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Publikasjoner

NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.

2024

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Alternaria is a ubiquitous fungal genus with many allergenic and pathogenic species inhabiting grasslands. We hypothesise that grasslands (natural/man-made) host a diversity of fungal species whose spores have varying emission patterns. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the potential of grasslands for emission, diversity and composition of Alternaria and other fungal species. To test the hypothesis, Hirst-type and multi-vial Cyclone samplers collected air samples from two grassland sites (unmanaged and managed) and a non-grassland site at Lakeside campus of the University of Worcester, United Kingdom for the period May to September 2019. The unmanaged grassland was originally planted with grasses and left uncut for three years. The managed grassland was a roadside verge that was cut once every year, typically after most grasses have flowered. We used optical microscopy and Illumina MiSeq sequencing to investigate the emission, abundance, diversity and composition of the fungal spores from each site alongside meteorological variables. Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests examined differences in the bi-hourly Alternaria concentrations between the sites. Shannon's and Simpson's Index determined the diversity of the fungal spores between the unmanaged and non-grassland sites. The results showed that grasslands are a strong source of Alternaria spores with considerably higher numbers of clinically important days compared with the non-grassland site. The managed grassland varied in Alternaria spore emission pattern from the unmanaged, probably due to differences in environmental variables and cutting frequency. The unmanaged grassland and non-grassland sites showed a high diversity of fungi including Alternaria, Cladosporium, Ascochyta, Botrytis and Aureobasidium. Overall, the study shows that grasslands are a strong source of fungal spores with allergenic and pathogenic potential and have varying emission patterns, compared with nearby urban areas where monitoring stations are located. This information is useful for atmospheric modelling of airborne fungal spore sources and has implications for allergy sufferers in particular.

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To better characterize properties governing the sorption of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to biochar, twenty-three diverse biochars were characterized and evaluated as sorbents for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Biochars were produced at various temperatures, using two different technologies, and made from sewage sludge, food waste reject, wood wastes, and one reference substrate (wood pellets). The biochars were characterized in terms of surface area, pore volume and pore size distributions, elemental composition, leachable elements, ash content, pH, zeta potential, condensed aromatic carbon (ConAC) content (determined by benzenepolycarboxylic acid (BPCA) markers), and their -OH functional group content (infrared spectroscopy). PFOA sorption isotherms were determined using Polanyi-Dubinin-Manes (PDM) and Freundlich models. The sludge-based biochars [Freundlich coefficients (log KF) between 2.56 ± 0.11 and 6.72 ± 0.22 (μg/kg)/(μg/L)nF; fitted free energy of adsorption (E) and pore volume (Vo) from the PDM model between 13.27 and 17.26 kJ/mol, and 0.50 and 523.51 cm3/kg] outperformed wood biochars [log KF between 1.02 and 4.56 ± 0.22 (μg/kg)/(μg/L)nF; E between 9.87 and 17.44 kJ/mol; Vo between 0.21 and 7.16 cm3/kg] as PFOA sorbents. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that the sorption capacity was mainly controlled by pore volume within the pore diameter region that could accommodate the molecular size of PFOA (3–6 nm). Hydrophobic interactions between PFOA and aromatic carbon rich regions controlled sorption affinity, especially in the wood biochars.

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The abundance and diversity of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in agricultural landscapes may be important for the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the environment. The aim of this study was to apply screening methods for ARB and ARGs to investigate the impact of farming on the prevalence of AMR in a country with low antibiotic usage. We have analyzed samples (n = 644) from soil and wild terrestrial animals and plants (slugs, snails, mice, shrews, earthworms, and red clover) collected over two years in agricultural fields accompanied by nearby control areas with low human activity. All samples were investigated for the occurrence of 35 different ARGs using high-throughput quantitative PCR (HT-qPCR) on a newly developed DNA array. In addition, samples from the first year (n = 415) were investigated with a culture-based approach combined with whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to identify antimicrobial-resistant E. coli (AREC). ARGs were detected in 59.5% of all samples (2019 + 2020). AREC, which was only investigated in the 2019 samples, was identified in 1.9% of these. Samples collected in the autumn showed more ARGs and AREC than spring samples, and this was more pronounced for organic fields than for conventional fields. Control areas with low human activity showed lower levels of ARGs and a lack of AREC. The use of livestock manure was correlated with a higher level of ARG load than other farming practices. None of the soil samples contained antibiotics, and no association was found between AMR and the levels of metals or pesticides. High qualitative similarity between HT-qPCR and WGS, together with the positive controls to the validation of our 35 ARG assays, show that the microfluid DNA array may be an efficient screening tool on environmental samples. In conclusion, even in a country with a very low consumption of antimicrobials by production animals, our results support the hypothesis of these animals being a source of AREC and ARGs in agricultural environments, primarily through the use of manure.

