Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2016
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Water quality problems in Norway are caused mainly by high phosphorus (P) inputs from catchment areas. Multiple pollution sources contributes to P inputs into watercourses, and the two main sources in rural areas are agricultural runoff and discharge from on-site wastewater treatment systems (OWTSs). To reduce these inputs, Constructed wetlands (CWs) treating catchment runoff have been implemented in Norway since early 1990s. These CWs have been proven effective as supplements to agricultural best management practices for water quality improvements and therefore there are more than 1000 CWs established in Norway at present. This study aims to present some overall data on the present status of CWs treating catchment runoff in Norway, and in particular recent results of source tracking and retention of sediments and total phosphorus (TP) in a model, full-scale, long-term operated CW, which in practice treats runoff from a typical rural catchment with pollution from both point and diffuse sources. Nutrient contributions from agricultural runoff and OWTSs have been quantified in eight catchments, while the source tracking and retention of sediments and P has been studied in the model CW. P runoff in the catchments was largely affected by precipitation and runoff situation, and varied both throughout the year (every single year) and from one year to another. Annual TP contribution that origins from OWTSs was in general limited, and only 1 % in the catchment of the model CW. Monthly contribution, however, was higher than 30 % during warm/dry season, and cold months with frost season. For the purpose of source tracking study, faecal indicator bacteria (reported in terms of Escherichia coli - E. coli) and host-specific 16S rRNA gene markers Bacteroidales have been applied. High E.coli concentrations were well associated with high TP inputs into waterbodies during dry or/and cold season with little or no agriculture runoff, and further microbial source tracking (MST) tests proved human contribution. There are considerable variations in retention of sediments and TP in the CW between the years, and the annual yearly retention was about 38 % and 16 %, respectively. During the study period, the average monthly retention of sediments and TP was 54 % and 32 %, respectively. E. coli concentrations were also reduced in water passing the CW. The study confirmed that runoff from agricultural areas is the main P source in watercourses, however, discharges from OWTS can also be of great importance for the water quality, especially during warm/dry- and cold/frosty periods. Small CWs treating catchment runoff contribute substantially to the reduction of sediments, TP and faecal indicator bacteria transport into water recipients.
Sammendrag
Norwegian constructed wetlands (CWs) that treat domestic wastewater are classified as horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSFCWs). Over the years of continuous performance, the HSFCWs operating under cold climate conditions have shown a high and stable treatment efficiency with regard to the removal of organic matter (>90 % BOD), nutrients (>50 % N and >90 % P) and microbes (>99 % bacteria). The majority of Norwegian HSFCWs are categorised as small (<50 pe) on-site, decentralised wastewater treatment systems. The Norwegian systems consist of three fundamental elements: a septic tank, a pre-filter (i.e. an aerobic vertical flow biofilter) and a horizontal flow saturated filter/wetland bed. The first, primary treatment step begins in the septic tank from which effluents are pre-treated in the second step occurring in the pre-filter/biofilter section and further in the third, final step taking place in the filter bed/HSFCW. The first and third treatment steps are quite common in systems with CWs, but the pre-treatment in biofilter(s) is mainly known from Norway. The main purpose of using the pre-treatment phase is to supply air during the cold season, to enhance nitrification processes, and to reduce the load of organic matter before entering the filter/wetland bed. If constructed and maintained correctly, the biofilters alone can remove 90 % BOD and 40 % N. Various filter/CW beds have been introduced for treatment of domestic wastewater (as complete or source-separated streams) in Norway, but the most common feature is the use of specific filter media for high phosphorus (P) removal. A few Norwegian municipalities also have limits with respect to nitrogen (N) discharge, but the majority of municipalities use 1.0 mg P/l as the discharge limit for small wastewater treatment systems. This particular limit affects the P retention lifetime of the filter media, which varies from system to system depending on the filter media applied, the type of wastewater treated, and the system design and loading rates. An estimated lifetime of filter media with regard to P removal is approximately 15–18 years for a filter/CW bed of a single household. After completing the lifetime, the filter media is excavated and replaced with new/fresh materials, allowing the system to operate effectively for another lifespan. Since the exploited media are P-rich materials, the main intention is their reuse in a safe and hygienic way, in which P could be further utilised. Therefore, the Norwegian systems can represent a complex technology combining a sustainable technique of domestic wastewater treatment and a bio-economical option for filter media reuse. This is a quite challenging goal for reclamation and recycling of P from wastewater. Thus, there are some scenarios of reusing the P-rich filter media as a complementary P fertiliser, a soil amendment or a conditioner, provided the quality is acceptable for utilisation in agriculture. Alternatively, the filter media could be reused in some engineering projects, e.g. green roof technology, road screening or construction of embankments, if the quality allows application in the environment. The core aspect of the reuse options is the appropriate quality of the filter media. As for the theoretical assumption, it should not be risky to reuse the P-rich media in agriculture. In practice, however, the media must be proven safe for human and environmental health prior to introducing into the environment.
