurse grass for faster establishment of AS putting in the northern zone, but not in the southern zone where AS should rather be seeded in a pure stand.
Abstract
Denne rapporten gir resultater fra første år i prosjektet ‘ROBO-GOLF: Bedre gresskvalitet, redusert gjødselkostnad og mindre bruk av fossil energi ved bruk av robotklipper på fairway og semi-rough’ I arbeidspakke (WP) 1 ble forsøk med sammenlikning av robotklipper og manuell klipper (sylinder-klipper på fairway, 15 mm klippehøyde; rotorklipper på semi-rough, 35 mm klippehøyde) til ulike grasarter anlagt på NIBIO Landvik i 2020. Foreløpige resultater fra perioden 11.august - 30.oktober 2020 (etter at grasdekket var etablert) viste bedre helhetsinntrykk med robotklipping enn med manuell klipping på fairway, spesielt i engkvein (Agrostis capillaris) som ble mindre angrepet av mikrodochiumflekk. På semi-rough var derimot skuddtettheten mindre og bladbredden større, og engrapp (Poa pratensis) ble mer invadert av tunrapp og mer angrepet av rust ved robotklipping enn ved manuell klipping.
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This is a report on the potential of NanoPro™ to reduce the rate of two commonly used fungicides for control of Microdochium patch (Microdochium nivale), the economically most important turfgrass disease in Scandinavia. The experiment was conducted from 14 Sept. 2018 to 1 May 2019 on an annual bluegrass golf green at the NIBIO Turfgrass Research Center Landvik. Use of NanoPro™ at a rate of 292 ml/ha in tank mixture with the systemic fungicide Delaro® SC 325 or/and the contact fungicide Medallion® TL produced the same level of disease control with a 30-60% reduction in fungicide dosage as with full fungicide dosage without additive. NanoPro™ was more effective with Medallion® TL than with Delaro® SC 325. We conclude that NanoPro™ may have a big potential in Scandinavia and other countries where authorities require reduced fungicide use. The experiment should be repeated one more year before giving final recommendations.
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Tatsiana Espevig Karin Normann Nick Bosholdt Marina Usoltseva Stefan Nilsson Anders Olofsson Jo Anne Crouch Kate Entwistle Kristine Sundsdal Trond Olav Pettersen Trygve S. Aamlid Torfinn TorpAbstract
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Trygve S. Aamlid Karin Juul Hesselsøe Trond Olav Pettersen Anne Friederike Borchert Tatsiana Espevig A. R. Hansen L.H.S. Nielsen Marie Rehnström J Letho Bjarni HannessonAbstract
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Pia Heltoft Thomsen Bjarni Hannesson Karin Normann Per Sørensen Tania Gneist Michelle DaCosta Eric Watkins Karin Juul Hesselsøe Trygve S. Aamlid Tatsiana Espevig Trond Olav Pettersen Wendy Marie Waalen Jan TangsveenAbstract
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Karin Juul Hesselsøe Pia Heltoft Thomsen Gudni Thorvaldsson Anne mette Dahl jensen Tatsiana Espevig Wendy Marie Waalen Trond Olav Pettersen Jan Tangsveen Per Sørensen Tania Gneist Bjarni Hannesson Trygve S. AamlidAbstract
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Trygve S. Aamlid Pia Heltoft Thomsen Tatsiana Espevig Gudni Thorvaldsson Anne Mette Dahl Jensen Karin Juul Hesselsøe Wendy Marie Waalen T. K. Petersen Trond Olav Pettersen Jan Tangsveen P. Sørensen Tania Gneist Bjarni HannessonAbstract
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Karin Juul Hesselsøe K. Sintorn Koert Donkers N. Dokkuma Yajun Chen Trond Olav Pettersen Wolfgang Prämassing M. Woods D. Cleaver Anne Falk Øgaard Tore Krogstad Trygve S. AamlidAbstract
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Dette er den første rapporten om potensialet for additivet NanoPro til å redusere doseringen av de to mest brukte fungicider for bekjemping av mikrodochium flekk (Microdochium nivale), den økonomisk viktigste sykdommen på golfbaner i Skandinavia. Forsøket ble gjennomført fra 14.sept. 2018 til 1.mai 2019 på en tunrappgreen ved NIBIO Turfgrass Research Centre Landvik. Bruk av NanoPro 292 ml/ha i tankblanding, først med det systemiske fungicidet Delaro® SC 325 den 19.sept.18 og deretter med kontakt fungicidet Medallion® TL den 15.nov.18 gjorde det mulig å oppnå samme sykdomskontoll med 30-60 % mindre dose av fungicid. Virkningen av NanoPro var bedre med Medallion® TL enn med Delaro® SC 325. Våre foreløpige data tyder på at NanoPro kan være et viktig hjelpemiddel for å redusere forbruket av soppmidler på golfbaner. Forsøket bør gjentas ett år for å dokumentere effekten av NanoPro igjennom en artikkel i et vitenskapelig tidsskrift.
Authors
Trygve S. Aamlid Pia Heltoft Thomsen Gudni Thorvaldsson Anne Mette Dahl Jensen Tatsiana Espevig Karin Juul Hesselsøe Wendy Marie Waalen Torben Kastrup Petersen Trond Olav Pettersen Jan Tangsveen Per Sørensen Tania Gneist Bjarni HannessonAbstract
Denne tekst er sluttrapport for STERF-prosjektet: SCANGREEN 2015-18
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Trygve S. Aamlid Gudni Thorvaldsson Anne Mette Dahl Jensen Pia Heltoft Thomsen Tatsiana Espevig Trond Olav Pettersen Jan TangsveenAbstract
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This a first report from testing of NanoGro on established fairway. The aim of the trial was to investigate the potential of NanoGro to improve turfgrass quality and reduce fertilizer cost on established turf at fairway mowing height in a Scandinavian environment.The experiment was conducted in May-October 2019 at the NIBIO Turfgrass Research Center Landvik. NanoGro improved turf quality when no fertilizer was applied. However, NanoGro had no effect when combined with turfgrass fertilizers.
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Trygve S. Aamlid Gudni Thorvaldsson Anne Mette Dahl Jensen Pia Heltoft Tatsiana Espevig Trond Olav Pettersen Jan TangsveenAbstract
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Invasion of annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) is a major concern on red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) putting greens. Our objective was to determine the effect of three seasonal fertilizer distribution treatments on red fescue turf quality and annual bluegrass encroachment. The experiment was conducted over 2 yr on a USGA-specified putting green at NIBIO Turfgrass Research Center Landvik, Norway (58° N). A complete liquid fertilizer was applied weekly for an annual nitrogen input of 11 g m−2 in all treatments. In the FLAT rate treatment, the weekly fertilizer rate was 0.45 g N m−2 wk−1 from 5 May to 28 September. The FALL+ treatment received 0.68 g N m−2 wk−1 from 11 August to 28 September and 0.23 g N m−2 wk−1 from 5 May to 21 June, whereas the SPRING+ treatment was the opposite. The SPRING+ fertilization resulted in significantly better turf quality and significantly less annual bluegrass than the two other treatments in the second year of the study. The FALL+ fertilization gave higher quality ratings in the fall and early spring, but this effect came at the expense of more annual bluegrass. In conclusion, we recommend a fertilizer regime with the highest input from early May until midsummer to produce red fescue putting greens with the highest possible turfgrass quality and minimal encroachment by annual bluegrass.
