Publications
NIBIOs employees contribute to several hundred scientific articles and research reports every year. You can browse or search in our collection which contains references and links to these publications as well as other research and dissemination activities. The collection is continously updated with new and historical material.
2019
Sammendrag
No abstract has been registered
Sammendrag
No abstract has been registered
Sammendrag
Advances in techniques for automated classification of point cloud data introduce great opportunities for many new and existing applications. However, with a limited number of labelled points, automated classification by a machine learning model is prone to overfitting and poor generalization. The present paper addresses this problem by inducing controlled noise (on a trained model) generated by invoking conditional random field similarity penalties using nearby features. The method is called Atrous XCRF and works by forcing a trained model to respect the similarity penalties provided by unlabeled data. In a benchmark study carried out using the ISPRS 3D labeling dataset, our technique achieves 85.0% in term of overall accuracy, and 71.1% in term of F1 score. The result is on par with the current best model for the benchmark dataset and has the highest value in term of F1 score. Additionally, transfer learning using the Bergen 2018 dataset, without model retraining, was also performed. Even though our proposal provides a consistent 3% improvement in term of accuracy, more work still needs to be done to alleviate the generalization problem on the domain adaptation and the transfer learning field.
Sammendrag
No abstract has been registered
Sammendrag
We investigated the impact of Norway’s current zonal carnivore management system for four large carnivore species on sheep farming. Sheep losses increased when the large carnivores were reintroduced, but has declined again after the introduction of the zoning management system. The total number of sheep increased outside, but declined slightly inside the management zones. The total sheep production increased, but sheep farming was still lost as a source of income for many farmers. The use of the grazing resources became more extensive. Losses decreased because sheep were removed from the open outfield pastures and many farmers gave up sheep farming. While wolves expel sheep farming from the outfield grazing areas, small herds can still be kept in fenced enclosures. Bears are in every respect incompatible with sheep farming. Farmers adjust to the seasonal and more predictable behavior of lynx and wolverine, although these species also may cause serious losses when present. The mitigating efforts are costly and lead to reduced animal welfare and lower income for the farmers, although farmers in peri-urban areas increasingly are keeping sheep as an avocation. There is a spillover effect of the zoning strategy in the sense that there is substantial loss of livestock to carnivores outside, but geographically near the management zones. The carnivore management policy used in Norway is a reasonably successful management strategy when the goal is to separate livestock from carnivores and decrease the losses, but the burdens are unequally distributed and farmers inside the management zones are at an economic disadvantage.
Forfattere
Idoia Biurrun Sabina Burrascano Iwona Dembicz Riccardo Guarino Jutta Kapfer Remigiusz Pielech Itziar García-Mijangos Viktoria Wagner Salza Palpurina Anne Mimet Vincent Pellissier Corrado Marcenó Arkadiusz Nowak Ariel Bergamini Steffen Boch Anna Mária Csergő John-Arvid Grytnes Juan Antonio Campos Brigitta Erschbamer Borja Jiménez-Alfaro Zygmunt Kącki Anna Kuzemko Michael Manthey Koenraad Van Meerbeek Grzegorz Swacha Elias Afif Juha M. Alatalo M Aleffi Manuel Babbi Zoltán Bátori Elena Belonovskaya Christian Berg Kuber Prasad Bhatta Laura Cancellieri Tobias Ceulemans Balázs Deák László Demeter Lei Deng Jiří Doležal Christian Dolnik Wenche Dramstad Pavel Dřevojan Klaus Ecker Franz Essl J. Etzold Goffredo Filibeck Wendy Fjellstad Behlul Güler Michal Hájek Daniel Hepenstrick John G. Hodgson João Honrado Annika Jagerbrand Monika Janišová Philippe Jeanneret András Kelemen Philipp Kirschner Ewelina Klichowska Ganna Kolomiiets Łukasz Kozub Jan Lepš Regina Lindborg Swantje Löbel Angela Lomba Martin Magnes Helmut Mayrhofer Marek Malicki Ermin Mašić Eliane S. Meier Denis Mirin Ulf Molau Ivan Y. Moysiyenko Alireza Naqinezhad Josep M. Ninot M Nobis Christian Pedersen Aaron Pérez-Haase Jan Peters Eulàlia Pladevall-Izard Jan Rolecek Vladimir Ronkin Galina Savchenko Dariia Shyriaieva Hanne Sickel Carly Stevens Sebastian Świerszcz Csaba Tölgyesi Nadezda Tsarevskaya Orsolya Valkó Carmen Van Mechelen Iuliia Vashenyak Ole Reidar Vetaas Denys Vynokurov Emelie Waldén Stefan Widmer Sebastian Wolfrum Anna Wróbel Ekaterina Zlotnikova Jürgen DenglerSammendrag
Abstract: GrassPlot is a collaborative vegetation-plot database organised by the Eurasian Dry Grassland Group (EDGG) and listed in the Global Index of Vegetation-Plot Databases (GIVD ID EU-00-003). Following a previous Long Database Report (Dengler et al. 2018, Phyto-coenologia 48, 331–347), we provide here the first update on content and functionality of GrassPlot. The current version (GrassPlot v. 2.00) contains a total of 190,673 plots of different grain sizes across 28,171 independent plots, with 4,654 nested-plot series including at least four grain sizes. The database has improved its content as well as its functionality, including addition and harmonization of header data (land use, information on nestedness, structure and ecology) and preparation of species composition data. Currently, GrassPlot data are intensively used for broad-scale analyses of different aspects of alpha and beta diversity in grassland ecosystems.
