Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2016
Sammendrag
Accessibility is a central issue for human activity, particularly in mountain areas. We investigate changes in physical accessibility in a Western Norwegian mountain area during the past 40–60 years and identify driving forces of changes. Changes in accessibility were measured as changes in travel time between permanently and seasonally inhabited farmsteads. Additionally, travel time from new access points in the mountains was calculated. C.75% of the investigated access routes to seasonal farmsteads have remained unchanged due to continued use or maintenance work, or been slightly improved due to development of paths into roads. In addition, new access routes have emerged as a result of road construction. Regrowth of paths due to abandonment of seasonal farming has reduced accessibility. Changes in accessibility have led to a concentration of activities in more easily accessibly parts of the study area. Documented changes in accessibility result from a complex interaction of driving forces that initiate or influence change. Important drivers interacting with road construction and abandonment of seasonal farming can be categorized as socio-economic, political and technological. However, the importance of culturally rooted commitment of local people or a small number of enthusiasts must not be underestimated.
Redaktører
Sjur Spildo Prestegard Stine Evensen SørbyeSammendrag
Norsk matindustri er Norges største fastlandsindustri målt i omsetning, verdiskaping og antall sysselsatte. I matindustrien bearbeides produkter fra landbruk og fiske til matvarer, dyrefôr og drikkevarer. Matindustrien er sammensatt og består av svært ulike aktører – fra store børsnoterte foretak og samvirkebedrifter med mange tusen ansatte, til enkeltpersonforetak med hjemmeproduksjon. Bedriftene er spredt rundt om i hele landet og produserer matvarer som i all hovedsak er basert på norske råvarer. Matindustrien er en sentral del av verdikjeden for mat i Norge og produserer hovedsakelig varer til hjemmemarkedet. Matindustrien er i kontinuerlig endring. Nye produkter og merkevarer lanseres, anleggsstrukturen endres og eierskap skiftes. Mat og industri er en konjunkturrapport om status og utvikling i matindustrien. Årets utgave er forenklet og viser kun sentrale nøkkeltall og utviklingstrekk det siste året. Dataene som gjengis i dette heftet er hovedsakelig basert på SSBs industristatistikk. Med unntak av arbeidsmarkedsstatistikk, er dataene bearbeidet av NIBIO slik at samtlige bedrifter med en omsetning under 50 000 kroner er fjernet. Videre er bedrifter med null og i både sysselsatte og ansatte fjernet. En del tall for 2015 er beregnet av NIBIO med utgangspunkt i nasjonalregnskapsstatistikk, og bør anses som foreløpige. For nærmere beskrivelse av de ulike nøkkeltallene, se rapporten Mat og industri 2015.
Sammendrag
In order to encourage increased use of wood, different user groups need to be better informed regarding the variation in performance between different wood materials and the effect of different use classes. It is also important to provide good empirical data on the service life of wood products as input to for example life cycle assessment studies. In the current study the effect of temperature and moisture on the performance of different wood materials in laboratory decay trials was evaluated by different approaches and compared with field exposure data. The same materials were used throughout the different tests in order to reduce variation. The durability class allocation varied, as expected, between test fungi, climates, exposure times, and decay tests. This confirms that the durability classification of a material, and the ranking between materials, is not a fixed value that can be based on one single test. Interestingly, for the most durable materials and for Scots pine sapwood (low durability) the variation in durability classification seemed to be somewhat lower than for the materials with intermediate durability. A regression model approach was used in order to predict field performance from laboratory data. However, this approach was not successful and confirms that more sophisticated models are needed in order to make good predictions of service life.
Sammendrag
There is an increasing awareness of how the aesthetical performance of wood exposed outdoors changes over time and especially in the first few years after installation. Mould and blue stain fungi are biological agents that contribute to the weather grey colour on a wooden façade, and the blue stain fungi Aureobasidium pullulans is commonly identified as colonizer on coated and uncoated wood exposed outdoors. In this study 21 wood substrates (untreated, preservative treated and modified) were tested for their susceptibility to A. pullulans when incubated at three different temperatures (11, 16 and 22°C). Western red cedar and preservative treated wood had the lowest mould ratings at the end of the test period (84 days). Alder, ash, Norway spruce and Sitka spruce reached maximum rating already at day 28, and at day 84 also aspen, European larch, thermally modified pine, birch, acetylated pine and DMDHEU modified pine had reached maximum rating. Incubation temperature had a significant influence on the growth of A. pullulans throughout the test period for acetylated and DMDHEU modified samples – and generally the modified wood substrates were more sensitive to changes in temperature than the other tested substrates. Scots pine sapwood seemed to be less susceptible to A. pullulans in mono cultures, demonstrating low mould ratings throughout the test period. This contradicts to previous studies were Scots pine sapwood tended to have high susceptibility when using a mix of mould and blue stain fungi.
Sammendrag
The effects of cutting frequency, silage fermentation pattern and legume performance in grass-clover ley on use of inputs and profitability in an organic dairy system in Mid-Norway were examined. A whole-farm linear programming model was developed to compare a three-cut and a two-cut system, either with restricted silage fermentation through acidification or untreated at low or high red clover (Trifolium pratense L) proportion in the ley. Input-output relations incorporated into the model were derived from a meta-analysis of organic grassland field trials in Norway, silage fermentation experiments, and with feed intakes and milk yields from simulations with the NorFor feed evaluation system. The model maximised total gross margin of farms with 250,000 l milk quota, and housing capacity for 45 cows. Farmland availability was allowed to vary with 40 ha as the basis. High proportion of legumes in the leys was far more important for profitability than the score on the other variables considered. With little land available, the costs of preservatives were higher than their benefits. At higher land areas applying preservatives was more profitable. Cutting systems producing silages that result in an increased intake of silage per cow, generally three-cut systems, performed relatively better at higher land availabilities.
Forfattere
Marte Holten Jørgensen Abdelhameed Elameen Nadine Hofman Sonja Klemsdal Sandra Malaval Siri FjellheimSammendrag
According to the Norwegian Diversity Act, practitioners of restoration in Norway are instructed to use seed mixtures of local provenance. However, there are no guidelines for how local seed should be selected. In this study, we use genetic variation in a set of alpine species (Agrostis mertensii, Avenella flexuosa, Carex bigelowii, Festuca ovina, Poa alpina and Scorzoneroides autumnalis) to define seed transfer zones to reduce confusion about the definition of ‘local seeds’. The species selected for the study are common in all parts of Norway and suitable for commercial seed production. The sampling covered the entire alpine region (7–20 populations per species, 3–15 individuals per population). We characterised genetic diversity using amplified fragment length polymorphisms. We identified different spatial genetic diversity structures in the species, most likely related to differences in reproductive strategies, phylogeographic factors and geographic distribution. Based on results from all species, we suggest four general seed transfer zones for alpine Norway. This is likely more conservative than needed for all species, given that no species show more than two genetic groups. Even so, the approach is practical as four seed mixtures will serve the need for restoration of vegetation in alpine regions in Norway.
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
This study examined the P fertilization effects of 11 sewage sludges obtained from sewage treated with Al and/or Fe salts to remove P by a pot experiment with ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and a nutrient-deficient sand−peat mixture. Also it investigated whether fertilization effects could be predicted by chemical sludge characteristics and/or by P extraction. The mineral fertilizer equivalent (MFE) value varied significantly but was low for all sludges. MFE was best predicted by a negative correlation with ox-Al and ox-Fe in sludge, or by a positive correlation with P extracted with 2% citric acid. Ox-Al had a greater negative impact on MFE than ox-Fe, indicating that Fe salts are preferable as a coagulant when aiming to increase the plant availability of P in sludge. The results also indicate that sludge liming after chemical wastewater treatment with Al and/or Fe salts increases the P fertilization effect.
Forfattere
Knut Erik Tollefsen Kine Bæk Ana Almeida Linn Anette Haug Hans Ragnar Norli Sven R. Odenmarck Marianne StenrødSammendrag
This project evaluated whether the principles of combined toxicity assessment (CTA) and cumulative risk assessment (CRA) can be used to predict the toxicity of ecologically-relevant mixtures of plant protection products (PPPs) in surface waters receiving run-off from Norwegian agricultural areas. A combination of testing solid phase extracts (SPE), whole surface water and a synthetic mixture in an algal bioassay and predicting combined toxicity using CTA models were conducted on selected samples from the Heia catchment (Råde, Norway). The results demonstrated that designing and testing synthetic mixtures on the basis of measured concentrations of PPPs was the best method for the accurate determination of combined toxicity due to confounding factors introduced by whole water and SPE testing. Combined toxicity models based on Concentration Addition (CA) successfully predicted the toxicity of the complex synthetic mixture and verified that a mixture of PPPs acted in an additive manner. Tiered assessment of the cumulative risk of active PPP substances and PPP formulations proposed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) were considered applicable also for the CRA of complex environmental mixtures and could potentially aid the identification of relevant mixtures, risk drivers and susceptible species as input to the assessment and approval of PPPs.
Sammendrag
Rapporten presenterer resultater av en feltundersøkelse der hensikten har vært å kvantifisere romlig og temporær variasjon i utvalgte jordegenskaper og egenskaper knyttet til overflatetilstand og vegetasjonsdekke. Feltundersøkelsen ble gjennomført i det lille nedbørfeltet Gryteland i Ski kommune. Mettet vannledningsevne, målt i laboratoriet på uforstyrrede jordsylindre, var i størrelsesorden 10-80 cm/t på åpen åker, mens det i skogen var ca. 10 ganger høyere. Det var ingen tydelige forskjeller i Ksat mellom jordtyper eller over tid. Kohesjonen på åpen åker var i størrelsesorden ca. 30-60 kPa. Aggregatstabilitet på lettleire og mellomleire ble målt ved ett tidspunkt med tre ulike metoder, og var i størrelsesorden 40-50 % for regnsimulator, nesten 100 % ved våtsikting, og 30-160 dråper ved WDImetoden. Overflateruhet viste lite forskjell mellom arealbruk (åpen åker, grasdekt kantsone, skog) i vekstsesongen (RR ca. 0,6) men høyere verdier på åpen åker rett etter jordarbeiding enn gjennom vekstsesongen (RR over 1). Mannings`n var omtrent dobbelt så høy i den grasdekte kantsonen som i åpen åker. Bestandshøyden i korn var på over 50 cm allerede midt i juni, og økte til omtrent en meters høyde mot slutten av vekstsesongen. Bladarealindeksen LAI var i størrelsesorden 2-4 i løpet av den aktuelle vekstsesongen.