Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2021
Sammendrag
Moelva og bekkene i området Tingnes-Brøttum har vært betydelig påvirket av både avløp, husdyrhold og arealavrenning fra jordbruket. Over tid har vannkvaliteten blitt bedre og de nyeste undersøkelsene viser stort sett god økologisk tilstand med hensyn til eutrofiering i Moelva. I området Tingnes-Brøttum er mange av bekkene trolig ikke i god økologisk tilstand. Beregninger for 2016 viser at hovedkildene til de menneskeskapte tilførslene av fosfor til vann er jordbruk og avløp. Avløp er den største kilden til biotilgjengelig fosfor. Fortsatt oppryffing i spredt avløp er derfor det viktigste tiltaket for å bedre vannkvaliteten. Over de siste 20 årene har det dessuten skjedd endringer i jordbruket som kan ha påvirket vannkvaliteten i elva og bekkene, og tilførslene til Mjøsa. Husdyrtettheten og fosforstatus i jorda har økt, og på kornarealene har det vært en svak nedgang i overvintring i stubb. Dette medfører økt risiko for fosforavrenning. Redusert fosforgjødsling, grasdekte vannveier i forsenkninger, og ‘ingen jordarbeiding om høsten’ vil derfor være viktige tiltak for å redusere fosfortilførslene til Mjøsa fra jordbruksarealene. Miljøovervåkingen av Mjøsa, samt algeoppblomstringen i 2019, indikerer at innsjøen ikke tåler særlig større næringsstoffbelastning. Opprettholdelse av god vannkvalitet i Mjøsa er avhengig av målrettede tiltak i de ulike elvene som har utløp i Mjøsa. Dette faktaarket omhandler årsaksforhold, kilder og tiltak for redusert fosforavrenning fra nedbørfeltet til Moelva og området Tingnes-Brøttum.
Sammendrag
Gausa har vært betydelig påvirket av både avløp, husdyrhold og arealavrenning fra jordbruket. Over tid har vannkvaliteten blitt bedre, og den økologiske tilstanden har vært god eller svært god med hensyn til eutrofiering i nedre deler av elva de siste årene. Lokalt i vassdraget er derimot den økologiske tilstanden fortsatt moderat. Beregninger for 2016 viser at hovedkildene til de menneskeskapte tilførslene av fosfor til elva er jordbruk og avløp. Avløp er den største kilden til biotilgjengelig fosfor. Fortsatt opprydding i spredt avløp er derfor det viktigste tiltaket for å bedre vannkvaliteten i elva. Jordbruket i Gausas nedbørfelt er dominert av grasdyrking og husdyrproduksjon. Fosforstatus i dyrket mark er høy og dette medfører risiko for avrenning av fosfor. Redusert fosforgjødsling er et viktig tiltak for å redusere fosforavrenningen fra jordbruksarealene. Konsentrasjoner av E. coli i elva indikerer at avløp eller husdyrgjødsel bidrar til næringsstoffavrenningen og tiltak for disse kildene bør prioriteres. Miljøovervåkingen av Mjøsa, samt algeoppblomstringen i 2019, indikerer at innsjøen ikke tåler særlig større næringsstoffbelastning. Opprettholdelse av god vannkvalitet i Mjøsa er avhengig av målrettede tiltak i de ulike vassdragene som har utløp i Mjøsa. Dette faktaarket omhandler årsaksforhold, kilder og tiltak for redusert fosforavrenning fra nedbørfeltet til Gausa.
