Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2010
Sammendrag
The report discusses strategies for the utilization of anaerobically treated poultry manure and slaughterhouse waste (ADR) from Lusakert Poultry Plant Production (LPPP) at Lusakert Biogas Plant (LBP), Kotayk Region, Armenia. ADR is currently an untapped resource of nutrients stored in lagoons, while at the same time representing a source of pollution for the Hsradan river. The project"s two goals were to 1) contribute to the reduction in waste disposed in lagoons from LBP and 2) increase recycling of organic wastes in Armenia. Both goals will contribute to sustainable resource management in Armenia. Anaerobically digested residue from LBP represents an untapped source of essential nutrients for crop production in Armenia. Plant nutrients in ADR are readily available. When ADR is used as fertilizer, crop yields similar to those achieved with the use of mineral fertilizers may be obtained. However, distribution of ADR from the biogas plant to the surrounding farms requires transport by tanker trucks, and the transport distances are longer than what is common for transport of liquid organic fertilizers in the Nordic countries. It is also necessary to develop an infrastructure for storing the ADR at the individual recipient or in greater common stock near the farms. An alternative is to store ADR in the lagoons of LBP and pump it on tanker trucks that run directly to the farmer"s fields, where it is spread immediately. However, this option can only be conducted during the growing season. Alternatively, the ADR can be used to produce solid organic fertilizer and soil conditioner, which would facilitate transportation and storage. This can be done by 1) aerobic composting, 2) vermi-composting and 3) concentrating nutrients in ADR to a solid that can be separated from the liquid. All these strategies can produce a valuable fertilizer, but the market for such products needs to be developed in Armenia. ADR or composted ADR can contain contaminants with health and environmental risks, depending on the origin of the raw material used. If mushroom waste is used as a substrate for the composting of ADR, the heavy metal content of the final compost is not expected to be much lower than in ADR because mushroom waste of interest is based on chicken manure. By using straw or other suitable plant material as a substrate, it is likely that the heavy metal content is reduced. The concentrations of organic pollutants in composted ADR from LBP are expected to be low, due to expected low concentrations of organic contaminants in poultry manure and slaughterhouse waste. It is also assumed that veterinary pharmaceuticals do not pose a risk through the use of ADR or composted ADR. There is a risk that pathogenic bacteria are found in the ADR and composted ADR, but these bacteria are not in their natural environment, and it is unknown whether pathogen contamination is a real risk to the public by the use of ADR in agriculture. Armenia has an Agriculture Support Republican Center, which heads the Agriculture Support Regional Centers. The regional centers provide counseling to farmers in Armenia. The Agriculture Support Centers should be strengthened and further developed as a strategy for optimal use of ADR in Armenian agriculture. Collaboration between the biogas plants, farmers, farmer organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), government organizations and scientific institutions should be developed with the common goal of helping to develop good management practices for optimum utilization of ADR as organic fertilizer in Armenia.
Forfattere
Espen Govasmark Anicke Brandt-Kjelsen Brit SalbuSammendrag
The diet is the major source of Se to man and intake of this essential element depends on the Se concentration in food and the amount of food consumed. Since the levels of Se in agricultural products in Northern Europe are generally low, Se deficiency to man and animal is a significant problem in many countries. Agronomic Se-fortification of plant products is one strategy to increase the human Se intake. Estimation of diets for Se adequacy requires information not only on the total Se, but also on Se-species, accessibility, bioavailability of Se-species in food. Therefore, the present work focuses on the distribution and speciation of Se in Se enriched wheat grains and its accessibility estimated from extraction with human gastro intestinal juices (HGIJ) and Se bioavailability to chicken determined as the bioconcentration factor (BCF); breast muscle/feed intake Se concentration. In the present work, wheat grains were Se-selenate enriched by soil or foliar fertilisation in a greenhouse experiment at seeding or tillering with or without a spilt nitrogen fertilisation strategy to investigate (1) if the Se-species distribution in grains were affected. Then, field grown Se-enriched wheat grains were used (2) to estimate the total and Se-species distribution in the flour and bran and its accessibility, as chicken feed (3) to estimate the Se BCF and as ingredience in bread (4) to investigate Se-transformation and estimate the Se-accessibility from wheat flour to bakery product. Se-speciation was performed using an anion exchange-HPLC-ICP/MS system with 25-250 mM NH4Ac, pH 5.1 gradient elution. The Se fertilisation with selenate at tillering is more efficient than at seedling and additional N-fertilisation at tillering increases the Se-uptake and re-translocation from leaf to grains. Selenomethionine (SeMet) was the dominant Se-species in the grains, but an unidentified Se-species (Se-cysteine?) is to be investigated. Selenate fertilization closest to grain filing period had a higher proportion of selenate and a lower ratio between SeMet and the unidentified Se species, than Se fertilization at seeding. N fertilisation did not affect the Se-species distribution. The Se concentration in field grown wheat grains was 1.2 mg Se kg-1, while the concentrations in flour and bran were 1.1 and 1.6 mg Se kg-1, respectively. The main Se-species in the bran and flour was SeMet. The flour and bran HGIJ extraction showed that Se in the flour was more accessible than in the bran, but since the bran has a higher Se concentration, the amount of Se accessible was about the same for flour and bran. The BCF in chicken breast muscle increased from 0.6 to 1.9 by changing from selenite to Se-enriched whole wheat as dietary Se source, thus Se-enriched wheat was more efficient in increasing the chicken meat Se concentration. The bread making procedure did not influence the Se-species distribution when compared to unprocessed flour. The Se-accessibility was higher in the bread kernel compared to the crust, most probably due to high temperature during roasting. High content of bran in the bread decreased the Se-accessibility Thus, agronomic Se-fortification of Se to wheat is a good strategy to increase the human dietary intake and potentially also the human population Se status.
Forfattere
Espen Govasmark Anicke Brandt-Kjelsen Brit SalbuSammendrag
The diet is the major source of Se to man and intake of this essential element depends on the Se concentration in food and the amount of food consumed. Since the levels of Se in agricultural products in Northern Europe are generally low, Se deficiency to man and animal is a significant problem in many countries. Agronomic Se-fortification of plant products is one strategy to increase the human Se intake. Estimation of diets for Se adequacy requires information not only on the total Se, but also on Se-species, accessibility, bioavailability of Se-species in food. Therefore, the present work focuses on the distribution and speciation of Se in Se enriched wheat grains and its accessibility estimated from extraction with human gastro intestinal juices (HGIJ) and Se bioavailability to chicken determined as the bioconcentration factor (BCF); breast muscle/feed intake Se concentration. In the present work, wheat grains were Se-selenate enriched by soil or foliar fertilisation in a greenhouse experiment at seeding or tillering with or without a spilt nitrogen fertilisation strategy to investigate (1) if the Se-species distribution in grains were affected. Then, field grown Se-enriched wheat grains were used (2) to estimate the total and Se-species distribution in the flour and bran and its accessibility, as chicken feed (3) to estimate the Se BCF and as ingredience in bread (4) to investigate Se-transformation and estimate the Se-accessibility from wheat flour to bakery product. Se-speciation was performed using an anion exchange-HPLC-ICP/MS system with 25-250 mM NH4Ac, pH 5.1 gradient elution. The Se fertilisation with selenate at tillering is more efficient than at seedling and additional N-fertilisation at tillering increases the Se-uptake and re-translocation from leaf to grains. Selenomethionine (SeMet) was the dominant Se-species in the grains, but an unidentified Se-species (Se-cysteine?) is to be investigated. Selenate fertilization closest to grain filing period had a higher proportion of selenate and a lower ratio between SeMet and the unidentified Se species, than Se fertilization at seeding. N fertilisation did not affect the Se-species distribution. The Se concentration in field grown wheat grains was 1.2 mg Se kg-1, while the concentrations in flour and bran were 1.1 and 1.6 mg Se kg-1, respectively. The main Se-species in the bran and flour was SeMet. The flour and bran HGIJ extraction showed that Se in the flour was more accessible than in the bran, but since the bran has a higher Se concentration, the amount of Se accessible was about the same for flour and bran. The BCF in chicken breast muscle increased from 0.6 to 1.9 by changing from selenite to Se-enriched whole wheat as dietary Se source, thus Se-enriched wheat was more efficient in increasing the chicken meat Se concentration. The bread making procedure did not influence the Se-species distribution when compared to unprocessed flour. The Se-accessibility was higher in the bread kernel compared to the crust, most probably due to high temperature during roasting. High content of bran in the bread decreased the Se-accessibility Thus, agronomic Se-fortification of Se to wheat is a good strategy to increase the human dietary intake and potentially also the human population Se status.
Forfattere
Espen Govasmark Jessica Stäb Børge Holen Mirja Salkinoja-Salonen Douve HoornstraSammendrag
The European Union Council directive 1999/31/EC states that no waste should be deposited on landfills without being treated in some way. Source separating of organic wastes at the household is one way of treating the waste to reduce the amount of waste entering the landfill. Anaerobic digestion on biogas plants (BGP) is a management strategy of organic wastes which combines recycling of plant nutrients in organic waste with production of renewable energy (Hartmann & Ahring 2006). The anaerobic digested residue (ADR) can be used as fertilizer, thereby recycling nutrients back to agriculture and horticulture. However, the ADR is not a harmless product since it may contain pollutants such as heavy metals, organic pollutants and pesticide but also pathogenic bacteria which are introduced to the soil ecosystem by its application (Kupper at al. 2008; Brändli et al 2007; Brändli et al., 2005; Sahlström 2003). Therefore, it is important to assess the safety of using digestate as fertilizer with respect to the chemical and bacteriological content. Anaerobically digested organic waste was analysed for the content of heavy metals, organic pollutants, pesticides and the bacteria E.coli and B.cereus each month in a year. The digestate was separated into a fiber and liquid fraction by centrifugation at the BGP. Heavy metal concentrations (mg/kg DM) in the fiber was (min-max); Zn (162-364), Cu (34-69), Cd (0.2-0.4), Ni (6-19), Cr (15-33), Pb (6-13) and Hg (0.03-0.17), and in the liquid; Zn (132-422), Cu (23-57), Cd (0.2-0.6), Ni (3-11), Pb (4-6) and Hg (0.05-0.15). Organic pollutant and pesticide concentrations (µg/kg DM) in the fiber was: ∑PAH 16 (585-1544), ∑PBDE (2.4-9.5), DEHP (13440-64874), Imazalil (380-4190) and Tiabendazol (140-670) and in the liquid: ∑PAH 16 (n.d-65), ∑PBDE (n.d-0.2), DEHP (233-2113), Imazalil (370-5770) and Tiabendazol (n.d-730). The digestate did not contain viable E.coli but contained 0.5 to 10 × 106 viable B.cereus per ml of which 1 % were heat stable spores. Culturable presumptive B.cereus was isolated in 9 out of 10 samples. The concentration of heavy metals was within class I according to the Norwegian standard. Only DEHP were found in concentrations higher than the threshold values for composts in Austria and Denmark, but lower than for sewage sludge used as fertilizer in EU. The concentration of Imazalil and Thiabendazol was higher than expected, but not threshold are available. Analysis of DNA showed that the digestate contained B. cereus and a portion of the B. cereus genomes possessed the cesB gene. Approximately 1 % of the heat stable spores represented B. cereus. The content of viable B. cereus in the digestate was acceptable for foods. The authors therefor conclude that the digestate is safe to use as fertilizers in agriculture with respect to heavy metals, organic pollutants, pesticides and the bacteria E.coli and B.cereus. REFERENCES Brändli, R.C., Bucheli, T.D., Kupper, T., Mayer, J., Stadelmann, F.X. & Tarradellas, J. 2007. Fate of PCBs, PAHs and their sorce characteristics ratios during composting and digestion of source-separated organic waste in full-scale plants. Environmental Pollution 148, pp. 520-528. Brändli, R.C., Bucheli, T.D., Kupper, T., Furrer, R., Stadelmann, F.X., & Tarradellas, J. 2005. Persistent Organic Pollutants in Source-Separated Compost and Its Feedstock Materials - a Review of Field Studies. Journal of Environmental. Quality 34(3), pp. 735-760. EC. 1999. Council directive of 1999/31/EC on 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste. Official Journal of the European Communities, European commission, Brussels, Belgium, L182, pp 1-19. Hartmann, H. & Ahring B.K. 2006. Strategies for the anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste; an overview. Water Science. Technology 53 (8), pp. 7-22. Kupper, T., Bucheli, T.D., Brändli, R.C., Ortelli, D. & Edder,P. 2008. Dissipation of pesticides during composting and anaerobic digestion of source-separated organic waste at full-scale plants. Bioresource Technology 99, pp. 7988-7994. Sahlström, L. 2003. A review of survival of pathogenic bacteria in organic waste used in biogas plants. Bioresource Technology 87, pp. 161-166.
Forfattere
Carola Strassner Melanie Lukas Anne-Kristin LøesSammendrag
I prosjektet "Økologisk mat til ungdommen", iPOPY (innovative Public Organic food Procurement for Youth) var et av arbeidsområdene kartlegging av flaskehalser i forbindelse med selve matforsyningen (supply chains) og i hvilken grad de ulike landene som deltok i prosjektet har utviklet noen form for godkjenning på dette området. Primærproduksjon og foredling av økologiske matvarer er underlagt regler på EU-nivå. Som en del av EØS-avtalen gjelder dette regelverket også i Norge. For catering, restauranter og annen matservering i ikke-privat regi er det imidlertid ingen regler på EU-nivå. Ulike land har derfor utviklet ulike løsninger for å sertifisere for eksempel restauranter som ønsker å markedsføre servering av økologisk mat.Denne rapporten gjennomgår ordningene i Danmark, Finland, Italia, Norge og Tyskland. Tyskland er brukt som referanse siden de har et godt utviklet system som førsteforfatter av rapporten, Dr. Carola Strassner, kjenner godt fra tidligere kartleggingsarbeid. Rapporten er basert på informasjon fra godkjenningsorganisasjoner og eksperter i hvert land innhentet gjennom spørreskjema som ble besvart via e-post, og oppfølgende telefonintervju.Det er stor variasjon mellom de ulike landene. Danmark har et frivillig system med bronse-, sølv- og gullmedaljer avhengig av andel økologiske råvarer. I Finland er det heller ikke noe krav om sertifisering av matservering, men et frivillig trinnvis system med fem nivå for økende andel økologiske råvarer. Systemet inkluderer rådgivning og et sertifikat som kan brukes i markedsføring. Italia har foreløpig ikke noe krav til sertifisering, men det pågår aktiviteter for å etablere en frivillig eller obligatorisk ordning. I Norge og Tyskland er det krav om sertifisering av virksomheter som vil markedsføre seg med servering av økologisk mat.Italienske aktører ytret ønske om mer standardiserte regler på dette området, mens aktørene i øvrige land sa seg fornøyd med situasjonen slik den var.Sertifisering av økologisk matservering i skoler vil innebære noe ekstra arbeid, men vil samtidig gi serveringen et kvalitetsstempel, øke tilliten hos brukerne og bidra til å synliggjøre en økologisk innsats.
Sammendrag
Artikkelen oppsummerer resultatene fra 8 norske sprøyteforsøk med konvensjonelle og alternative midler mot bringebærbladmidd (Phyllocoptes gracilis) siden 2005. Denne midden er et stort problem i "Glen Ample". To høstsprøytinger med rapsolje+grønnsåpe eller svovel har i forsøkene hatt opp mot 100 % effekt på overvintrende bladmidd rundt knoppene. Riktig sprøyteteknikk og god væskemengde er trolig avgjørende for så gode resultater. Når sprøytevæsken renner nedover stengelen og samler seg i restene av bladstilkene rundt neste års knopper, får bladmidden seg et dødelig bad. Ved å kombinere slik høstsprøyting og sprøyting med et vanlig middmiddel i tiden før blomstring bør det være mulig å få bladmidden under kontroll.
Sammendrag
Artikkelen oppsummerer resultatene fra 8 norske sprøyteforsøk med konvensjonelle og alternative midler mot bringebærbladmidd (Phyllocoptes gracilis) siden 2005. Denne midden er et stort problem i "Glen Ample". To høstsprøytinger med rapsolje+grønnsåpe eller svovel har i forsøkene hatt opp mot 100 % effekt på overvintrende bladmidd rundt knoppene. Riktig sprøyteteknikk og god væskemengde er trolig avgjørende for så gode resultater. Når sprøytevæsken renner nedover stengelen og samler seg i restene av bladstilkene rundt neste års knopper, får bladmidden seg et dødelig bad. Ved å kombinere slik høstsprøyting og sprøyting med et vanlig middmiddel i tiden før blomstring bør det være mulig å få bladmidden under kontroll.
