Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2007
Forfattere
Knut G Berdal Jihong Liu Clarke Sonja Klemsdal Helge Klungland Casper Linnestad Arne Mikalsen Anne Ingeborg Myhr Audun Helge Nerland Ingolf Nes Kaare Magne Nielsen Hilde-Gunn Opsahl Sorteberg Odd Egil Stabbetorp Vibeke ThraneSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Knut G Berdal Jihong Liu Clarke Sonja Klemsdal Helge Klungland Casper Linnestad Arne Mikalsen Anne Ingeborg Myhr Audun Helge Nerland Ingolf Nes Kaare Magne Nielsen Hilde-Gunn Opsahl Sorteberg Odd Egil Stabbetorp Vibeke ThraneSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Knut G Berdal Jihong Liu Clarke Sonja Klemsdal Helge Klungland Casper Linnestad Arne Mikalsen Anne Ingeborg Myhr Audun Helge Nerland Ingolf Nes Kaare Magne Nielsen Hilde-Gunn Opsahl Sorteberg Odd Egil Stabbetorp Vibeke ThraneSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Erik Trømborg Anders Nielsen Erling Thuen Odd Magne Harstad Torstein H. Garmo Harald Volden Øystein Holand Svein Jarle Horn Vincent Eijsink John Morken Petter H Heyerdahl Hanne Kathrine Sjølie Birger Solberg Lars Bakken Trine Aulstad Sogn Tormod Briseid Arne Grønlund Simen Gjølsjø Bjørn Langerud Nicholas ClarkeRedaktører
Hans Fredrik HoenSammendrag
Universitetet for miljø- og biovitenskap fikk i mai 2007 i oppdrag fra Norges Forskningsråd å kartlegge og beskrive kunnskapsstatus og forskningsbehov knyttet til bioenergi og klimagasser fra landbruket (jord, skog og utmark). Utredningen beskriver i korte trekk dagens status og hovedutfordringer når det gjelder produksjon av bioenergi og utslipp/binding av klimagasser i landbruket, og peker på sentrale forskningsbehov og forskningsoppgaver som kan bidra til å møte disse utfordringene. Rapporten er basert på bidrag fra forskningsmiljøene på Campus Ås.
2006
Sammendrag
This document contains a summary of some techniques that can be used for CO2 monitoring considering a field laboratory site with an injection depth in the order of hundreds of meters. We will mainly focus on seismic: 3D and 4D surface seismic, acoustic image, multicomponent (MC) seismic, microseismic monitoring, boreholebased seismic, 4D cross-hole seismic surveying, 4D vertical seismic profiling (VSP); acoustic sonar bathimetry techniques; gravimetric techniques; electrical or electromagnetic techniques: electrical resistance tomography (ERT), ground penetrating radar, borehole radar, magnetotellurics; but geochemical techniques are included, like isotope methods, geochemical tracers, water chemistry. Finally, soil gas techniques and remote sensing methods area also described in this document. Storage of CO2 in geological formations is feasible on industrial scale. At the same time there is a requirement from Environmental and Health Authorities for documentation of subsurface behaviour of CO2. In this document we summarize different approaches for monitoring of subsurface migration, leakage and chemical reactions of CO2. We suggest performing studies at different scales including laboratory and field experiments. The methods we suggest has special emphasize on early detection of small amounts of CO2 migration. Of that reason the main focus of this report is on indirect geophysical monitoring (viz seismic, electrical and electromagnetic methods). To document subsurface reactions we also include geochemical methods. We suggest including ecological monitoring as an integrated part of the field experiments. Ecological monitoring will provide detection (or confirmation) of moderate CO2 leakage to the soil surface, and at the same time quantify effects on the vegetation of potentially leakages from geologically-stored CO2. In order to add value to the monitoring program, we recommend initiating simulation of monitoring experiments as early as possible in the project. Simulation of monitoring experiments should then be coupled to inverse flow simulations in order to optimize the monitoring program. Finally, monitoring of two specific field sites is suggested: The Brumunddal sandstone, and the Svelvik ridge in the outlet of the Drammensfjord. The preliminary budget for monitoring a field experiment on each side is 27.3 and 30.2 million NOK respectively. Recommendations for further work include: " Geological characterization of storage site and surrounding area. " Production of geological and numerical flow models of storage site and surrounding area. " Simulation of CO2 injection into the geological formation to identify potential migration and thus leakage points. This includes physical and chemical changes of the reservoir rock and surrounding strata. " Risk assessment to identify features, events and processes that might lead to the migration of CO2 and potential leakage. " Establish monitoring based on step 3 and 4 above. This includes monitoring of subsurface and surface area surrounding the storage site. " History matching of observations and simulation results (and if necessary modification of monitoring acquisitions).
