Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2010
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Audun KorsæthSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Agnar KvalbeinSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Bipolaris sorokinana (teleomorph Cochliobolus sativus) is a widespread pathogen of cereals and many grasses. It can infect seeds, roots and leaves, causing seedling blight, common root rot, foot rot and spot blotch. Inoculum of B. sorokiniana may be seed-borne or arise from infected plant debris in the field and from conidia in the soil. Recent years the pathogen has occurred at high frequencies in seed lots of barley in Norway, especially in the cvs Edel and Annabell. A large proportion of the seed lots tested since 2004 were infected and the average infection frequencies were rather high. In order to evaluate the importance of the seed-borne inoculum in barley and to test the effect of seed treatment fungicides against the pathogen, field, greenhouse and laboratory experiments have been carried out with heavily infected barley seed. The infection level was reduced and plant weight, plant height, field emergence and yields were significantly increased by chemical treatment. The best effect was seen with an imazalil+flutriafol compound which increased the yield by approximately 35 % compared to untreated. A healthy untreated seed lot of the same cultivar included in one of the experiments showed approximately the same level of emergence and yield as the best fungicide treatment of a heavily infected seed lot. The investigations demonstrate that the use of healthy seed, or seed treated with an effective fungicide, is important to reduce the yield losses from B. sorokiniana.
Sammendrag
Bipolaris sorokinana (teleomorph Cochliobolus sativus) is a widespread pathogen of cereals and many grasses. It can infect seeds, roots and leaves, causing seedling blight, common root rot, foot rot and spot blotch. Inoculum of B. sorokiniana may be seed-borne or arise from infected plant debris in the field and from conidia in the soil. Recent years the pathogen has occurred at high frequencies in seed lots of barley in Norway, especially in the cvs Edel and Annabell. A large proportion of the seed lots tested since 2004 were infected and the average infection frequencies were rather high. In order to evaluate the importance of the seed-borne inoculum in barley and to test the effect of seed treatment fungicides against the pathogen, field, greenhouse and laboratory experiments have been carried out with heavily infected barley seed. The infection level was reduced and plant weight, plant height, field emergence and yields were significantly increased by chemical treatment. The best effect was seen with an imazalil+flutriafol compound which increased the yield by approximately 35 % compared to untreated. A healthy untreated seed lot of the same cultivar included in one of the experiments showed approximately the same level of emergence and yield as the best fungicide treatment of a heavily infected seed lot. The investigations demonstrate that the use of healthy seed, or seed treated with an effective fungicide, is important to reduce the yield losses from B. sorokiniana.
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Ketil HaarstadSammendrag
A literature review shows that more than 500 organic and metallic compounds have been reported occurring in wetlands, and also that wetlands are suitable for removing pollutants. There are, however, obvious pitfalls for treatment wetlands, the most important being the maintenance of the hydraulic capacity and controlling the detention time. Treatment wetlands should have an adapted design to target specific compounds. Aquatic plants and soils are suitable for wastewater treatment because they have a high capacity of removing nutrients and other substances through uptake, sorption and microbiological degradation. The heavy metals Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni and Pb were found to exceed limit values in water. Also these studies revealed high values of phenol and SO4. No samples showed concentrations in sediments exceeding limit values, but fish samples showed concentrations of Hg exceeding the limit for fish sold in the EU. The main route of heavy metal uptake in aquatic plants was through the roots in the case of emergent and surface floating plants, whereas in submerged plants roots as well as leaves take part in removing heavy metals and nutrients. Submerged rooted plants have potential from water as well as sediments, where as rootless plants extracted metals rapidly only from water. Caution is due about the use of SSF CWs for the treatment of metal-contaminated industrial wastewater as metals are shifted to another environmental compartment and moreover stable redox conditions are required to ensure long-term efficiency. Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metals and since wetlands have been shown to be a source of methylmercury. Methyl Hg concentrations are typically approximately 15% of Hgt. In wetland water samples, PAH, bisphenol A, BTEX, hydrocarbons including diesel range organics, glycol, DDT, PCB, cyanide, benzene, chlorophenols and formaldehyde were found to exceed limit values. In sediments only PAH and PCB were found exceeding limit values. In the water phase the pesticides found above limit values were atrazine, simazine, terbutylazine, metolachlor, mecoprop, endosulfan, chlorfenvinphos and diuron. There are few listings of these compounds in the commonly used water quality limit values, except for some well-known endocrine disrupters such as nonylphenol, phtalates etc. The performance of extensive household wastewater treatment systems of removing pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are similar to that obtained in conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plants
Forfattere
Andrea FickeSammendrag
Severity of leaf blotch epidemics varies annually and locally. Disease assessments between Z70 and Z85 are highly variable due to exponential increase of severity and do not consistently predict impact on yield quality and quantity
Forfattere
Ingerd Skow Hofgaard Heidi Udnes Aamot Sonja Klemsdal Marikka Jestoi Oleif Elen Guro BrodalSammendrag
During the 1980-1990"s Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium poae, Fusarium tricinctum and Fusarium culmorum were reported as the most frequently isolated Fusarium species in Norwegian cereals. Recent years studies indicate a shift in the relative prevalence of Fusarium species. In a 6-year period from 2004-2009, researchers at Bioforsk collected about 500 grain samples of spring wheat and oats from farmers" fields in South East Norway to study the effect of environmental factors on development of Fusarium spp. and mycotoxins. Climate data was collected from the nearest weather station, and information on cultivation practice in the respective fields was registered for each grain sample. All grain samples were analyzed for Fusarium-mycotoxin content by LC-MS/MS at the Finnish Food Safety Authority. The DNA content of selected Fusarium species (F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. poae, F. langsethiae/F. sporotrichioides) was determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Concentrations of deoxynivalenol (DON) above limit of detection (LOD, 50 µg/kg in oats and 45 µg/kg in spring wheat) were registered in more than 90% of the grain samples. Our data shows a trend towards an increased yearly median value of DON and 3-AcDON together with an increased occurrence of F. graminearum (DNA). In general, F. graminearum was detected at much higher levels than F. culmorum (qPCR). Concentrations of HT-2 and T-2 toxin above LOD were mainly registered in oats where more than 70% of the grain samples had a HT-2 concentration exceeding 80µg/kg. Similarly, the DNA content of F. langsethiae/F. sporotrichioides exceeded 0,1 pg per ng plant DNA in more than 70% of the oat samples, whereas this was only true in less than 5% of the spring wheat samples. As F. sporotrichioides is only sporadically found in Norwegian cereals, these results indicate F. langsethiae as the main HT-2/T-2 producer in Norwegian oats. F. avenaceum (DNA) and enniatins were detected in most grain samples indicating F. avenaceum as still being one of the most prevailing Fusarium species in Norwegian cereals. Moniliformin was detected in several of the grain samples, whereas hardly any samples contained nivalenol or diacetoxyscirpenol. Fusarenon-X, neosolaniol, fumonisin B1 and fumonisin B2 were not detected. Bioforsk has during the last 20-30 years been involved in several projects concerning Fusarium spp. and mycotoxins in Norwegian cereals. Prediction models for plant diseases (including Fusarium spp.) in cereals are today operative within the growing season in the Norwegian web-based disease decision support system, VIPS, administrated by Bioforsk http://www.vips-landbruk.no/. In an ongoing project (2010-2014) we focus on the effect of selected cultivation regimes on survival of Fusarium spp. in plant debris and development of mycotoxins in harvested grains of oats and spring wheat. Results will be used as a basis for further development of disease forecasting models, and for the development of guidelines for cultivation practice in Norway.
Forfattere
Ingerd Skow Hofgaard Guro Brodal Heidi Udnes Aamot Oleif Elen Marika Jestoi Sonja KlemsdalSammendrag
In a 6-year period from 2004-2009, about 500 grain samples of spring wheat and oats were collected from farmers" fields in South East Norway. In order to study the effect of environmental factors on development of Fusarium spp. and mycotoxins in cereal grains, climate data was collected from the nearest weather station and information on cultivation practice in the respective fields was registered for each grain sample. All samples were analyzed for 18 different Fusarium-mycotoxins by LC-MS/MS at the Finnish Food Safety Authority, and the DNA content of selected Fusarium species (Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. poae, F. langsethiae/F. sporotrichoides) was determined by quantitative PCR.