Forfattere
Ingerd Skow Hofgaard Heidi Udnes Aamot Sonja Klemsdal Marikka Jestoi Oleif Elen Guro BrodalSammendrag
During the 1980-1990"s Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium poae, Fusarium tricinctum and Fusarium culmorum were reported as the most frequently isolated Fusarium species in Norwegian cereals. Recent years studies indicate a shift in the relative prevalence of Fusarium species. In a 6-year period from 2004-2009, researchers at Bioforsk collected about 500 grain samples of spring wheat and oats from farmers" fields in South East Norway to study the effect of environmental factors on development of Fusarium spp. and mycotoxins. Climate data was collected from the nearest weather station, and information on cultivation practice in the respective fields was registered for each grain sample. All grain samples were analyzed for Fusarium-mycotoxin content by LC-MS/MS at the Finnish Food Safety Authority. The DNA content of selected Fusarium species (F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. poae, F. langsethiae/F. sporotrichioides) was determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Concentrations of deoxynivalenol (DON) above limit of detection (LOD, 50 µg/kg in oats and 45 µg/kg in spring wheat) were registered in more than 90% of the grain samples. Our data shows a trend towards an increased yearly median value of DON and 3-AcDON together with an increased occurrence of F. graminearum (DNA). In general, F. graminearum was detected at much higher levels than F. culmorum (qPCR). Concentrations of HT-2 and T-2 toxin above LOD were mainly registered in oats where more than 70% of the grain samples had a HT-2 concentration exceeding 80µg/kg. Similarly, the DNA content of F. langsethiae/F. sporotrichioides exceeded 0,1 pg per ng plant DNA in more than 70% of the oat samples, whereas this was only true in less than 5% of the spring wheat samples. As F. sporotrichioides is only sporadically found in Norwegian cereals, these results indicate F. langsethiae as the main HT-2/T-2 producer in Norwegian oats. F. avenaceum (DNA) and enniatins were detected in most grain samples indicating F. avenaceum as still being one of the most prevailing Fusarium species in Norwegian cereals. Moniliformin was detected in several of the grain samples, whereas hardly any samples contained nivalenol or diacetoxyscirpenol. Fusarenon-X, neosolaniol, fumonisin B1 and fumonisin B2 were not detected. Bioforsk has during the last 20-30 years been involved in several projects concerning Fusarium spp. and mycotoxins in Norwegian cereals. Prediction models for plant diseases (including Fusarium spp.) in cereals are today operative within the growing season in the Norwegian web-based disease decision support system, VIPS, administrated by Bioforsk http://www.vips-landbruk.no/. In an ongoing project (2010-2014) we focus on the effect of selected cultivation regimes on survival of Fusarium spp. in plant debris and development of mycotoxins in harvested grains of oats and spring wheat. Results will be used as a basis for further development of disease forecasting models, and for the development of guidelines for cultivation practice in Norway.
Forfattere
Ommo Hüppop V Dierschke Sverre Kobro J DierschkeSammendrag
The number of Bullfinches recorded on the offshore island of Helgoland (SE North Sea) in the autumn migration periods (late September to late December) from 1972 to 2009 are negatively correlated to the supply of rowanberries in Norway. Many Bullfinches only occurred, when this important winter food was scarce in Norway. As such correlation was found also for trapping sites at the Baltic Sea (Christiansø, Falsterbo), irruptively migratory behaviour of Scandinavian Bullfinches appears to act on a large geographical scale. This is underlined by the results of a linear model, showing that the occurrence of Bullfinches at Helgoland is best explained by trapping numbers in Falsterbo and their interaction with rowanberriy supply in Norway. Actually, not all invasions recorded at Falsterbo reach Helgoland, probably due to its situation far offshore: migrating passerines do not cross the German Bight in any weather situation, but instead often follow the coastline without touching Helgoland. It is stressed that data collected unsystematically are appropriate for analyses of invasions.
Forfattere
Jack D’Arcy E. Dunaevskaya Jim Treasurer Oddvar Ottesen Julie Maguire Nina Zhuravleva Åsbjørn Karlsen Celine ReboursSammendrag
The use of wrasse (F. Labridae) as biological cleaner-fish in the control of salmon lice has been demonstrated in a number of studies and they are successfully used on a large scale, with over two million wrasse being caught and stocked annually, in commercial salmon farms in Norway. Increasingly, efforts are being made to produce commercial stocks of wrasse for use on farms and an EU Northern Periphery Project entitled "Ecofish" has been established to develop the technologies for spawning and rearing the most promising cleaner fish, ballan wrasse, in captivity with dedicated production hatcheries will be established in Ireland, Norway and Scotland. This project will also look into the management of ballan wrasse in salmon cages in order to achieve the effective removal of lice. As part of the Ecofish work programme, this study examined the embryonic development of Ballan wrasse using material from a series of spawnings in Ireland and Norway. The overall development from fertilization to hatch was monitored and recorded and a standardized series of developmental stages are assigned, from zygote through cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, segmentation to hatching: each with specific morphological landmarks. This standardization and the synchronization of the developmental stages will facilitate future studies with the species as we may be better able to compare the development rate of different geographic stocks and under different environmental conditions. The developing embryo was also staged at three different incubation temperatures; 10.5oC, 12.9 oC, and 16.5 oC with 50% hatched occurring at 171, 121 ands 96 hours post fertilisation respectively.