Forfattere
Alexander Kopatz Hans Geir Eiken Rolf Randa Egon Sotkajærvi Paul Eric Aspholm Ida Marie Luna Fløystad Julia Schregel Siv Aarnes Snorre HagenSammendrag
Brunbjørn bestanden I Pasvikdalen I Sør Varanger I Finnmark har vært overvåket med feltinnsamling av ekskrementer og hår til DNA analyse siden 2005. I 2007, 2011 og 1015 ble hårfeller systematisk plassert i det trilaterale grenseområdet i Pasvik (Norge), Enare (Finland) og Pechenga (Russland) for å bestemme mer presist et minimum antall bjørner. Vi har i 2016 brukt nøyaktig den samme metodologien med 20 hårfeller i et 5 km x km rutenett i de nordlige delene av Pasvikdalen. Dette området har ikke før vært undersøkt systematisk med hårfeller. I løpet av 2 måneder (juniaugust) samlet vi inn 77 hårprøver og identifiserte 10 ulike brunbjørner (6 hoer og 4 hanner). Av disse var det 5 bjørner som var påvist i tidligere års DNA overvåkning, mens 5 bjørner (4 hoer og 1 hann) ble påvist for første gang i dette prosjektet.
Forfattere
Paul Eric Aspholm Alexander Kopatz Tom Sotkajærvi Siv Aarnes Julia Schregel Camilla Tobiassen Ida Marie Luna Fløystad Arnstein Solem Terje Ryeng Hans Geir Eiken Snorre HagenSammendrag
Med bruk av 12 hårfeller ble det identifisert to ulike bjørn i kalvingslandet til reinbeitedistrikt 5A/5C i perioden fra 21. april til slutten av juni 2016. Data fra e- bjeller (Findmysheep), som ble båret av 100 simler, indikerte hvordan reinen brukte området i denne perioden. Ingen av de to bjørnene er kjent fra dette området før, og ingen av bjørnene som var kjent fra området i 2013, 2014 eller 2015 ble påvist i år.
Forfattere
Johannes Deelstra Sekhar Udaya Nagothu Per Stålnacke Mehreteab Tesfai H. Sørlie Marte Lund Edvardsen Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Annette Dathe Attila Nemes Matthew Patterson Daniel Gimenez Johannes Koestel Mingming Qin Helen French Esther Bloem Perrine Fernandez Nicholas JarvisSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Matthew Patterson Daniel Gimenez Attila Nemes Annette Dathe Helen French Esther Bloem Johannes Koestel Nicholas JarvisSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Matthew Patterson Daniel Gimenez Attila Nemes Annette Dathe Helen French Esther Bloem Johannes Koestel Nicholas JarvisSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Attila Nemes Annette Dathe Matthew Patterson Daniel Gimenez Johannes Koestel Esther Bloem Nicholas Jarvis Helen FrenchSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag