Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2007
Sammendrag
Oil shipment in the Barents Region had insignificant volumes before 2002. In 2002, there was a dramatic increase in oil transportation, when 4 million tons of oil was shipped across the northern regions of Russia and Norway. In 2003, the volume reached 8 million tons. The trend continued in 2004, and about 12 million tons of export oil and oil products were delivered from the Russian Arctic to the western market along the Norwegian coast. In 2005 and 2006, the annual oil shipment volume was on the level of 10 million tons. The terminals loading Russian oil for export in the Barents Region have been continuously developed, and the overall shipping capacity has been enlarged. In the recent study of oil shipment in the Barents Region we gave special attention to the existing and prospective offshore and onshore oil shipment terminals and their connection to the oil reserves on one hand and to the export routes on the other. We see now that even without a trunk oil pipeline to the Barents Sea coast, the annual oil exports from the Russian part of the Barents Region may reach a volume of about 50-80 million tons in the next decade. Crude oil and oil products will be delivered to the transshipment terminals in the ice free area of the Barents Sea by railway and shuttle tankers, and further shipped to export by line tankers. Oil pollution prevention should be the central issue during oil transportation in the Barents Sea.
Forfattere
Samson ØpstadSammendrag
Med utgangspunkt i større nedbørsmengder og høgre temperatur enn normalt hausten-vinteren 2006-2007, drøftar artikkelen kor mykje nitrogen som er tapt med grøfte- og overflateavrenning på Vestlandet. Høg temperatur fører til større mineralisering av organisk bunde nitrogen i humusmateriale (mold) og husdyrgjødsel. Det vert tilrådd å gjødsla med 1-1,5 kg nitrogen meir pr dekar enn det ein normal gjødselplan legg opp til.
Sammendrag
Restaureringsarbeid er kjent for de aller fleste, og vanligvis tenker man da på istandsetting av gamle hus, gjerder og kulturminner som er i forfall. Men mange av de gamle kulturmarkene våre trenger også restaurering, og da mener vi "tilbakeføring" av kulturmarka til en tilstand den hadde da den ble drevet på tradisjonelt vis. Slik restaurering kan være meget vanskelig, men gjengroende, gamle kulturmarker kan som oftest restaureres med godt resultat hvis gjengroingen ikke har gått for langt. Hvis resultatet skal bli vellykket, er det imidlertid nødvendig å planlegge arbeidet nøye ut fra forutsetningene i hvert enkelt restaureringsområde. Vi vil her belyse noen av de problemstillingene og utfordringene man kan møte ved restaurering av gamle kulturmarker.
Forfattere
Trond HaraldsenSammendrag
Det er 19 arter meitemark i Norge. Av disse er 5-7 vanlige i hagejord.
Sammendrag
Foredrag om plantevernutfordringar ved dyrking av frukt, bær og grønsaker i plasttunnelar.
Sammendrag
Neozygites floridana is a fungus in the order Entomophthorales that infects and kills the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. The fungus is therefore of interest for the biological control of T. urticae. To obtain information that might help in the use of this fungus under practical conditions in strawberries and cucumbers we have tried to answer the following questions in a series of studies*): 1) When, and at what infection levels does N. floridana occurre in T. urticae populations in fieldgrown strawberries? 2) How and where does N. floridana survive harsh climatic conditions (i.e winter) in Norway? 3) How and where does N. floridana infected T. urticae move and sporulate on a plant? 4) How do commonly used pesticides in strawberries affect N. floridana and T. urticae? 5) How can N. floridana be inoculated in augmentative microbial control of T. urticae? Results show that N. floridana infected and killed T. urticae in 12 out of 12 Norwegian strawberry fields studied. Infection levels up to 90% were observed, and the highest levels were observed late in the season. The infection levels throughout a season varied considerably. N. floridana was observed to overwinter as both hyphal bodies in hibernating T. urticae females from October to at least February at temperatures as low as -20o C. Cadavers with resting spores were found from October to the end of January. Cadavers then probably disintegrated, and resting spores were left on leaves, soil, etc. In a bioassay where a Norwegian N. floridana isolate was tested for numbers and distance of spores thrown at three different temperatures (13o, 18o, 23o C), preliminary results show that high numbers of spores (ca 1300-1900 per cadaver) were thrown at all three temperatures. Further, spores were thrown about the same distance (up to about 6 mm) at all three temperatures. The effects of pesticides used in strawberries on the N. floridana infection level were studied to evaluate factors that might be important for conservation biological control. The pesticides tested were three fungicides; Euparen (tolylfluanid), Teldor (fenhexamid), Switch (cyprodinil +fludioxonil) and one acaricide/ insecticide: Mesurol (methiocarb). The experiment indicated that all three fungicides affect N. floridana negatively but that Euparen might be the least harmful. Mesurol did not affect N. floridana. Our attempts to inoculate N. floridana artificially in a strawberry field has not yet been successful, but we now work on promising methods for inoculation of N. floridana in T. urticae populations in greenhouse cucumbers. More detailed results from the studies referred to in this abstract will soon be published elsewhere.
