Hopp til hovedinnholdet

Publikasjoner

NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.

2015

Sammendrag

Hovudformålet med driftsgranskingane er å vise resultat og utvikling i økonomiske tilhøve på gardsbruk der inntekter frå jordbruket har eit vesentleg omfang. Driftsgranskingane skal vise økonomiske resultat for brukarfamilien og for ulike bruk med omsyn til storleik, driftsform og geografisk plassering. Vidare skal driftsgranskingane gje grunnlag for samanlikning med anna nasjonal og internasjonal statistikk, gje grunnlag for forsking og utgreiing, gje hjelp til rådgjeving og undervisning og innspel til offentleg politikk og forvalting. Granskingane skal også gje grunnlag for dokumentasjon for den samfunnsøkonomiske verdiskapinga i landbruk og tilknytte næringar. Etter 1950 har det kvart år vore med om lag 1 000 bruk i driftsgranskingane, dei siste åra er tal deltakarbruk redusert. I 2013 var det i alt med 888 bruk i driftsgranskingane, dessutan leverte 31 samdrifter data til undersøkinga. Tal frå samdrifter blir handsama separat, og er ikkje med i driftsgranskingsmaterialet. Ved utval av bruk, er det lagt vekt på at driftsgranskingane skal vere representative for den delen av landbruket der storparten av inntekta kjem frå bruket. Nye bruk til driftsgranskingane vert rekrutterte ut frå lister over bruk som er tilfeldig trekte ut frå tilskotsregisteret til Landbruksdirektoratet. Uttrekte bruk skal ha ei standard omsetning større enn kr 150 000. Det er produksjonsomfanget, og ikkje det økonomiske resultat på det enkelte bruket som er kriterium for utvalet. Deltaking i driftsgranskingane er frivillig, og det er inga grense for kor lenge eit bruk kan vere med, men brukaren skal ikkje vere eldre enn 70 år. Kvart år vert om lag 10 prosent av deltakarbruka skifta ut. Av dei 888 bruka i driftsgranskingane i 2013, kom 171 bruk frå Vestlandet, 63 frå Hordaland, 58 frå Sogn og Fjordane og 50 frå Møre og Romsdal. Dette notatet tar for seg økonomien i landbruket på Vestlandet i 2013, og viser økonomiske utvikling dei siste 10 åra. Kapittel to gir hovudtala for Vestlandet og omhandlar driftsresultatet i jordbruket for året 2013. Kapittel tre viser utviklinga i økonomien i jordbruket, soliditeten og totaløkonomien til brukarfamilien dei siste ti åra. Trendane i denne perioden er presenterte i figurar, og alle bakgrunnsdata er deflaterte etter konsumprisindeksen. Kapittel fire handlar om samdrifter. Kapittel fem er sjølve tabellsamlinga som inneheld tal frå driftsgranskingane for Vestlandet for dei siste fem åra. Tabellane er delte inn slik at ein kan finne tal for landsdelen, fylka, ulike storleiksgrupper og ulike produksjonar. Utvalet av bruk i driftsgranskingane skal ikkje vere representativt for jordbruket i kvart fylke, men for regionen. Alle dei økonomiske data i kapittel fire (tabellane) er nominelle tal for åra, og dermed ikkje inflasjonsjusterte. Sist i notatet finn ein forklaringar på dei faguttrykka som er nytta.

Sammendrag

This literature review documents behavioural differences in organic and conventional sheep and goats in Norway. Increased indoor space results in increased lying time, more synchronized lying behaviour, less displacements and higher milk yield in sheep, and increased lying time and lower frequency of agonistic behaviour in goats. Sheep and goats spend 45-50 % of their time outdoors when given access to an outdoor yard during winter. Under normal thermal conditions, fully fleeced sheep do not need solid floors of welfare reasons in Norway. Neither do dairy goats in insulated buildings. The significance of different milk feeding strategies in goat kids is poorly documented, but studies on lambs and calves show that suckling increases the growth rate, gives better social competence and more exploratory behaviour. Thus, the organic regulations in Norwegian sheep and goat production have some positive impact on behavioural indicators of sheep and goat welfare, especially during winter housing.