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Turfgrass grow-in on sand-based putting greens usually incurs a high risk for nitrogen (N) leakage. Our objective was to evaluate how substitution of a standard mineral fertilizer with an amino-acid-based fertilizer affects creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) establishment rate and the concentration of nitrate and total N in drainage water. The experiment was conducted from 19 May to 26 July 2016 in the United States Golf Association green field lysimeter facility at Landvik, Norway. The liquid fertilizers arGrow Turf (70% of N as arginine and 30% as lysine) and Wallco (60% of N as nitrate and 40% as ammonium) were applied at ∼2-wk intervals at the two rates of 1.5 or 3.0 g N m−2 application−1. Results showed significantly faster grow-in on plots receiving amino-acid-based fertilizer than on plots receiving mineral fertilizers; the average turfgrass coverage 26 d after the first fertilization was 75 and 36%, respectively. In parallel with this, the average concentration of nitrate and total N in drainage water, as well as the total N loss, were all reduced by 40 to 45%. Arginine and lysine at 1.5 g N m−2 gave faster grow-in than Wallco at 3.0 g N m−2 and was the only treatment in which the drainage water complied with EU’s requirements for maximum concentration of nitrate in drinking water.
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Conversion from annual bluegrass or bentgrasses to red fescue could be an efficient way to minimise water use on golf greens. Our objective was to investigate the influ- ences of four irrigation strategies on red fescue water use efficiency, turf quality, growth rate and resistance to annual bluegrass and moss invasion. The trial was car- ried out from August 2013 to August 2015 on a green established according to USGA recommendations under a rainout shelter at Landvik, Norway (58 ° N). On average for 2 years, irrigation to field capacity once per week (FC 1) and deficit irrigation to 60% of FC three times per week (DEF 3) reduced the water consumption by 49% and 72% relative to irrigation to FC three times per week (FC 3). Both DEF 3 and FC 1 retained acceptable turf quality and reduced annual bluegrass in the second year by about one-third. Better control of annual bluegrass was obtained with deficit irrigation to 60% of FC once per week (DEF 1), but this treatment did not produce acceptable turf quality. Compared with FC 3, DEF 3, FC 1 and DEF 1 gave harder surfaces and reduced the moss invasion in the second year by 66%, 90% and 93%, respectively. Irrigation effects on root development and thatch organic matter after 2 years were not significant, although the thatch layer depth was 3 – 4 mm greater in FC 1 than in the other treatments. In conclusion, DEF 3 and FC 1 are both effective irrigation strategies for managing red fescue greens with less water use.
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Authors
Sarah Calvache Gil Tatsiana Espevig Erik J. Joner T.E. Andersen Trond Olav Pettersen Trygve S. AamlidAbstract
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Sarah Calvache Gil Tatsiana Espevig Tina E. Andersen Erik J. Joner Agnar Kvalbein Trond Olav Pettersen Trygve S. AamlidAbstract
Red fescue (RF, Festuca rubra L.) is used on golf putting greens in the Nordic region due to its high disease resistance and low requirements for nitrogen (N) and water, but low density and growth rate makes RF susceptible to annual bluegrass (AB, Poa annua L.) invasion. Putting greens seeded with RF + bentgrass (Agrostis sp.) may be more competitive with AB but also have different playing characteristics. Our objective was to compare RF, RF + colonial bentgrass (CB, Agrostis capillaris L.), and RF + velvet bentgrass (VB, Agrostis canina L.) putting greens at two mowing heights (4.0 or 5.5 mm), three N rates (5, 10, or 15 g N m−2 yr−1), and three phosphorus (P)–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi treatments (0 and 1.8 g P m−2yr−1 without inoculation and 0 g P m−2yr−1 with inoculation). The four-factorial experiment was conducted in 2011 and 2012 at Landvik, Norway. Red fescue provided lower visual quality and density and less competition against AB than RF + bentgrass combinations. Increasing the N rate from 5 to 15 g N m−2yr−1 increased the proportion of bentgrass tillers from 53 to 64% in RF + CB and from 86 to 92% in RF + VB. Surface hardness increased in the order RF + VB < RF + CB < RF turfs. Ballroll distance decreased with increasing N rate and was longer with RF and RF + VB than with RF + CB. The main effects of N and mowing height on AB invasion were not significant, but lower mowing increased AB competition in RF. Mycorrhiza colonization of roots was not significantly affected by any practice, and neither P nor arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influenced the competition against AB.