Forfattere
Xiao Huang Mats Höglind Knut Bjørkelo Torben Christensen Kjetil Fadnes Teresa Gómez de la Bárcena Åsa Kasimir Leif Klemedtsson Bjørn Kløve Anders Lyngstad Mikhail Mastepanov Hannu Marttila Marcel Van Oijen Peter Petros Ina Pohle Jagadeesh Yeluripati Hanna Marika SilvennoinenSammendrag
Cultivated organic soils (7-8% of Norway’s agricultural land area) are economically important sources for forage production in some regions in Norway, but they are also ‘hot spots’ for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The project ‘Climate smart management practices on Norwegian organic soils’ (MYR; funded by the Research Council of Norway, decision no. 281109) will evaluate how water table management and the intensity of other management practices (i.e. tillage and fertilization intensity) affects both GHG emissions and forage’s quality & production. The overall aim of MYR is to generate useful information for recommendations on climate-friendly management of Norwegian peatlands for both policy makers and farmers. For this project, we established two experimental sites on Norwegian peatlands for grass cultivation, of which one in Northern (subarctic, continental climate) and another in Southern (temperate, coastal climate) Norway. Both sites have a water table level (WTL) gradient ranging from low to high. In order to explore the effects of management practices, controlled trials with different fertilization strategies and tillage intensity will be conducted at these sites with WTL gradients considered. Meanwhile, GHG emissions (including carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide), crop-related observations (e.g. phenology, production), and hydrological conditions (e.g. soil moisture, WTL dynamics) will be monitored with high spatiotemporal resolution along the WTL gradients during 2019-2021. Besides, MYR aims at predicting potential GHG mitigation under different scenarios by using state-of-the-art modelling techniques. Four models (BASGRA, Coup, DNDC and ECOSSE), with strengths in predicting grass growth, hydrological processes, soil nitrification-denitrification and carbon decomposition, respectively, will be further developed according to the soil properties. Then these models will be used independently to simulate biogeochemical and agroecological processes in our experimental fields. Robust parameterization schemes will be based on the observational data for both soil and crop combinations. Eventually, a multi-model ensemble prediction will be carried out to provide scenario analyses by 2030 and 2050. We will couple these process-based models with optimization algorithm to explore the potential reduction in GHG emissions with consideration of production sustenance, and upscale our assessment to regional level.
Forfattere
Rasmus Astrup Johannes Rahlf Knut Bjørkelo Misganu Debella-Gilo Arnt Kristian Gjertsen Johannes BreidenbachSammendrag
This paper describes the development and utility of the Norwegian forest resources map (SR16). SR16 is developed using photogrammetric point cloud data with ground plots from the Norwegian National Forest Inventory (NFI). First, an existing forest mask was updated with object-based image analysis methods. Evaluation against the NFI forest definitions showed Cohen's kappa of 0.80 and accuracy of 0.91 in the lowlands and a kappa of 0.73 and an accuracy of 0.96 in the mountains. Within the updated forest mask, a 16×16 m raster map was developed with Lorey's height, volume, biomass, and tree species as attributes (SR16-raster). All attributes were predicted with generalized linear models that explained about 70% of the observed variation and had relative RMSEs of about 50%. SR16-raster was segmented into stand-like polygons that are relatively homogenous in respect to tree species, volume, site index, and Lorey's height (SR16-vector). When SR16 was utilized in a combination with the NFI plots and a model-assisted estimator, the precision was on average 2–3 times higher than estimates based on field data only. In conclusion, SR16 is useful for improved estimates from the Norwegian NFI at various scales. The mapped products may be useful as additional information in Forest Management Inventories.
Sammendrag
Å bygge veksthus på tak i byer kan ha flere fordeler. Redusert avstand til forbrukere gir ferskere varer og mindre kostnader og forurensing forbundet med transport og lagring. Dette er spesielt viktig for byer som ligger langt fra der maten produseres. Veksthus i byer kan også gi den urbane befolkningen muligheten til å lære mer om hvordan mat dyrkes. Ved å bygge veksthus på tak istedenfor på bakken spares arealer som i stedet kan brukes til jordbruk, grøntområder eller andre typer boliger. Et veksthus på tak som er integrert med den øvrige bygningen, kan også utnytte varmen fra etasjene under, noe som vil være energibesparende.
Forfattere
O. Janne Kjønaas Teresa Gómez de la Bárcena Ryan Bright Mette Hansen Gro Hylen Håvard Kauserud Sunil Mundra Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Tonje Økland Carlo AallSammendrag
No abstract has been registered