Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2004
Forfattere
Alhaji JengSammendrag
Presentation to The African Development Bank Tunis, 2 May 2004
Forfattere
Reidun PommerescheSammendrag
Surface-active spiders were sampled from a ley and two adjacent field margins on a dairy farm in western Norway, using pitfall traps from April to June 2001. Altogether, 1153 specimens, representing 33 species, were found. In total, 10 species were found in the ley, 16 species in the edge of the ley, 22 species in the field margin "ley/forest" and 16 species in the field margin "ley/stream". Erigone atra, Bathyphantes gracilis, Savignia frontata and Collinsia inerrans were the most abundant species in the ley. C. inerrans was not found in the field margins. This species is previously recorded only a few times in Norway. Diplocephalus latifrons, Tapinocyba insecta, Dicymbium tibiale, Bathyphantes nigrinus and Diplostyla concolor were most abundant in the field margin "ley/ forest". D. latifrons, D. tibiale and Pardosa amentata were most abundant in the field margin "ley/ stream", followed by E. atra and B. gracilis. The present results were compared to results from ley and pasture on another farm in the region, recorded in 2000. A Detrended Correspondence Analyses (DCA) of the data sets showed that the spider fauna from the leys were more similar, independent of location, than the fauna in ley and field margins on the same locality. The interactions between cultivated fields and field margins according to spider species composition, dominance pattern and habitat preferences are discussed.
Forfattere
Michel VerheulSammendrag
The Norwegian government aims that ten percent of the total agricultural area must be grown ecologically by 2010. A further goal is that ecologically grown vegetables should cover 15 % of the market. In spite of earlier efforts, the production and sale of ecological vegetables is still on a very low level. Successful production of organic greenhouse vegetables requires a good knowledge of both organic principles and effective greenhouse production. In order to increase the marketable yield, agronomical problems concerning the transition from conventional to organic greenhouse production should be solved. The main challenge in this sense is the proper use of organic growing media and fertilisers. In 2003, Planteforsk Særheim Research Centre started a trial to develop a growing concept for ecologically grown greenhouse tomatoes following the standards set up by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority and controlled by "Debio". In order to avoid problems with soil borne pests and diseases and to reduce the risk of losses of plant nutrients, plants were grown in limited beds. This system gave good results in earlier experiments in Sweden (Gäredal and Lundegårdh, 1998) and might quicken the transition from conventional to ecologic production. Growing media used in the trail were peat, a mixture of peat and bark or a mixture of soil and straw with a volume of 25 or 75 litres per m2. Some of the treatments received a basic fertiliser, consisting of composted chicken or pig manure, while other treatments received no basic fertiliser. In order to meet the nutritional requirements of the plants, organic fertiliser was given regularly during the growing season. A solution of organic nutrients using drip irrigation or the coarse fraction of cattle manure applied three times a week was used. In a control treatment, plants were grown on peat bags with a volume of 25 litres per m2 and fertilised with conventional mineral nutrition. Tomato transplants were planted in week 10 and harvested until week 44. Input and output of nutrients were recorded. Results showed great differences in marketable yield between the different treatments. Plants grown in peat with a volume of 25 litres and only given a solution of organic nutrients gave a low yield (26 kg/m2) and problems with blossom end rot (33 %). Low volume hampered a proper supply of organic fertilisers. Plants grown on 75 litres of a mixture of peat and bark or a mixture of soil and straw, including compost and fertilised with cattle manure, gave a yield of 39 and 37 kg/m2 respectively. Control plants yielded 39 kg/m2. This shows that a normal yield can be achieved using organic growing media and fertilisers. In 2004 the growing concept will be further developed. It is also planned to develop a growing system for organic cucumber and lettuce production.
Sammendrag
More than 50% of the groundwater recharge in Norway takes place during snowmelt. Given the possible threat to groundwater quality caused by potentially rapid transport through the unsaturated zone, it is important to understand the infiltration processes that take place during snowmelt, and the factors that control the temporal and spatial variability of such processes. Here, we report on the results of an experimental study of infiltration during the snowmelt period of 2001. The study was carried out at a well-characterised field plot, close to Oslo Airport. In order to examine the spatial and temporal variability of snowmelt infiltration, a series of electrical resistivity surveys were carried out using electrodes installed below the ground surface and in shallow boreholes. The results from this time-lapse survey reveal significant changes over time, and suggest that localised infiltration takes place. The patterns of inferred increases in saturation are consistent with observed reductions in snow cover and appear to be principally controlled by variations in microtopography. Resistivity changes observed at depth, using the borehole-based electrodes, show rapid percolation through the unsaturated profile. Such behaviour is consistent with observed rapid changes in local groundwater levels. The results confirm the potential threat to groundwater quality during snowmelt and illustrate the spatial scale of processes that require adequate attention in groundwater management in vulnerable areas.