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Trygve S. Aamlid Wendy Marie Waalen Gudni Thorvaldsson Anne Mette Dahl Jensen Tatsiana Espevig Trond Olav Pettersen Jan Tangsveen Anne A. Steensohn Per Sørensen Bjarni HannessonAbstract
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Trygve S. Aamlid Tatsiana Espevig Arne Tronsmo Klaus Paaske Lars Wiik Trond Olav Pettersen Anne Steensohn Ove Hetland Anne Mette Dahl Jensen Per Göran AndersonAbstract
This report presents results from a project testing Turf G+/WPG (fungal products containing Gliocladium catenulatum) and Turf S+/WPS (bacterial products containing Streptomyces spp.), both from Interagro BIOS AB, and Vacciplant (seaweed product containing laminarine) from Nordisk Alkali AB, for the control of Microdochium nivale and other diseases on golf greens. Five field trials were carried out in Denmark, Sweden and Norway from October 2011 to September 2014, and Turf G+/WPG and Turf S+ were tested also in vitro. None of the test-products gave any consistent disease control in the field trials. A significant reduction in Microdochium nivale from 3 % of plot area on untreated plots to 2 % on treated plots was seen in one trial, but this was considered to be of little practical relevance. In all other trials with more severe attacks of Microdochium nivale, only the fungicide control treatment showed a significant reduction in disease compared with the untreated control. On average for all field trials over three years, the higher rate of Vacciplant, the combination of Turf G+/WPG and Turf S+/WPS, and the fungicide treatment gave, in turn, 22, 24 and 87 % less microdochium patch in the fall, but among these, only the effect of fungicide was significant. The effects of the biological products on pink or gray (Typhula incarnata) snow mold after snow melt were even smaller. In the in vitro trials, Turf S+ provided good control of Microdochium nivale at 6 and 16 ̊C, but Turf G+/WPG was effective only at the higher temperature. However, since these results could not be repeated under field conditions, we have to conclude that none of the test products represent any real alternative to fungicides for control of M. nivale or other diseases on Scandinavian golf courses.
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Syngenta’s GREENCAST model was used to predict timing of fungicide application against microdochium patch and pink snow mold caused by Microdochium nivale on an experimental golf green with annual bluegrass (Poa annua) at Bioforsk Landvik, Southern Norway from 5 Oct. 2012 until 1 June 2013. From 5 Oct. until snow covered the green on 2 Dec. 2012, application of the fungicides Headway (azoxystrobin + propiconazole) or Medallion (fludioxonil) only at GREENCAST high risk warnings resulted in equal control of microdohium patch with one less fungicide application than prophylactic application every third week, application at first sign of disease or application at GREENCAST medium risk warnings. The consequences for pinks snow mold in spring could not be evaluated as the turf was killed by the combination of ice encasement and low freezing temperatures during winter.
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Ingunn M. Vågen Oiva Niemeläinen Tatsiana Espevig Trond Olav Pettersen Pentti Ruuttunen Trygve S. AamlidAbstract
This report presents results and recommendations based on based on four field trials with increasing rates of two different formulations of the plant growth regulator Primo MAXX® (trinexapac-ethyl) on golf course greens and fairways in Norway and Finland in 2013.
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This report presents results from a field trial evaluating the effect of Transition HC on infection with Microdochium nivale, winter survival and spring recovery of a putting green with a turf cover of Poa annua at Bioforsk Landvik, 15 October 2012 – 5 June 2013.
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Trygve S. Aamlid M Niskanen David Wikmark Magnus Ljungman Wendy Marie Waalen Trond Olav Pettersen Jan TangsveenAbstract
This report presents results from two experimental series in 2012/13 testing the effect of new and already labeled fungicides for the control of Microdochium nivale and Typhula incarnata on golf courses in Norway, Finland and Sweden.
