Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2006
Forfattere
Thor Johannes Rogneby Ragnar Eltun Hanne HombSammendrag
Under forutsetning av at en lykkes med etableringen av hvitkløver, kan en underkultur med 10-20 % hvitkløver og 80-90 % engelsk raigras gi en meravling for korn i etterfølgende år på rundt 50 kg/daa uten at avrenningsfaren øker i særlig grad. Dette bekrefter at den fastsatte grensen på 15 vektprosent hvitkløver i underkulturblandinger med hvitkløver og engelsk raigras er rett valgt.
Sammendrag
Disposal of domestic sewage effluents in soil has been used for several decades in Norway and more than 100000 constructed systems for wastewater purification have been built with capacities between 5 and 8000 pe (person equivalent). However, the infiltration of wastewater effluents into soils and the estimation of application rates for a given system design and environmental setting are extremely complex and often poorly understood and oversimplified (Siegrist, 2004). The infiltration system presented here consists of 26 horizontal distribution pipes separated by 1.25 m over an area of 1100m2. The distribution pipes are placed in a coarse stone/gravel distribution layer at about 1m depth. A pump ensures regular injection of wastewater into the system. Below the distribution layer there is a 20 cm thick layer of local natural soil, which is a coarse gravely sandy soil, followed by a 25 cm thick layer of light weight aggregates (LWA). Below the LWA layer there is natural soil and the water drains freely to the groundwater at about 5m depth. Hence the retention time and flow pattern are key factors determining whether phosphates are retained and organic components are degraded before water leaves the filter system or enters the phreatic level. In this study a combination of time lapse electrical resistivity (ER) measurements and numerical modelling of an unsaturated system have been performed in order to examine the wastewater distribution and its potential effect on flow and transport in a 2D unsaturated layered profile. Measurements were performed in June 2005. In addition to the ER measurements, an inactive tracer was applied and the breakthrough curve monitored at three depths below the constructed filter. Changes in electrical resistivity with time revealed a distribution of water coinciding with the distribution pipes. The re is some consistency between measured changes in resistivity and changes estimated from unsaturated numerical simulations. Although a forward modelling based on the simulations were not done for this paper. The difference between the simulations and the field measurements indicate that the flow and transport in the system may be non uniform over the area, hence causing preferential flow paths in the filter system.
Sammendrag
Kultivering av ville blåbær, som canadierne kaller "lowbush blueberry", foregår i det østlige Canada i provinsene New Foundland, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island og Quebeck. Den største produksjonen er i Nova Scotia, som produserte 18000 tonn til industrien i 2005, etter å ha startet i det små for mer enn 50 år siden. Vi var tre forskere fra Bioforsk som var så heldige å få midler fra Norges forskningsråd, for å knytte kontakter i Canada og lære om det de har fått til innen forskning og utvikling på ville bær. Vi besøkte i nevnte rekkefølge provinsene New Foundland, Nova Scotia og Quebec, og ble svært godt mottatt.
Sammendrag
Use of high energy feed supplementation can improve the protein retention by the cattle, and it has been suggested as a way to increase the nitrogen (N) effi-ciency of dairy production. However, in praxis feed supplementation is also used to increase the intensity of animal production above the level that can be supported by the farm's local plant production. A collection of published surveys showed that dairy farms that buy feed are considerably lees N efficient than farms that supply the entire animal ration from their own plant production. The total N emission to the environment per litre milk doubled when 30% of the total feed ration was produced outside the dairy farm. This was so for organic as well as conventional farms. Similar results can be expected for phosphorous and other nutrients. In order to ensure a sustainable and environmentally friendly organic production, imports of feed produced far away from the dairy farm should be strictly limited. We suggest a ceiling of 5 - 10% of total feed ration.
Forfattere
Lars Sekse Janez HribarSammendrag
Innhald av vatn, totalfeitt og feittsyre-samansetjing vart undersøkt i kirsebærsteinar dyrka i Slovenia (16 prøvar) og olje i Noreg (5 prøvar). Slovenske kjernar inneheldt frå 7.3 til 19.9 % vatn og frå 14.6 til 47.2 % olje. Dominerande feittsyrer i slovensk materiale var (minkande prosentdel): linoleic-, palmitic-, stearic-, arachidic- og linoleic-syre, og i norsk materiale linoleic-, oleic-, palmitic-, stearic- og arachidic-syre tilsvarande. Gjennomgåande hadde norske kirsebærsortar meir umetta feittsyrer samanlikna med dei same sortane dyrka i Slovenia.
