Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2012
Sammendrag
Fungal degradation alters the microstructure of wood and its physical and chemical properties are also changed. While these changes are well investigated as a function of mass loss, mass density loss and changes in equilibrium moisture content are not well elucidated. The physical and chemical alterations are crucial when linking microstructural characteristics with macroscopic mechanical properties. In the present article, a consistent set of physical, chemical and mechanical characteristics is presented, which were measured on the same sample before and after fungal degradation. In the first part of this two-part contribution, elucidating microstructure/stiffness-relationships of degraded wood, changes in physical and chemical data are presented, which were collected from specimens of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) sapwood degraded by Gloeophyllum trabeum (brown rot) and Trametes versicolor (white rot) for up to 28 weeks degradation time. A comparison of mass loss with corresponding mass density loss demonstrated that mass loss entails two effects: firstly, a decrease in sample size (more pronounced for G. trabeum), and secondly, a decrease of mass density within the sample (more pronounced for T. versicolor). These two concurrent effects are interrelated with sample size and shape. Hemicelluloses and cellulose are degraded by G. trabeum, while T. versicolor was additionally able to degrade lignin. In particular because of the breakdown of hemicelluloses and paracrystalline parts of cellulose, the equilibrium moisture content of degraded samples is lower than that in the initial state
Sammendrag
For materialer som brukes i konstruksjoner er det viktig at de oppfyller sin funksjon gjennom levetiden til konstruksjonen. Dersom deler eller hele konstruksjonen må skiftes ut tidligere enn planlagt, bidrar dette til økte kostnader og større miljøbelastning. Levetiden til en trekonstruksjon påvirkes av en rekke faktorer, som i større eller mindre grad kan påvirkes.
Sammendrag
Genomic sequencing gives us a tool to systematically and rapidly discover novel genes, how their products function in the cell, and explore their interactions. When the DNA sequences are known, primers can be designed to detect transcripts of genes with gene products related to basic cellular processes and hyphal growth. The characteristic gene products induced in different fungi by different wood protection systems during decay can be identified. This knowledge will give us a better understanding of the fungal degradation of wood and we can optimize wood protection systems. Hence, no single technique will give us the answer to all questions about the decay of wood we need to gather small pieces of the puzzle using different approaches. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of acetylation level on the growth of Postia placenta with regard to amount of total DNA and gene expression targeting six different genes. This paper presents preliminary results after 36 weeks of incubation. We found no mass loss in the acetylated samples treated to a high treatment level after 36 weeks of incubation in a modified monoculture soil-block test. The presence of P. placenta DNA and the absence of mass loss could indicate on an inability of the mycelia to establish a wood exploitation phase. The results also showed that P. placenta increased the expression of AlO (involved in production of H2O2), cytochrome P450 (related to breakdown of toxic compounds), and QRD (involved in generating biodegradative hydroxyl radicals via redox cycling) along the incubation time, growing on acetylated wood treated to a high treatment level.
Forfattere
Gry Alfredsen Thomas Bader Janka Dibdiakova Tore Filbakk Susanne Bollmus Karin HofstetterSammendrag
The paper focuses on the use of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) as a fast method for estimating the change of lignocellulosic materials during fungal degradation in laboratory trials. Traditionally, evaluations of durability tests are based on mass loss. However, to gain more knowledge of the reasons for differences in durability and strength between wooden materials, information on the chemical changes is needed. Pinus sylvestris sapwood was incubated with the brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum and the white rot fungus Trametes versicolor. The TGA approach used was found to be reproducible between laboratories. The TGA method did not prove useful for wood deteriorated by white rot, but the TGA showed to be a convenient tool for fast estimation of lignocellulosic components both in sound wood and wood decayed by brown rot.
Sammendrag
Brown-rot fungi such as Postia placenta are common inhabitants of forest ecosystems and brown rot fungi are also largely responsible for the destructive decay of wooden structures. The aim of this study was to compare two commonly used strains of Postia placenta MAD-698-R and FPRL 280. Scots pine sapwood samples were exposed for two and eight weeks to both fungal strains. The following was investigated: mass loss, fungal gDNA content and gene expression.A significant difference was found in mass loss after eight weeks between the P. placenta strains MAD-698-R and FPRL 280. MAD-698-R gave higher mass loss than FPRL 280. However, MAD-698-R seems to have a slightly slower growth rate than FPRL 280, reflected in lower gDNA content after two weeks.After eight weeks of exposure the gDNA content dropped and no significant difference was found between MAD-698-R and FPRL 280. We observed differences in mass loss, colonization-rate and gene expression between the two Postia strains. Results suggest significant differences in the regulation of key lignocellulose degrading enzymes between MAD-698-R and FPRL 280.
Forfattere
Janka DibdiakovaSammendrag
An increasing demand for forest biomass to energy is leading to a more intensive harvesting of timber, also including an exploitation of the crown biomass. This sets new demands for forest inventory systems to generate more detailed information about the forest biomass fractions. Norway has unutilized forest resources, which can be used for bioenergy. These also include Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). The material was sampled from three different locations in Southern Norway from west to east. Each location was represented with tree different site indices. Vertical profiles of branch weight, length and diameter were studied. The effect of different tree and site characteristics were used to predict the profiles. Significant differences were found between the geographical locations studied after adjusting for tree height and diameter in breast height. Branches from the western site were longer and had a greater mass compared to branches from the other two locations. The branch diameter distribution indicated that the east location had larger branch size, while branches in middle and west site had smaller sizes. This study highlights the range of branch variability within locations, but indicates that Norway spruce branch biomass in Norway may be considered as a valuable raw material.
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Nina Elisabeth Nagy Harald Kvaalen Monica Fongen Carl Gunnar Fossdal Nicholas Clarke Halvor Solheim Ari HietalaSammendrag
Pathogen challenge of tree sapwood induces the formation of reaction zones with antimicrobial properties such as elevated pH and cation content. Many fungi lower substrate pH by secreting oxalic acid, its conjugate base oxalate being a reductant as well as a chelating agent for cations. To examine the role of oxalic acid in pathogenicity of white-rot fungi, we conducted spatial quantification of oxalate, transcript levels of related fungal genes, and element concentrations in heartwood of Norway spruce challenged naturally by Heterobasidion parviporum. In the pathogen-compromised reaction zone, upregulation of an oxaloacetase gene generating oxalic acid coincided with oxalate and cation accumulation and presence of calcium oxalate crystals. The colonized inner heartwood showed trace amounts of oxalate. Moreover, fungal exposure to the reaction zone under laboratory conditions induced oxaloacetase and oxalate accumulation, whereas heartwood induced a decarboxylase gene involved in degradation of oxalate. The excess level of cations in defense xylem inactivates pathogen-secreted oxalate through precipitation and, presumably, only after cation neutralization can oxalic acid participate in lignocellulose degradation. This necessitates enhanced production of oxalic acid by H. parviporum. This study is the first to determine the true influence of white-rot fungi on oxalate crystal formation in tree xylem.
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
2011
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag