Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2005
Forfattere
Astrid Oberson Erik JonerSammendrag
Microbial uptake and immobilization of P, and its subsequent release and redistribution, play central roles in the biogeochemical cycling of P in soil. Soil microorganisms constitute a pool of mostly labile organic P compounds that are rapidly hydrolysed once the cells are disrupted. The size of this pool mainly depends on soil type, land use and the related content of soil organic matter and can, therefore, in agricultural soils be affected through organic matter management. The quantities of microbial P extractable after fumigation-extraction reported for mineral topsoils across different ecosystems and litter layers encompass a range from 1 to around 200 mg P kg-1, or between 0.5 and 26% of the total P content in the corresponding soils. Because fumigation does not release all microbial P, the total amount of microbial P can be up to several times higher. Current estimates are precise enough to detect changes in the microbial P pool as a result of changes in land use, agricultural practices or environmental factors. Refined methods are still needed to quantify P fluxes through the soil microbial biomass and to describe mechanisms and ecological interactions between microorganisms and their substrates at the physiological, biochemical and molecular level. In soils with small P contents, microbial activity does not suffer from P limitation to the same extent as plants, as soil microorganisms have highly efficient mechanisms to acquire P. Progress has been made in our understanding and quantification of organic P mineralization, and the factors determining microbial immobilization and re-mineralization sequences are better understood. Studies of P turnover using radioisotopes have revealed a highly dynamic nature of the microbial P pool even in the absence of changes in microbial P. Here, we will review recent advances in radiotracer studies of P turnover and emphasize the importance of trophic interactions, microenvironments and aspects of specific microbial life-cycles that have a major impact on turnover rates and subsequent release of microbial P in soil.
Forfattere
Einar NordhusSammendrag
Molekylær biologiske teknikker har blitt svært viktige hjelpemidler i forskjellige fagfelt innen entomologi. I en serie studier har vi brukt noen av disse teknikkene til artsidentifisering og til deteksjon og overvåkning av insektmiddelresistens i tre forskjellige insektarter. Artspesifikke primere, konstruert fra artspesifikke RAPD-PCR fragment eller fra artsunike gensekvenser, og RAPD-PCR (II) ble brukt for identifisering av de polyfage minerfluene Liriomyza bryoniae, L. huidobrensis, L. sativae og L. trifolii. Disse minerfluene er viktige skadegjørere i både felt- og veksthusmiljøer på alle kontinenter og de artsspesifikke DNA primerne vil være et godt hjelpemiddel for en rask og sikker identifisering av de karantenebelagte polyfage minerfluene. Insektmiddelresistens er et økende problem på verdensbasis. For å redusere dette problemet er det viktig å ha gode metoder for deteksjon og overvåkning. Vi har brukt en kombinasjon av molekylære, biokjemiske og bioassay-metoder for å se på resistens hos Liriomyza spp. og norske populasjoner av Myzus persicae og Bemisia tabaci. Liriomyza populasjonene ble undersøkt for "target site" resistens mot pyrethroid resistens kalt "knock down" resistens (kdr). Tre punktmutasjoner i genet for den spenningstyrte natriumkanalen, koblet til denne formen for resistens ble funnet i flere forskjellige arter og populasjoner. De norske populasjonene av M. persicae og B. tabaci ble undersøkt for resistens mot flere forskjellige klasser av insektmidler. Tre kjente resistensmekanismer ble funnet hos M. periscae populasjonene, økt esteraseproduksjon, modifisert acetylcholin esterase (MACE) og kdr. Disse tre resistensmekanismene vil øke toleransen for pyrethroid, organofosfat og carbamat insektmidler. I tillegg ble det funnet økt toleranse for imidacloprid i en M. persicae populasjon sammenlignet med en mottakelig stamme. De norske populasjonene av B. tabaci hadde alle økt toleranse for fenpropathrin, lambdacyhalothrin, chlorpyriphos og buprofezin. I tillegg var de mer tolerante for imidacloprid enn den mottakelige populasjonen. Alle de testede populasjonene, både B og Q biotypen, var mottakelig for pyriproxyfen i en bioassay. En populasjon retestet etter ca 20 generasjoner uten insektmiddelbehandling viste redusert toleranse for fenpropathrin og imidacloprid mens buprofezin resistensen var stabil.
Sammendrag
In a survey in one conventional and four organic apple orchards in southeast Norway insect pathogenic fungi and parasitoids as natural enemies of green apple aphid (Aphis pomi) and rosy apple aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea) were studied weekly throughout the summer 2002 and 2003. Four species of insect pathogenic fungi in the order Entomophthorales were observed to infect both aphid species. These were Entomophthora planchoniana, Neozygites fresenii, Erynia neoaphidis and Conidiobolus obscurus. The highest fungal infection level in A. pomi was 39,6 % and 33,3 % in D. plantaginea. Neozygites fresenii was the fungal species being the most prevalent. This fungus also seemed to cause an epizootic in A. pomi and to decrease the aphid population in one organic location during the summer 2002. Parasitoids were a more important mortality factor in A. pomi than in D. plantaginea, and the highest parasitization recorded in A. pomi was 30 %. Four species of primary parasitoids hatched from A. pomi: Binodoxys angelicae, Lipolexis gracilis, Praon sp. and Ephedrus sp. Hyperparasitoids that hatched from A. pomi were Dendrocerus carpenteri, Alloxysta pleuralis, Phaenoglyphis villosa and Asaphes suspensus. Only one individual of D. plantaginea was parasitized and this parasitoid was Ephedrus persicae. Both fungi and parasitoids were abundant early in the season. The fungi were found from late June and throughout the season in some locations in 2002. Resting spores of N. fresenii were found in A. pomi in July. The parasitization showed two tops, one early in season (June/July) and one late in season July/August. Fungal infections were more prevalent than parasitoids in D. plantaginea. Fungi and parasitoids were equally important in A. pomi.
Sammendrag
Disease incidence of non-abscised aborted and healthy sweet cherry fruits was investigated during two growing seasons. Fruits from two cultivars (`Van" and `Lapins") were assessed weekly during 4-6 weeks in June and July until 3-4 weeks prior to harvest. The fruits were either surface sterilized (in 0.5% NaOCl) or dipped in distilled water, both for 1 minute, prior to incubation at 20°C for 7 days in saturated air. Visible symptoms of fungal diseases were recorded at day 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 after incubation. Aborted fruits had much higher disease incidence after incubation than healthy fruits. In 1999 the mean disease incidence was 56.3 and 15.8% in aborted and healthy fruits, respectively (`Van"). The following year, the mean disease incidence in `Van" was 63.0 and 1.4% in aborted and healthy fruits, respectively. Corresponding numbers for `Lapins" in 2000 were 80.6 and 9.0%. Surface sterilized fruits were less decayed than non-sterilized fruit, but differences were not significant. After incubation commenced, symptoms always appeared earlier in aborted compared to healthy fruits. The most frequently observed fungal pathogens were Monilinia laxa, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Botrytis cinerea. A higher disease incidence and more rapid disease development in aborted fruits indicated that these were more vulnerable to fungal colonization than healthy fruits early in fruit development. Thus, non-abscised aborted fruits may act as important hosts of secondary inoculum for healthy fruits.