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Fairly little is known about the river-stationary fish stocks within the Mauken-Blåtind shooting and practice fields area. The military have used the area since the mid-50s. The study shows that the in-digenous trout population in Mårelva is in a very poor ecological condition. A compilation of reports from previous years conducted in the anadromous part of the same river shows that seatrout and salmon stocks also are in very poor ecological condition. This has persisted since the 70s. The reason is not known. During fieldwork fine particulate matter that probably came from road dust and runoff from roads was observed in the river sediments. Roads can act as transport routes for surface water and erosion to waterbodies. A 51 km road network is within Mårelva catchment area, in comparison to a 10 km long river. Bjelma has its catchment area at Camp Akkasæter where a new camp area is being constructed. After a sediment pond was destroyed during a spring flood in 2023, Bjelma seems to have received a large load of sedimented particles. Here, however, benthic animals are in good eco-logical condition. Skarelva is a tributary watercourse to Mårelva in where the watercourse is charac-terized by large rocks and wire currents and migration barriers. No fish were found here which seems natural to this watercourse. Here, benthic fauna is in a good ecological condition, as are the water chemical support parameters. At the anadromous part of Mårelva, the density of salmonids was in good ecological condition in a small area. Previous extensive research shows the salmonids is in a very poor ecological condition. The spring samples of benthic fauna were in a good ecological condition, but the autumn samples were in a moderate ecological condition.

Sammendrag

Denne rapporten er skrevet på oppdrag fra Rana kommune for å sammenstille resultater fra vannprøver tatt i Vollaelva i Lurøy kommune i perioden 15.05.2023-05.09.2023. Undersøkelsen inkluderte kjemiske analyser av totalnitrogen (TN) og totalfosfor (TP), samt mikrobiologiske analyser av Escherichia coli (E. coli). Vannkvaliteten i Vollaelva ved prøvepunktet i overvåkingsperioden indikerer svært dårlig tilstand (jf. Vannforskriften) grunnet høye fosforkonsentrasjoner i elva. Mikrobiologiske analyser viser at det forekom betydelige tilførsler av fekal forurensning, som kan stamme fra husdyrgjødsel og utslipp av avløpsvann. Denne forurensingen har betydning for fosforkonsentrasjoner og den hygieniske tilstanden i elva. Gjennomsnittskonsentrasjonen i overvåkingsperioden av totalfosfor i 2023 er halvert sammenlignet med 2022.

Sammendrag

På vegne av Tinfos AS har NIBIO gjennomført overvåking av vannkvalitet i Hovlandsåna i forbindelse med etableringen av nye Flateland kraftverk i Vegusdal. Overvåkingen har pågått siden 12.10.2021 og ble avsluttet 26.09.2024. Fra 01.06.2024 har vannprøvetakingen hatt til hensikt å kartlegge tilstand i elva etter endt anleggsarbeid. For å kartlegge biologisk tilstand ble etterundersøkelser av bunndyr, fisk og begroing gjennomført 20.09.2024. Etter at driften ved Flateland kraftverk ble igangsatt for fullt har vannføringen på strekningen fra inntaksdammen ved Myklebostad og videre nedover mot Flateland blitt betydelig redusert. Fra utløpet av Lislevatn har Hovlandsåna har i praksis blitt delt i tre strekninger; fra Lislevatn til inntaksdammen ved Myklebostad; videre nedstrøms til kraftverket; og fra utløpskanalen ved kraftverket til Vågsdalsfjorden. En gjennomgang av samtlige analyseresultater siden oktober 2021 viser at anleggsaktiviteten har bidratt med periodisk økte konsentrasjoner av totalnitrogen. Under de mest aktive anleggsperiodene i 2022 ble det målt konsentrasjoner av totalnitrogen tilsvarende «moderat» tilstand i to vannprøver og «dårlig» tilstand i en vannprøver fra Flateland (HOV NED2). I 2023 ble den høyeste konsentrasjonen av totalnitrogen målt i en vannprøve fra Hovland (HOV NED1), da tilsvarende «moderat» tilstand. Tilstand for N-TOT og P-TOT er «svært god» pr. 2024. For de biologiske parameterne fisk, bunndyr og begroing synes ikke anleggsarbeidene å ha hatt noen negativ effekt.

Sammendrag

På vegne av Tinfos AS har NIBIO gjennomført overvåking av vannkvalitet i Hovlandsåna i forbindelse med etableringen av nye Flateland kraftverk i Vegusdal. I 4. kvartal 2023 (Q4) har mesteparten av arbeidene vært tilknyttet ferdigstilling av utløpet til overføringstunnelen fra Myklebostad til Kjetevatn, ferdigstilling av dammen i Kjetevatn og trykktunnelen fra Kjetevatn til Flateland. Dette er aktiviteter som har hatt liten grad av påvirkning på vannkjemien i Hovlandsåna. I oktober var det lite nedbør, men høy fyllingsgrad i magasinene oppstrøms Lislevatn bidro til en jevn og relativt høy vannføring med svært lav partikkeltransport i elva. I forbindelse med svært mye nedbør i begynnelsen av november ble det registrert kraftig økende turbiditet ved begge loggerstasjonene og turbiditetssondene målte tidvis svært høye verdier som følge av opphopning av sand, grus og organisk materiale i stålrørene der målesondene er plassert. Loggerne ble tatt inn 09.11.2023 og både kvartalsprøvene tatt samme dag, samt ukesprøvene som ble tatt frem til juleferien, viste jevnt lave konsentrasjoner av nitrogen og fosfor ved de tre stasjonene. Bunndyrprøver ble tatt 13.10.2023 og tilstandsvurdering basert på eutrofieringsindeksen ASPT viste «god» tilstand ved samtlige stasjoner.