Sammendrag
To obtain information that might help in the use of Neozygites floridana (Zygomycetes: Entomopthorales) in biological control of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), in strawberries and cucumbers we have tried to answer the following questions in a series of studies*): 1) When, and at what infection levels does N. floridana occur in T. urticae populations in field grown strawberries? 2) How does N. floridana survive harsh climatic conditions (i.e winter) in Norway? 3) Where do N. floridana infected T. urticae move and sporulate on a plant? 4) How do commonly used pesticides in strawberries affect N. floridana and T. urticae? 5) How can N. floridana be inoculated in augmentative microbial control of T. urticae? Results show that N. floridana infected and killed T. urticae in 12 out of 12 Norwegian strawberry fields studied. Infection levels up to 90% were observed, and the highest levels were observed late in the season. The infection levels throughout a season varied considerably. N. floridana was observed to over-winter as hyphal bodies in hibernating T. urticae females throughout the winter. Cadavers with resting spores were found from October to the end of January. Cadavers then probably disintegrated, and resting spores were left on leaves, soil, etc. In a bioassay where a Norwegian N. floridana isolate was tested for numbers and distance of spores thrown at three different temperatures (13o, 18o, 23o C), results show that the highest numbers of spores (1886 and 1733 per cadaver) were thrown at 13o and 18o compared to 23o C (1302 per cadaver). Spores were thrown at the same distance (up to about 6 mm) at all three temperatures when cadavers were placed with dorsal side facing up. Cadavers placed with dorsal side down (hanging) threw equal numbers of spores up (on the underside of the leaf in nature) and down (on the leaf below). The effects of pesticides used in strawberries on the N. floridana infection level were studied to evaluate factors that might be important for conservation biological control. The pesticides tested were three fungicides; Euparen (tolylfluanid), Teldor (fenhexamid), Switch (cyprodinil +fludioxonil) and one acaricide/ insecticide: Mesurol (methiocarb). The experiment indicated that all three fungicides affect N. floridana negatively but that Euparen might be the least harmful. Mesurol did not affect N. floridana. Our attempt to inoculate N. floridana artificially in a strawberry field has not yet been successful, but we now work on promising methods for inoculation of N. floridana in T. urticae populations in greenhouse cucumbers. More detailed results from the studies referred to in this abstract will soon be published elsewhere.
Forfattere
Tor Håkon SivertsenSammendrag
A few ideas connected to the scope of scientific work in agronomy and agro meteorology and the scope of the scientific principle is first outlined. Then the concepts of `sustainability" and `sustainable agriculture" is presented, and the content of different definitions of these concepts is discussed. General ideas of using quantitative parameters, indices, to measure sustainability is presented. Then different ways of defining indices is discussed.A concept connected to `subsistence farmimg" called `tiny orchard" is presented and discussed, and the possible use of this concept `tiny orchard" as a referenc system for measuring and definig `sustainable agriculture" is discussed. The actual life cycle of a commercial agricultural product , an apple to be consumed fresh, is outlined; and this is compared to what is happening in a `tiny orchard" with and apple on an apple tree. Some importantant cycles connected to sustainable agriculture is mentioned, the fresh water cycle and the cycles of nitrogen and phosphorous. The following idea is discussed:"The idea of changing the focus in agricultural production from maximizing the crop yield to keeping the ecolological system of the farming and the local area sound and in order". Man is an organism like other organisms. He ought to take care of his surroundings and the other species, to take care of a ttallity of biological systems on the Eatth. probaly no god or gods will take care of him if does not succed in doeng this.The content of the concepts of adaption and mitigation connected to clobal change is also finally mentioned. References and biblography: Leane, M., 2005, The quest for an Environmental Metric: gazing at weather systems, a ground-breaking scientist spawned on ecological accounting standard the Wall Street might one day embrace ( http:// www.cfo/printable/article.cfn/530007?f=options), CFO Publishing Maine, T., 2005, Towards a Metric of Sustanability ( http://www.isoconference.org.au/ papers/ Maine.pdf), CSIRO Publish Jain, R., 2005, Sustainability metrics, specific indicators and preference index (http://www.springerlink.com/media/h4d4779uuq0yynfhktb6/contributions/t/2/2/5/t22524055312t88.pdf), Clean Techn. Environ. Polocy /:71-72
Sammendrag
Kontroll av vegetabiler for restmengder av plantevernmidler har tradisjonelt vært utført ved hjelp av GC med selektive detektorer som NPD og ECD. En slik instrumentering krever en manuell tolkning av kromatogrammer fra de to detektorene samt at overskridelser av grenseverdier og påvisning av ulovlig bruk må verifiseres med analyse på GC-MS. Tolkningsdelen krever lang erfaring og mange måneders opplæring av personell. I tillegg er den svært tidkrevende (0,5-1 time pr. prøve). Tolkningen av kromatogrammene er såpass komplisert og operatøravhengig at mulighetene for å utgi falske negative prøvesvar alltid er til stede. Full Scan GC-MS analyse kombinert med Deconvolution Reporting Software (DRS) fra Agilent Technologies erstatter den manuelle tolkningen med automatisk søk i to databaser med massespektra. DRS programvaren er en applikasjon som kombinerer resultatene fra MS-chemstation, AMDIS (Automatic Mass Spectral Deconvolution and Identification Software) og NIST (National Institute of Standards and Tecnology) databasesøk. Den automatiske tolkningen tar kun 1-2 minutter pr. prøve og resultatene skrives ut på en rapport. Vår erfaring viser at GC-MS-DRS sparer tid, gir sikrere identifikasjon og avslører flere pesticider i prøvene. I tillegg har det vært mulig å senke bestemmelsesgrensen for en rekke pesticider.
Forfattere
Inger Sundheim Fløistad Hans Martin HanslinSammendrag
The Christmas tree seedlings typically appear with initial slow growth during the first 2-3 years. In the next couple of years the trees grow well, and then during the final 2-3 years before harvest the growth frequently is too vigorous. This growth rhythm often requires laborious growth regulation by mechanical or chemical methods. A dense concentration of branches on the lower part of the tree tends to allocate a lot of resources to the tree base, which grows wide and heavy. Such trees are costly to cut and transport and difficult to sell. Therefore, the growers want transplants with rapid growth after planting. To satisfy their demand there is a need for better plant materials than what are available today. More knowledge is needed about the relation between seedling quality, their physiological status and the plants response to different planting dates. In the year 2007 a new project "Seedling qualities and establishment routines for a rapid growth start of Abies nordmanniana and Abies lasiocarpa for Christmas tree production" was established in Norway to improve our knowledge of establishment of Christmas trees. Financial support is given by the Norwegian Research Council, "Skogtiltaksfondet" and "Forskningsfondet for Norsk Pyntegrønt Forsøksring".