Forfattere
Anne Kari Bergjord Arne Oddvar SkjelvågSammendrag
God overvintring er avgjørendel for å lykkes med dyrking av høsthvete (Triticum aestivum L.). For å kunne utføre risikoberegninger for høsthvete-dyrking i et klima i endring, og på nye lokaliteter, er en avhengig av redskaper som overvintringsmodeller som kan kvantifisere forhold mellom klimatiske faktorer og plantenes evne til å overleve vinteren. Som en del av forskningsprogrammet WINSUR, der effekter av klimaforandringer blir studert, ble det utført feltforsøk med høsthvete i to vintre på tre ulike steder. To ulike sorter med høsthvete, Bjørke og Portal, ble benyttet i forsøkene. Alle plantene stod i Sjørdal fra såing og fram til midten av november for at de skulle få like herdingsforhold. I november ble de distribuert til tre ulike steder; Stjørdal, Selbu og Oppdal. Planter ble hentet inn fra felt en gang i måneden fra november til april for test av frosttoleranse og studier av fenologisk utvikling. Jordtemperatur og snøforhold påvirket plantenes nivå av frosttoleranse gjennom høst og vinter. Fenologisk utvikling ble studert både like etter inntak av planter fra felt, og etter at plantene hadde fått vokse i tre uker ved 18 C, enten ved kort (7.5 t) eller lang (18 t) dag. Lang dag ble gitt i form av fullt lys (120 mikromol/m2/s) i 18 timer den første vinteren, og lang dags-plantene mottok dermed 2.4 ganger så mye lysenergi som kort dags-plantene. Lang dags-plantene gikk over fra vegetativ til generativ utvikling mye tidligere enn kort dags-plantene. Vinteren etter, da alle planter fikk fullt lys i kun 7.5 timer, og lang dags-plantene bare fikk dagforlengingslys (4 mikromol/m2/s) etter dette, var det ingen signifikant forskjell i utviklingshastighet mellom planter fra kort og lang dag. Plantene som ble studert like etter inntak fra felt viste ingen utvikling i fenologisk utvikling i perioden november til mars. Men utviklingen gikk raskt når snøen smeltet og temperaturen begynte å stige i mars/april. Resultatene fra disse forsøkene vil, sammen med andre resultat fra feltforsøkene, bli brukt i den videre utviklingen av en overvintringsmodell for høsthvete.
Sammendrag
The suitability of shell sand as a P sorbent has been tested both with laboratory batch experiments as well as in a sub-surface flow (SSF) meso-scale constructed sand filter treating municipal wastewater from a single household. The batch experiments suggest that retention of P in shell sand occurs both as sorption and precipitation. The soil-water ratio was found to be a crucial parameter when performing laboratory batch experiments. The maximum retention capacity was about 8000 and 800 mg P kg-1 sand, and the Kd was 33.7 and 82.9 L kg-1 for soil-water ratios of 5 g "75 mL and 50 g " 50 mL, re-spectively. The average total accumulated P concentration in samples from the SSF sand filter was 335 mg P kg-1. The Kd value based on [PO43-] and accumulated concentration of inorganic P in the SSF filter was 89.8 L kg-1. Thus the batch experiments overestimated the retention capacity of shell sand in real sand filter systems, however, a ratio of 50-50 gave a more reasonable estimate than a ratio of 5-75. The Kd value from batch samples with a ratio of 50-50 also gave a good estimate of the Kd value in the constructed sand filter. Ca-P was found to be the predominant form of P mineral in samples col-lected from the SSF sand filter. Some Al-P, loosely bounded P and occluded P were also present in the sand.
Sammendrag
Covering sweet cherry trees (Prunus avium L.) with plastic prior to harvest is used to prevent fruit cracking. The most commonly used covering system in Norway is a frame of wooden poles, which support a three-wire system. Removable plastic sheets lying as a flat roof above the trees are connected to the wires. Covering for 3 weeks prior to harvest reduced fungal fruit decay from 10 to 1% and from 50 to 10% in two years, respectively. Important fungal diseases causing fruit decay in Norway are brown rot, gray mold, bitter rot and Mucor rot. By covering the trees for five to six weeks prior to harvest (commercial practice is three to four weeks), one to two fungicide applications could be omitted. If the trees were covered all the time from flowering to harvest, all fungicide applications could be omitted without any increase in fruit decay. Extended periods of covering did not lower fruit quality. Sweet cherries are most susceptible to fruit decaying fungi during flowering and towards harvest. In a series of experiments, fruits were covered at those two periods and left uncovered during the less susceptible green fruit phase (ca. 5 weeks). Covering could replace fungicide sprays without any increase in fruit decay, but leaving out fungicide sprays on uncovered green fruits increased the amount of brown rot in three of four experiments. From numerous experiments we will conclude that use of rain protective cover is a powerful alternative to fungicide applications in sweet cherry.