Authors
Trygve S. Aamlid Klaus Paaske Lars Wiik Tatsiana Espevig Arne Tronsmo Trond Olav Pettersen Anne Mette Dahl Jensen Per Göran AnderssonAbstract
This progress report presents preliminary results from a project providing data for potential registration of Turf S+ (bacterial product containing Streptomyces) and Turf G+/WPG (fungal product containing Gliocladium catenulatum), both from Interagro BIOS AB, and Vacciplant (seaweed product containing laminarine) from Nordisk Alkali AB, for the control of Microdochium nivale and other diseases on golf greens. Field trials with all three products are carried out on greens in Denmark, Sweden and Norway from 2011 to 2014, and Turf S+ og Turf G+/WPG are also tested in vitro. Half way through the project, none of the test-products have shown any consistent control of M. nivale or any other disease. In the trials at Bioforsk Landvik and Arendal GK, Norway, there was little attack of M. nivale and no significant effect of any treatment, while in the trials at Rungsted GC, Denmark and Kävlinge GC, Sweden, there were massive attacks, but a significant reduction in disease only in the fungicide control treatments. The fifth trial, at Sydsjælland GC, Denmark, had more healthy turf just before snow cover in late November 2012 on plots that had been sprayed the test products, especially with Turf S+ or Vacciplant than on unsprayed control plots, although the turf quality was not as good as in the fungicide control treatment. The first in vitro trial with the microbial agents suggested better effect of both G. catenulatum and Streptomyces sp. on M. nivale at 16 than at 6°C. Possible implications of this for the protocol will be discussed with the manufacturer. The experimental work continues until the summer of 2014.
Authors
Trygve S. Aamlid Tina E. Andersen Agnar Kvalbein Trond Olav Pettersen Anne Mette Dahl Jensen P. RasmusenAbstract
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Authors
Trygve S. Aamlid Frank Enger Gudni Thorvaldsson Jan Tangsveen Trond Olav Pettersen Anne SteensohnAbstract
This report gives results from the entire evaluation period 2007-2010 for a project evaluating turfgrass species and varieties for use on Scandinavian golf greens.
Authors
Bjørn Molteberg Trygve S. Aamlid Gudni Thorvaldsson Frank Enger Jan Tangsveen Trond Olav PettersenAbstract
This report gives results from the sowing year 2007 and the two first green years 2008 and 2009 in a project evaluating turfgrass varieties for use on Scandinavian golf greens. The total project period is 2007-2010.
Abstract
This report presents results from a field trial evaluating the effect of iSeed® coating on turf quality and nitrogen and phosphorus leaching during the grow-in of athletic fields on sand-based rootzones.
Authors
Trygve S. Aamlid Oiva Niemelainen Maire Rannikko Olav Noteng Michael Waldner Terje Haugen Sanni Junnila Trond Olav Pettersen Tatsiana EspevigAbstract
This report presents second year results and recommendations based on a two year project evaluating the plant growth regulator Primo MAXX® (trineexapac-ethyl) on Nordic golf courses.
Authors
Tatsiana Espevig Trygve S. Aamlid Arne Tronsmo Bjørn Molteberg Linda Hjeljord Anne Marte Tronsmo Trond Olav Pettersen Frank EngerAbstract
This is a progress report from the second experimental year of the project ‘VELVET GREEN - Winter hardiness and management of velvet bentgrass (Agrostis canina) on putting greens in northern environments’. The report is divided into four main chapters, the first giving results from evaluation of winter hardiness of velvet bentgrass under controlled conditions, the second describing experimental layout and preliminary results from two field trials with fertilizer levels, thatch control methods and topdressing levels; the third describing experimental layout and preliminary results from a lysimeter study on irrigation stategies for velvet bentgrass on greens varying in rootzone composition; and the fourth describing a supplemental experiment evaluating the biological product ‘Thatch-less’ for thatch decomposition.
Abstract
This research has demonstrated the ability of the surfactant Aqueduct® to increase soil water content and restore turfgrass quality on severely to extremely water-repellent golf greens with severe drought symptoms.
Authors
Bjørn Molteberg Trygve S. Aamlid Gudni Thorvaldsson Anders Hammarlund Frank Enger Jan Tangsveen Trond Olav Pettersen Daniel NordAbstract
This report gives the summary results of the sowing year 2007 and first green year 2008 from testing of turfgrass varieties for use on Scandinavian golf greens. The total project period is 2007-2010.