Sammendrag
Gudbrandsdalslågen er Mjøsas største tilløpselv og er avgjørende både for vannkvaliteten og den økologiske dynamikken i Mjøsa. Vannkvaliteten i Lågen er bedret sammenliknet med 1970- og 80-tallet, og til tross for mye jordbruk og bebyggelse i hele Gudbrandsdalen er den økologiske tilstanden god eller svært god med hensyn til eutrofiering langs mesteparten av elva. Det er imidlertid indikasjoner på at både transport og konsentrasjon av fosfor og nitrogen har økt det siste tiåret, bl.a. som følge av hyppigere flommer. De menneskeskapte tilførslene av fosfor til Gudbrandsdalslågen kommer fra jordbruket i tillegg til avløp. Jordbruket i nedbørfeltet til Lågen er dominert av grasdyrking og husdyrproduksjon. Over de siste 20 årene har det vært en liten nedgang i antall melkekyr, men for øvrig har husdyrtettheten vært ganske stabil. Bruk av fosforfri mineralgjødsel i tillegg til husdyrgjødsel er et viktig tiltak for å redusere fosforavrenningen, særlig der jordas fosforstatus er høy. Konsentrasjoner av E. coli i elva indikerer at avløp eller husdyrgjødsel bidrar til næringsstoffavrenningen og tiltak for disse kildene bør prioriteres. Miljøovervåkingen av Mjøsa, samt algeoppblomstringen i 2019, indikerer at innsjøen ikke tåler særlig større næringsstoffbelastning. Opprettholdelse av god vannkvalitet i Mjøsa er avhengig av målrettede tiltak i de ulike vassdragene som har utløp i Mjøsa. Dette faktaarket omhandler årsaksforhold, kilder og tiltak for redusert fosforavrenning fra nedbørfeltet til Gudbrandsdalslågen.
Sammendrag
Skanselva og Bausbakkelva har vært betydelig påvirket av både avløp, husdyrhold og arealavrenning fra jordbruket. Det foreligger få nyere undersøkelser av økologisk tilstand med hensyn til eutrofiering, men den er trolig moderat i midtre og nedre deler av begge elvene. Beregninger for 2016 viser at hovedkildene til det menneskeskapte tapet av fosfor er jordbruk og avløp. Avløp er den største kilden til biotilgjengelig fosfor. Fortsatt oppgradering av spredt avløp er derfor det viktigste tiltaket for å bedre vannkvaliteten i elvene. I jordbruket har det over de siste 20 årene skjedd endringer som kan ha påvirket vannkvaliteten i elva og tilførslene til Mjøsa. Husdyrtettheten og fosforstatus i jorda har økt, noe som medfører økt risiko for fosforavrenning. Redusert fosforgjødsling generelt og bruk av fosforfri gjødsel på jord med høyt fosforinnhold er viktige tiltak for å redusere fosfortilførselen til elvene fra jordbruksarealene. Miljøovervåkingen av Mjøsa, samt algeoppblomstringen i 2019, indikerer at innsjøen ikke tåler særlig større næringsstoffbelastning. Opprettholdelse av god vannkvalitet i Mjøsa er avhengig av målrettede tiltak i de ulike vassdragene som har utløp i Mjøsa. Dette faktaarket omhandler årsaksforhold, kilder og tiltak for redusert fosforavrenning fra nedbørfeltene til Skanselva og Bausbakkelva.
Sammendrag
The separate and synergistic effects of land use and climate change on water quality variables in Old Woman Creek (OWC) watershed were evaluated using a hydrological model set up in Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for the OWC watershed. Model calibration was done using a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm and pareto optimization. The Parameter-Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) climate data and the 20 different Global Circulation Models (GCMs) developed by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase five (CMIP5) were used. Validation was done using the streamflow data from USGS gaging station and water quality data from the water quality lab, Heidelberg University. The simulation was divided into two land use scenarios: Scenario 1 for constant land use and Scenario 2 where land use was varied. Both land use simulations were run in four time periods to account for climate change: historical (1985–2014), current to near future (2018–2045), mid-century (2046–2075), and late-century (2076–2100) climate windows. For the historical period, the average of all the simulations made from the 20 different CMIP5 GCMs shows good agreement with the PRISM results for flow and the water quality variables of interest with smaller inter-model variability compared to PRISM results. For the other three climate windows, the results of Scenario 1 show an increase in flow and eight water quality variables (sediment (total suspended sediment), organic nitrogen, organic phosphorus (particulate p), mineral phosphorus (soluble reactive p), chlorophyll a, carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD), dissolved oxygen, total nitrogen) across the climate windows but a slight decrease in one water quality variable, mineral phosphorus in the mid-century. The results of Scenario 2 show a greater increase in flow, and the eight water quality variables across the climate windows show a relatively larger decrease in one water quality variable (mineral phosphorus). The projected land use change has little impact compared to the projected climate change on OWC watershed in the 21st century.
Sammendrag
The effect of agricultural practices on water quality of Old Woman Creek (OWC) watershed was evaluated in a hydrological model using the Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) climate data and 20 different global circulation models (GCMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). A hydrological model was set up in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), while calibration was done using a Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm and Pareto Optimization with PRISM climate data. Validation was done using the measured data from the USGS gage station at Berlin Road in the OWC watershed and water quality data were obtained from the water quality lab, Heidelberg University. Land use scenario simulations were conducted by varying percentages of agricultural land from 20% to 40%, 53.5%, 65%, and 80% while adjusting the forest area. A total of 105 simulations was run for the period 2015–2017: one with PRISM data and 20 with CMIP5 model data for each of the five land use classes scenarios. Ten variables were analyzed, including flow, sediment, organic nitrogen, organic phosphorus, mineral phosphorus, chlorophyll a, CBOD, dissolved oxygen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. For all the variables of interest, the average of the 20 CMIP5 simulation results show good correlation with the PRISM results with an underestimation relative to the PRISM result. The underestimation was insignificant in organic nitrogen, organic phosphorus, total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, CBOD, and total phosphorus, but was significant in CMIP5 flow, sediment, mineral phosphorus, and dissolved oxygen. A weak negative correlation was observed between agricultural land percentages and flow, and between agricultural land percentages and sediment, while a strong positive correlation was observed between agricultural land use and the water quality variables. A large increase in farmland will produce a small decrease in flow and sediment transport with a large increase in nutrient transport, which would degrade the water quality of the OWC estuary with economic implications.
Sammendrag
The effect of the projected 21st century climate change on water quality in Old Woman Creek (OWC) watershed was evaluated using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and the precipitation and temperature projections from three best Global Climate Circulation Model (GCM)l ensemble downloaded from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). These three best GCMs (GFDL-ESM2M, MPI-ESM-MR, EC-EARTH) were identified as those closest to the multivariate ensemble average of twenty different GCM-driven SWAT simulations. Seasonal analysis was undertaken in historical (1985–2014), current to near future (2018–2045), mid-century (2046–2075), and late-century (2076–2100) climate windows. The hydrological model calibration was carried out using a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm and pareto optimization. Simulations were made for stream flow and nine water quality variables (sediment, organic nitrogen, organic phosphorus, mineral phosphorus, chlorophyll a, carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus) of interest. The average of twenty different CMIP5-driven SWAT simulation results showed good correlation for all the 10 variables with the PRISM-driven SWAT simulation results in the historical climate window (1985–2014). For the historical period, the result shows an over-estimation of flow, sediment, and organic nitrogen from January to March in simulations with CMIP5 inputs, relative to simulations with PRISM input. For the other climate windows, the simulation results show a progressive increase in stream flow with peak flow month shifting from April to March. The expected seasonal changes in each water quality variable have implications for the OWC estuary and Lake Erie water quality.
Forfattere
Qiuzhen Chen Karlheinz Knickel Mehreteab Tesfai John Sumelius Alice Turinawe Rosemary Emegu Isoto Galyna MedynaSammendrag
An important goal across Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and globally, is to foster a healthy nutrition. A strengthening of the diversity, sustainability, resilience and connectivity of food systems is increasingly seen as a key leverage point. Governance arrangements play a central role in connecting sustainable, resilient farming with healthy nutrition. In this article, we elaborate a framework for assessing, monitoring and improving the governance of food systems. Our focus is on food chains in six peri-urban and urban regions in SSA. A literature review on food chain governance and a mapping of current agri-food chains in the six regions provide the basis for the elaboration of an indicator-based assessment framework. The framework is adapted to the specific conditions of SSA and related goals. The assessment framework is then used to identify the challenges and opportunities in food chain governance in the six regions. The first testing of the framework indicates that the approach can help to identify disconnects, conflicting goals and tensions in food systems, and to formulate strategies for empowering agri-food chain actors in transitioning toward more efficient, equitable and sustainable agri-food systems. The article is concluded with a brief reflection on the strengths and weaknesses of the framework and suggests further testing and refinement.