Forfattere
Åshild Ergon Cheng Fang Øyvind Jørgensen Trygve S. Aamlid Odd Arne RognliSammendrag
The "BF14/16 x HF2/7" mapping population of meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) was characterised for number of panicles produced by non-vernalised plants in the field, vernalisation requirement (number of weeks at 6°C and 8h photoperiod), as well as days to heading, number of panicles and proportion of shoots heading after a 12 weeks vernalisation treatment. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified and compared to QTLs and genes related to the induction of flowering in cereals and grasses. A region on chromosome 1F affected days to heading and the proportion of shoots heading. Chromosome 4F appeared to have several genes with a strong effect on vernalisation requirement. The strongest effects were located in the proximal end ofn 4F and may correspond to the earliness per se (eps) QTL eps6L.2 in barley and a heading time QTL in perennial ryegrass. A part of the meadow fescue ortholog of VRN1 was sequenced and mapped to another region of 4F that also had a strong effect on vernalisation requirement. The proximal end of chromosome 5F had QTLs for days to heading and proportion of heading shoots. Syntenic regions in wheat and barley contain eps-loci. A QTL for number of panicles in the field and a QTL for proportion of heading shoots were present on chromosome 6. A region on 7F affected the variation in number of panicles among plants without a vernalisation requirement, and is syntenic to regions in perennial ryegrass, barley and rice containing orthologs of A. thaliana CO.
Sammendrag
Laboratory incubations with varying O2 and NO3 concentrations were performed with a range of filter materials used in constructed wetlands (CWs). The study included material sampled from functioning CWs as well as raw materials subjected to laboratory pre-incubation. 15N-tracer techniques were used to assess the rates of denitrification versus dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), and the relative role of nitrification versus denitrification in producing N2O. The N2O/(N2+N2O) product ratio was assessed for the different materials. Sand, shell sand, and peat sustained high rates of denitrification. Raw light weight aggregates (LWA) had a very low rate, while in LWA sampled from a functioning CW, the rate was similar to the one found in the other materials. The N2O/(N2+N2O) ratio was very low for sand, shell sand and LWA from functioning CWs, but very high for raw LWA. The ratio was intermediate but variable for peat. The N2O produced by nitrification accounted for a significant percentage of the N2O accumulated during the incubation, but was dependent on the initial oxygen concentration. DNRA was significant only for shell sand taken from a functioning CW, suggesting that the establishment of active DNRA is a slower process than the establishment of a denitrifying flora.
Sammendrag
Fosforbindingsegenskapene til de to filtermaterialene Filtralite-PTM og Fosen skjellsand er blitt sammenlignet i et pilotskala-anlegg. Anlegget bestod av to kar i plexiglass (3m x 0,8m x 0,29m), ett for hvert materiale. De to karene ble tilført en kunstig P-løsning (6 mg P l-1) i 18 måneder. Fosforkonsentrasjonen i innløp, utløp og i grunnvannsrør jevnt fordelt i karene ble målt igjennom hele forsøksperioden. Mengden akkumulert total P (TP) ble målt i prøver fra filtermaterialet ved forsøkets slutt. Resultatene viser at TP i første del av karet var mye høyere for Filtralite-PTM enn for Fosen skjellsand, henholdsvis 4000 og 330 mg P kg-1. Dette tilsvarer 2000 og 330 g P m-3 filtermateriale. I begge karene sank konsentrasjonen av TP mot utløpet. De første 0,9 m av karet med Fosen skjellsand var mettet med P, mens bare 0,3 m av karet med Filtralite-PTM var mettet. Resultatene viser også at for å beregne en realistisk levetid for et filteranlegg, må en gjennomsnittelig bindingskapasitet (basert på målinger av TP i materi-alprøver fra hele anlegget) brukes. Dette fordi bare materialet i de fremre deler av et anlegg vil ha oppnådd maksimal bindingskapasitet når utløpskonsentrasjonen er høyere enn kravet (ofte satt til 1 mg P l-1). En slik gjennomsnittlig bindingskapasitet bør baseres på målinger av TP i materiale fra et anlegg der utløpskonsentrasjonen nettopp har nådd 1 mg P l-