Til dokument

Sammendrag

An assessment of the benefits of a fully integrated yarder-processor was made against the alternative of splitting the yarding and processing functions onto two base machines. The effect of productivity rates, specific costs, and crew sizes on the relative performance of each working configuration was investigated. The systems analysis showed that for the integrated yarder machine, a two-man crew was considerably cheaper than a three-man crew at all yarding distances, although the difference became less pronounced with increasing mean tree volumes. The single integrated machine with a 2-man crew was cheaper than the modelled 2-machine system at medium and longer extraction distances, as the processor base machine in the 2-machine systems incurred a considerable cost penalty in waiting idly for the yarder. At shorter distances (75 m) the 2-machine system was cheapest, but became less competitive with increasing mean tree volume. For mid-sized trees (0.38 m3) on a medium corridor length of 150 m, overall system productivity rates ranged from 5.2 m3 per productive system hour (PSH) for the single machine system to 9.4 PSH−1 for the 2-machine system, although the specific net costs were almost identical at 31.5 € m−3. A sensitivity analysis showed that reduced labour costs would promote use of the 2-machine system, suggesting that the optimum system configuration would be country specific. Despite being marginally more costly in small trees at short corridor lengths (75 m), the single fully-integrated machine was considered the working configuration of choice under Norwegian conditions.

Sammendrag

Mineral NPK fertilizer and manure have been compared since 1922 in a ley–arable rotation. During 1982–2003, cattle manure at 20–60 Mg ha−1 year−1 yielded 10–20 % less than mineral fertilizer at 100 kg N:25 kg P:120 kg K ha−1 year−1. The higher manure rates gave large nutrient surpluses. Both manure and mineral fertilizer had increased soil organic carbon (SOC), by 11.3 and 3.4 Mg ha−1 in 1996. In order to study possible residual effects, no manure was applied in 2004–2007 and mineral fertilizer was withheld from some NPK plots. Effects on yield and nutrient uptake were evaluated in relation to plots with no nutrient supply since 1922 and plots still receiving 100 kg N, 25 kg P and 120 kg K ha−1 annually. No residual response of mineral fertilizer was found, but previous manure use gave large effects. The latter yields remained around 85 % of those obtained with mineral fertilizer. Previous use of both mineral fertilizer and manure still increased available soil nutrients and pH in 2007. Differences between treatments in SOC had by then declined slightly, to 9.7 and 2.8 Mg ha−1 for manure and mineral fertilizer respectively, relative to the unfertilized control. Manure and fertilizer applications were resumed in 2008, except at the highest previous manure rate, where mean residual responses up to 2014, relative to the unfertilized control, amounted to 55 % higher yield and increases in nutrient uptake of 47 kg N, 8 kg P and 53 kg K ha−1.

Til dokument

Sammendrag

The SUNNIVA project aims to increase the overall sustainability of vegetable processing by providing valorisation strategies to reduce waste and limiting environmental impact, while improving the nutritional properties of vegetable food products. Results obtained during the first project year indicate that; (i) The waste and by-product fractions of cabbage, tomato and black salsify have a great potential to be better utilized in the food processing chain and to serve as valuable sources for health beneficial phytochemicals (HBPC), and (ii) that tomato and grape seed press cakes have an interesting plant nutritional (NPK) profile, which makes them suitable candidates as raw material in soil amendments. Further, raw materials from tomato and cabbage, in terms of cultivars and morphological parts, has been assessed for HBPC and nutritional value as an effect of N-fertilization and processing. Experimental data for deriving numerical thermal models for agitated and static retort are obtained. Mapping of the most important underutilized vegetable biomass streams in partnering countries are under way. The development of non-destructive tools for rapid HBPC measurements in cabbage and tomato is promising, but some more calibration/validation of the method is necessary. One year into the 3-year project, we conclude that progress has been satisfactory.