Redaktører
Johanne KjuusSammendrag
Det var høy aktivitetsvekst i norsk økonomi i 2005, der bruttoinvesteringer sam-men med husholdningenes konsum og boliginvesteringene trakk veksten opp. Sam-let sett økte bruttonasjonalproduktet (BNP) med 3,5 % i 2005, dvs. om lag det sam-me som i 2004. Det er forventet at høykonjunkturen i norsk økonomi i store trekk vil fortsette i 2006, men at veksten vil avta noe sammenlignet med de to foregående åre-ne, og med bakgrunn i dette anslås BNP-veksten til 2,4 % i 2006. Prisveksten anslås videre til 2,0 % i 2006 mot 1,6 % i 2005. Sysselsettingsveksten forventes å tilta, samti-dig som arbeidsledigheten antas å bli redusert.
Forfattere
Jenny Karlsson Mikael Rönnqvist Mikael FriskSammendrag
Road blocking due to thawing or heavy rains annually contributes to a considerable loss of profit in Swedish forestry. Companies have to build large stocks of sawlogs and pulplogs to secure a continuous supply during periods where the accessibility of the road network is uncertain. This storage leads to quality deterioration, which means loss in profit. One approach to reduce the losses due to blocked roads is to upgrade the road network to a standard that guarantees accessibility throughout the year. This article describes a decision support system called RoadOpt for the planning of forest road upgrading. The planning horizon is about one decade. The system uses a Geographical Information System (GIS)-based map user interface to present and analyse data and results. Two important modules are the Swedish road database, which provides detailed information about the road network, and an optimization module consisting of a mixed integer linear programming model. A case study from a major Swedish company is presented.
Sammendrag
På oppdrag frå Landbruksavdelinga i Hordaland, har NILF utført verdikjedevurdering for to av satsingsområda omtalt i rundskriv av 15. juli 2004 frå Landbruks- og matdepartementet, «Utarbeiding av regionale strategier for landbruksbasert næringsutvikling, og desentralisering av fylkesvise BU-midler». I dette notatet er satsingsområda «Mat, produksjon og foredling» og «Landbruksbasert reiseliv» i Hordaland kartlagt. Dei ulike marknadskanalane for sentrale jordbruksvarer er vurderte med tanke på fleire ulike forhold, som kva omfang dei har, trong for investeringar, omsetnadskanalar, arbeidsinnsats med meir. Det er også vurdert potensiale og flaskehalsar. I dette arbeidet er det nytta offentleg statistikk og telefonintervju med ei rekkje informantar av produsentar, omsetnadsledd, forvalting og andre. På mange av områda er det liten tilgang på gode data, så mykje informasjon er sydd saman av deler frå ulike kjelder. Ramma for prosjektet har avgrensa kor djupt ein kunne gå inn på dei ulike områda. […]
Sammendrag
In the traditional EIA procedure environmental vulnerability is only considered to a minor extent in the early stages when project alternatives are worked out. In Norway, an alternative approach to EIA, an integrated vulnerability model (IVM), emphasising environmental vulnerability and alternatives development in the early stages of EIA, has been tried out in a few pilot cases. This paper examines the content and use of the vulnerability concept in the IVM approach, and discusses the concept in an EIA context. The vulnerability concept is best suited to overview analyses and large scale spatial considerations. The concept is particularly useful in the early stages of EIA when alternatives are designed and screened. By introducing analyses of environmental vulnerability at the start of the EIA process, the environment can be a more decisive issue for the creation of project alternatives as well as improving the basis for scoping. Vulnerability and value aspects should be considered as separate dimensions. There is a need to operate with a specification between general and specific vulnerability. The concept of environmental vulnerability has proven useful in a wide range of disciplines. Different disciplines have different lengths of experience regarding vulnerability. In disciplines such as landscape planning and hydrogeology we find elements suitable as cornerstones in the further development of an interdisciplinary methodology. Further development of vulnerability criteria in different disciplines and increased public involvement in the early stages of EIA are recommended.
Sammendrag
Six cropping systems, ranging from conventional arable without livestock to organic livestock farming with few arable crops, have been compared since 1989 on a loam soil. Soil structure indicators measured initially included organic matter levels, pore size distribution and air permeability. These parameters were re-measured after 15 years, when the size distribution and stability of aggregates was also measured. A decline in soil structure quality was found in the system with conventional autumn ploughing with no rotational grass. This system had higher bulk density and mean aggregate size than other systems, and lower levels of plant available water and aggregate stability. Opposite trends were related to the proportion of grass leys in the other systems and to their levels of soil organic matter. The latter declined markedly over 15 years in the conventional arable system, and there were smaller declines in most other systems. In an arable system without ploughing, organic matter was maintained and high structural stability was found. This system had high bulk density, but the proportion of small aggregates equalled that found in the systems with ley. Satisfactory soil structure was maintained in systems with 50% leys in the rotation, in agreement with Norwegian long-term studies of the effect of crop rotation type on soil organic matter. Though the deterioration of soil structure in the all-arable system was not extreme, as the soil had good structure initially, the results have serious implications for the sustainability of stockless arable systems on soils with a less favourable starting point.