Forfattere
Martin Hvarregaard Thorsøe Anna Jacobs Chiara Piccini Dario Fornara Eloïse Mason Frédéric Vanwindekens Frederik Bøe Grzegorz Siebielec Julia Fohrafellner Julia Miloczki Katharina Meurer Martina Kasper Lilian O'Sullivan Michal Sviček Maria Gonçalves Miro Jacob Nádia Castanheira Nils Borchard Olivier Heller Peter Laszlo Raimonds Kasparinskis Sara Mavsar Sevinc Madenoglu Vit Penizek Wieke Vervuurt Žydrė KadžiulienėSammendrag
Deliverable 2.7. This report provides a synthesis of stakeholders’ perceptions of knowledge on and use of knowledge on sustainable soil management, as well as the knowledge needs. The report is based on interviews with 791 stakeholders in 23 European countries completed in the summer of 2020 in the context of the EJP SOIL project. The analysis highlights a number of shortcomings in the current use and coordination of knowledge on sustainable soil management. For instance, insufficient communication and coordination between policymakers, researchers and farmers is reported. Most national reports stress that, currently, the promotion of knowledge on sustainable soil management towards stakeholders is ineffective. Challenges, for instance, arise because the theoretical knowledge produced at universities is considered irrelevant or inaccessible to farmers who have a practical approach to soil management. It is also reported that there is too little continuity in soil research due to project dependence, which is a challenge because soil research requires long-term investigations. Furthermore, current research insufficiently supports integrated decision-making of practitioners and policymakers, where different challenges and trade-offs continuously must be balanced. In some countries, this is partly due to insufficient funding for dissemination activities, whereas in other countries funding is not utilized correctly. Additionally, reports broadly agree that there is too little continuity in research due to project dependence, which is challenging because soil research requires long-term investigations. In relation to specific areas, knowledge gaps regarding the loss of soil organic matter, carbon sequestration and exploring the effects of climate change, mitigation and preventive measures. were identified. A range of other areas also appear as highly important in certain regions − for instance, ensuring an optimal soil structure, enhancing soil biodiversity, water storage capacity, soil nutrient retention and use efficiency. To overcome these challenges, stakeholders stress that it is important to improve the coordination between policy, research, industry, advisory services and farmers because knowledge about field activities and sustainable soil management is fragmented and poorly coordinated. Thus, stakeholders stress that it is important to strengthen intermediaries, such as the advisory service and farmers’ associations, as they are important knowledge brokers, both in terms of improving knowledge availability and to provide feedback on knowledge gaps to research institutions. Additionally, the need for strengthening networks and peer-to-peer communication is emphasized because these are useful platforms for knowledge exchange. Furthermore, it is important to provide incentives for farmers and improve the visibility of soil challenges for stakeholders, for instance using decision support tools to highlight the benefit of adopting sustainable soil management.
Forfattere
Matthias Vanmaercke Panos Panagos Tom Vanwalleghem Antonio Hayas Saskia Foerster Pasquale Borrelli Mauro Rossi Dino Torri Javier Casali Lorenzo Borselli Olga Vigiak Michael Maerker Nigussie Haregeweyn Sofie De Geeter Wojciech Zglobicki Charles Bielders Artemi Cerdà Christian Conoscenti Tomas de Figueiredo Bob Evans Valentin Golosov Ion Ionita Christos Karydas Adam Kertesz Josef Krasa Caroline Le Bouteiller Maria Radoane Ratko Ristic Svetla Rousseva Milos Stankoviansky Jannes Stolte Christian Stolz Rebecca Bartley Scott Wilkinson Ben Jarihani Jean PoesenSammendrag
Soil erosion is generally recognized as the dominant process of land degradation. The formation and expansion of gullies is often a highly significant process of soil erosion. However, our ability to assess and simulate gully erosion and its impacts remains very limited. This is especially so at regional to continental scales. As a result, gullying is often overlooked in policies and land and catchment management strategies. Nevertheless, significant progress has been made over the past decades. Based on a review of >590 scientific articles and policy documents, we provide a state-of-the-art on our ability to monitor, model and manage gully erosion at regional to continental scales. In this review we discuss the relevance and need of assessing gully erosion at regional to continental scales (Section 1); current methods to monitor gully erosion as well as pitfalls and opportunities to apply them at larger scales (section 2); field-based gully erosion research conducted in Europe and European Russia (section 3); model approaches to simulate gully erosion and its contribution to catchment sediment yields at large scales (section 4); data products that can be used for such simulations (section 5); and currently existing policy tools and needs to address the problem of gully erosion (section 6). Section 7 formulates a series of recommendations for further research and policy development, based on this review. While several of these sections have a strong focus on Europe, most of our findings and recommendations are of global significance.