Forfattere
M.T. Sebastià A. Lüscher J Connolly R.P Collins I. Delgado A. De Vliegher P. Evans M. Fothergill B. Frankow-Lindberg A. Helgadóttir C Iliadis Marit Jørgensen Z Kad\"iuliene O. Nissinen D. Nyfeler C. PorquedduSammendrag
A common experiment was established in 39 sites in Europe, Australia and Canada within Working Group 2 of COST action 852 to 1) assess the benefits of grass / legume mixtures over monocultures, 2) test their stability and 3) evaluate the consistency of the observed patterns over broad environmental gradients. Results of the first harvest from 12 sites covering a North-South gradient from Iceland to Spain suggest that mixing grasses and legumes enhances productivity and increases the stability of the sward by reducing weed invasion. Mixing fast- and slow-growing grasses was found to provide yield benefits in a few sites, but mixing fast- and slow-growing legumes did not produce any effect. Effects of fast- and slow-growing species are expected to become more important over time, when succession of the species may increase the stability of the mixtures. The emerging patterns were quite consistent and, due to the large environmental gradient taken into account in this study, they are considered to be reliable.
Forfattere
Marit JørgensenSammendrag
Long-term field experiments including short-term leys and permanent swards were conducted from 1968 to 1990 at the southwest coast (Særheim) and in the north of Norway (Svanhovd). The experiments were treated with three defoliation regimes. Results averaged over two years (1984, 1986) on total DM yield, crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF) and botanical composition are reported. DM yields and content in CF were lower at the northern than at the southwestern site. The DM yields were similar, but the CP content higher in permanent swards compared with leys. The defoliation regimes had no effects on yield levels, but affected fodder quality. Sheep-grazed swards had a higher content in CP and a lower content in CF than cut or cattle-grazed swards at Særheim, whereas CP was highest in cut swards at Svanhovd, with no differences in CF content. Sheep-grazing on permanent swards lead to increased amounts of Lolium perenne in the southwest, while cut swards were dominated by the unsown Agrostis gigántea (Roth). At the northern site, Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) dominated the sheep-grazed swards while Poa pratensis dominated cut or cattle-grazed swards.
Forfattere
Erling StubhaugSammendrag
Mens styrt næringstilførsel har vært en selvfølge i veksthuskulturer i mange tiår, har en i frilandsproduksjonen ansett denne teknikken for altfor arbeidskrevende og kostbar. Etter hvert er utstyr for dryppvanning og gjødseldosering blitt rimligere, en bruker nå dett i "verdifulle" frilandskulturer som frukt og bær. Treårige forsøk viser at nøyaktig styring av vann- og næringstilførsel kan være avgjørende for utbytte og kvalitet også hos frilandssalat. Trolig vi det være enda mer avgjørende når en ser på enkelte spesialsalater.
Forfattere
Trygve S. AamlidSammendrag
Denne artikklen gir resultater fra et demonstasjonsforsøk med 43 ulike grassorter til fairway.
Sammendrag
Anaerob behandling av våtorganisk avfall er på vei inn i norsk avfallsbehandling. Anaerob behandling har to sluttprodukter, metan og biorest. Bioresten inneholder organisk materiale og næringsstoffer og har derfor interesse som gjødselvare. Egenskapene til bioresten vil avhenge av råvarer som tilføres prosessen og av hvilke prosesstrinn den går gjennom under og etter anaerob behandling. Det er først og fremst tre produktformer det finnes erfaringer med. Flytende biorest er rik på lett tilgjengelige næringsstoffer og har potensial for bruk som hurtigvirkende gjødsel. Konsentrasjoner av næringsstoffer er høy og har relativt god balanse mellom hovednæringsstoffene. Det kan derfor være aktuelt med årlig gjødsling, uten at dette kommer i konflikt med mengdebegrensninger i gjødselvareforskriften. Flytende biorest tar i stor grad vare på næringsstoffene i avfallet og vil antakelig kunne benyttes som et alternativ til husdyrgjødsel der landbruket ikke har tilgang til dette. På den annen side krever det lagring og transport av store volumer, og både økonomi og avsetningsmuligheter i et slikt alternativ bør utredes videre. Gjennom videre foredling tapes mye av lett tilgjengelig nitrat og kalium. Avvannet og kompostert biorest vurderes derfor som jordforbedringsmidler med en viss gjødseleffekt. Kompostert biorest vil kunne benyttes som råvare i et dyrkingsmedium hvor den vil kunne fungere som en stabil og forutsigbar råvare. Kompostert biorest har et allsidig bruksområde og kan benyttes både av profesjonelle brukere og hobbydyrkere. Avvannet biorest kan først og fremst benyttes som jordforbedringsmidler med en viss gjødseleffekt til bruk på landbruket og grøntarealer. Enkelte avvannede biorester kan ha potensiale for bruk i dyrkingsmedier, om det er aktuelt bør man det gjøres en grundig vurdering av biorestens egenskaper i forkant.
Sammendrag
På Kaupang er det utarbeidet en plan for omlegging fra åkerdrift til slåtteeng på arealer som har kulturlag av stor arkeologisk verdi og på tilstøtende arealer. Målet med en omlegging er å bedre bevaringsforholdene i kulturlagene samtidig som det skal drives jordbruksproduksjon på arealene. Det foreslås at drenssystemet repareres og at jorda kalkes for å øke pH før omleggingen til slåttereng gjennomføres. Det bør vårsås frø av engvekster med grunt rotsystem med bygg som dekkvekst. Fordi jorda har god næringstilstand, kan gjødsling med fullgjødsel, som virker forsurende på jorda, delvis erstattes med kalksalpeter som har en positiv kalkvirkning. Jordas kalktilstand bør undersøkes tre år etter kalking og deretter hvert femte år for å overvåke pH-utviklingen i jorda.