Sammendrag
Inntill nylig har det vært liten oppmerksomhet om dyrket myr som kilde til CO2-utslipp og ingen systematisk kartlegging av C-tapet har blit foretatt. Beregneringer ved hjelp av tre forskjellige metoden tyder på at tapet kan være mellom 0,6 og 0,8 kg C m2/år, 2 - 4 million er tonn CO2/år, som er mellom 5 og 10 prosent av totalt menneskeskapt CO2-utslipp i Norge.
Sammendrag
Chemical recalcitrance of specific molecules is one of the factors governing organic matter stabilization in soils. Little is known about the relationship between the chemical nature and the dynamics of soil organic matter at the long-term scale. Lignin molecules are abundant in plant tissues and are generally considered as slowly biodegradable in soils. In a previous study, using compound specific isotopic tracer techniques applied to agricultural lands converted from C3 to C4 cropping, we showed that lignin turnover was faster than that of total organic carbon. Lignin dynamics was well described by a two-pool model, distinguishing lignins in fresh plant residues and those more closely associated to the soil matrix. These two pools may be transformed into non-lignin products, which includes CO2, microbial biomass and chemical substances, which are no longer recognized as lignin derivatives. The aim of the present work was to study the nature and dynamics of these non lignin products formed during lignin degradation in a laboratory incubation of 13C-labelled lignin with soil. Maize plants were grown for 1 month under 13C enriched CO2. The lignins of leaves and stems were isolated after treatment with cellulolytic enzymes and solubilization in dioxane:water (1:9). The Milled Maize Lignin (MML) obtained had a 13C abundance of 1.4 %. Solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy of MML before analysis showed that the isolation method produces a lignin-cellulose complex, as indicated by the presence of some polysaccharides (the 60-115 ppm region represented about 40 % of total C of isolated lignins). Lignins were incubated with soil (1 mg lignin/g soil) at 20°C in sealed glass jars and analyzed after 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 48 weeks. A control sample was incubated without lignin. We monitored the mineralization, solubilization and incorporation in the microbial biomass of lignin C by measuring 13C enrichments in respired CO2, water-soluble fractions, and fumigated biomass, respectively. Lignins remaining in incubated soils were quantified by CuO oxidation and the 13C contents of vanillyl, syringyl and cinnamyl units (VSC) were measured. After 4 months, 3% of the 13C of the labelled lignin was mineralized. This mineralization rate was less than that found by Martin and Haider (1979) for DHP lignins but more than the 5% per year found in situ by Dignac et al. (2005). Less than 0.5% of incubated lignin C was water soluble and 0.5 % was incorporated into the soil microbial biomass. The main part (96%) of incubated MML remained in soil. We used compound-specific isotopic analysis of the CuO oxidation products and pyrolysis analysis to estimate the proportion of intact lignins remaining in the soil.
Sammendrag
Lignin is a major plant litter compound. Due to its aromatic structure it is not easily decomposable by the soil microbial biomass and has for a long-time been considered to accumulate in soil. A recent study, however, indicated that lignin has a faster turnover than the bulk soil organic matter, suggesting that there is no long-term storage of the pristine lignin molecule in soil. Using a modelling approach we were able to show that more than 90 % of lignin deposited on the soil surface is transformed into non-lignin products. The aim of this study was to elucidate the forms of lignin derived carbon during a longterm laboratory incubation of 13C labelled lignin in soil. The conceptual approach included the extraction of lignin from a 13C labelled maize plant and its incubation under ideal conditions for 11 months. Our results show that the non-lignin products are mostly CO2, with few incorporation of lignin-derived carbon into the soil microbial biomass. We were able to detect a priming effect of soil organic matter induced by lignin addition. Analysis of the mineralisation kinetics suggested that the 13C labelled isolated lignin consisted of two compartments with different decomposition rates. One of the two compartments might be related to the presence of cellulose within the isolated lignin, which has been detected using 13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy. Molecular analysis of lignin using chemolytical methods showed that lignin becomes more accessible to chemical attack in the course of incubation. Higher yields of lignin monomers were obtained after 4 month using cupric oxide oxidation as well as thioacidolysis. These results indicate that lignin degradation in soil can hardly be separated from cellulose decomposition
Forfattere
Marianne Stenrød Jeanne Perceval Rudi Yi Xu Marit Almvik Randi Bolli Christophe Moni Christian W. Thorstensen Espen Haugland Pierre Benoit Marie-Paule Charnay Ole Martin Eklo Mona le Menn Jens Kværner Tore SveistrupSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Marit Almvik Marianne Stenrød Ole Martin Eklo Randi Bolli Espen Haugland Jens Kværner Tore Sveistrup Christophe MoniSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag