Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2024
Forfattere
Junbin ZhaoSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Valentina Sierra-Jimenez Jonathan P. Mathews Pilsun Yoo Alice Budai Farid Chejne Anthony Dufour Manuel Garcia-PerezSammendrag
A well-defined methodology for constructing appropriate atomistic representations of biochar will aid in visualizing the structural features and elucidating biochar behavior with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Such knowledge will facilitate engineering biochars tailored to specific applications. To achieve this goal, we adapted modeling strategies applied in coal science by employing multi-cross-polarization 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, ultimate analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to identify functional groups. Helium density, surface area, and porosity were used to assess structural features. Biochar's aromatic cluster size distribution was proposed based on data from the benzene polycarboxylic acid method. The computational framework reduces bias by incorporating chemical information derived from density functional theory, reactive MD simulations, and advanced characterization data. The construction approach was successfully applied to cellulose biochars produced at four temperatures, obtaining independent representations with a relative error on the atomic contents of <10 % for oxygen and nitrogen and <5 % for carbon and hydrogen. The atomistic representations were validated using X-ray diffraction, electron spin resonance data, and laser desorption/ionization Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry. The code will assist others in overcoming structural creation barriers and enable the utilization of the generated structures for further simulations.
Forfattere
Sonja Keel Alice Budai Lars Elsgaard Brieuc Hardy Florent Levasseur Zhi Liang Claudio Mondini Cesar Plaza Jens LeifeldSammendrag
To increase soil organic carbon (SOC) storage, we need to improve our understanding on how to make best use of available plant biomass. Is it better to leave harvest residues on the field, or can we achieve higher SOC storage after processing biomass through, for instance, composting or pyrolysis to produce biochar? In the present study, we developed new parameters for different types of exogenous organic materials (EOMs), which allowed us to estimate the long-term effect of EOM addition on SOC storage using the soil carbon model RothC. For this purpose, we used a model version that included two additional EOM pools. First, we simulated the SOC evolution after addition of equal amounts of C in plant material and different EOMs (manure, compost, digestate, biochar) for a 38-year cropland trial in Switzerland. As expected, biochar showed the greatest increase in SOC due to its high stability. Next, we estimated how much C would remain after subjecting equivalent amounts of plant material and other EOMs to different processes. Loss rates of C for different processes were obtained from the literature. Due to different decomposition rates, the amounts of C remaining in the EOMs ranged from 7 % for anaerobic digestion of animal excreta to 100 % for plant material added directly to soil. These amounts of C were then added to the soil in the model experiments. Although the largest amount of C is lost during processing to biochar, biochar would clearly lead to highest long-term SOC stocks. Based on these first results we conclude that the trade-off between off-site stabilization and in-soil mineralization does not compromise the use of biochar for soil C storage. This means that despite the high C losses of about 50 % during biochar production, higher amounts of C remain in the soil because biochar has very low decomposition rates. In terms of C sequestration efficiency, biochar thus clearly outperforms the other biomass processing pathways. However, for practical recommendations, additional factors should be considered, such as nutrient availability of EOMs and environmental effects during processing, storage and soil application like nutrient leaching or gaseous emissions. Furthermore, we suggest a full life cycle assessment that considers e.g. energy costs for transport of biomass and energy savings from fossil fuel substitution by natural gas.
Forfattere
Daniel RasseSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Daniel RasseSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Daniel RasseSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Daniel RasseSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Daniel RasseSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Åsgeir R. Almås Susanne Eich-Greatorex Trine Aulstad Sogn Tomasgaard Jan Mulder Manoj Kumar Pandey Vincent Dauby David Powlson Roberta Farina Jeroen Watte Daniel RasseSammendrag
The main objective of this scoping document, is to deliver an overall roadmap for the EU commission, targeting the soil mission objective “conserving and increasing soil organic carbon stocks”. The objective addresses the importance of maintaining, or in many situations increasing the soil organic carbon stocks. The soil organic carbon stock is often declining, and vulnerable to further losses due to intensive management and climate change. The soil mission objective aims at identifying actions that can limit the current carbon losses from cultivated soils and preferably reverse it to a rate of 0,1 - 0,4% increase per year (European Commission n.d.). The mission's objectives are relevant not only for supporting the aim to improve soil health by 2030, but also for the member states to become carbon neutral by 2050 (European Commission, n.d.). This think tank addresses the importance of maintaining, or in many situations increasing the soil organic carbon stocks by addressing the impacts of: • Management - Forestry management - Agronomic and land use managements - Climate change and adaptation technologies - Biodiversity and soil health • Societal - Urbanization and circular economy - Education and awareness raising - EU-footprints on SOC-stocks outside EU • Technical - Soil carbon measuring and monitoring In general, changes in soil carbon stocks are slow and management effects will vary depending on climate zones and soil types. Dialog and interaction is essential with all relevant stakeholder including those who own or manage land, agronomic advisors (both governmental and commercial), agricultural supply companies, policy makers, those involved in the food supply chain, and others, for the successful implementation of soil carbon management technologies. Practitioners holds essential knowledge and experience about their own land, and mutual knowledge and practice exchange, will facilitate and stimulate the necessary engagement for innovative technology implementation within the various aspects of soil carbon stocks and improvement of soil health in general.
Forfattere
Jihong Liu ClarkeSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag