Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2009
Sammendrag
Techniques for the production of raspberry long canes with high yield potential were studied on a research station and in two commercial nurseries in South Norway. Potted 'Glen Ample' plants were grown in the open and in polyethylene greenhouses during two seasons in order to optimize Cultural practices. Dates of propagation and transfer to the production sites were varied. Following cold storage from December to early June, the canes were tipped (cut) at 160 cm height and grown in open plastic tunnels in the fruiting season for the evaluation of growth and yield performance. Remarkable berry yields of 1.5-3.8 kg per plant (cane) were regularly achieved. When grown in the open, later starts than June 1 (June 15 and July 1) successively reduced yields. On the other hand, an earlier start involves risks of growth cessation due to low spring temperature. When grown in greenhouses, high yields were still possible when plants were transferred from propagation conditions as late as July 1, although optimal yields of nearly 4 kg per plant were obtained with transfer on June 15. In a year with unusually high summer temperatures, the yields of canes produced in the open and in greenhouses did not vary significantly, whereas in the second year with normal summer temperatures, canes produced in greenhouses consistently out-yielded those produced in the open by about I kg per cane. Regression analyses revealed that high yields were associated with fruiting cane architecture traits such as cane height, number and length of laterals, and a low proportion of dormant buds. The single most important component was lateral length which alone accounted for 82% of the yield variation. Since lateral lengths increased from the shoot tip towards the base, cane heights in excess of 2 m are required for the attainment of top yields as the uppermost nodes with short and low-yielding laterals then can be eliminated by tipping. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sammendrag
2008 var året då matprisane nådde eit historisk høgt nivå, og verda opplevde både matkrise, petroleumskrise og finanskrise på same tid. Med finanskrise blei prisauke erstatta med prisnedgang, og i januar 2009 låg prisane igjen på tilnærma same nivå som før prisauken starta i midten av 2007. Korleis prisane vil utvikle seg på kort sikt avheng bl.a. av lengda på den økonomiske resesjonen vi no framleis er i, og produksjonsutviklinga i dei store produksjonslanda. For kjøt er det eksempelvis framleis forventa ein prisauke framover mens prisnedgangen det siste året har vore tydlegast for kveite, vegetabilske oljar og meieriprodukt. Prognosane for råvareprisane som vert lagt fram i dette notatet, er av ulik karakter, avhengig av kva kjelde ein nyttar. Dei ulike internasjonale organisasjonane er ikkje einige om kva veg prisutviklinga vil gå for dei ulike råvarene, og spesielt for sukker er det ueinigheit om kor vidt prisane er venta å auke eller gå ned. Det synes likevel å vere einigheit om at prisane på lang sikt (mot 2018) vil gå sakte opp mot fjorårets prisnivå. Vi kan dermed vente eit høgare prisnivå på mat dei neste ti åra, samanlikna med dagens prisar. I ein så spesiell situasjon som verda er inne i no, er det svært naudsynt å ta store atterhald når ein forsøker å analysere ein så kompleks marknad som råvaremarknaden. Utviklinga i verdsøkonomien er av stor betyding både for nasjonal og internasjonal politikkutforming, samt slutningar omkring produksjon. I tillegg er tilbod og etterspørsel av råvarer, utvikling i konsumsamansetning, urbanisering og befolkningsvekst sentrale faktorar i forhold til utviklinga i dei internasjonale råvareprisane. Her spelar land som Kina og India ei sentral rolle. I løpet av ei to siste åra vert det også tydeleg kor tett ulike marknader er knytte saman. Energimarknaden og petroleumsprisane har vist seg å vere av stor betyding for utviklinga i råvareprisane, då energi inngår som ein sentral del av kostnadssida til bonden, både gjennom drivstoffutgifter, men også indirekte som ein faktor i kunstgjødselprisane. Det inngår også som transportkostnad ved handel over store geografiske avstandar. Marknaden for bioenergi er også sentral når det gjeld matvareprisane. Biodrivstoff er ei konkurrerande energikjelde for petroleum, og etterspørselen varierer med petroleumsprisen. Viss store jordbruksavlingar blir nytta til bioenergi framfor mat til konsum, vil dette påverke det globale tilbodet av mat, og dernest også prisane. Spesielt er varer som mais og kveite viktige. […]
Sammendrag
Due to the exponential increase in production and marketing of engineered nanomaterials, concerns are raised about their inevitable spreading in the environment. Soils, with their high proportion of solid phase, are likely to constitute the major ultimate sink for engineered nanoparticles (ENPs). Regrettably, data are scarce on the potential environmental risks of ENPs on soil ecosystems. The main reason for this key knowledge gap was the lack of methodologies able to trace the ENPs in complex environmental matrices like soils, which already contain a high background of natural nanoparticles (e.g. clays, organic matter, iron oxides). Using neutron activation as a tracer technique enabled us to overcome this hurdle: neutron activated ENPs can readily be quantified by gamma spectrometry, in all kind of samples, including living organisms. Here we examined the uptake and excretion kinetics of cobalt (Co-NPs, APS 3.9 ± 0.8 nm) and silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs, APS 20.2 ± 2.5 nm) in the earthworm Eisenia fetida, as well as their internal distribution within worms. We compared the uptake, retention time and internal ditribution of Co-NPs and Ag-NPs with those of soluble salts of cobalt and silver. Earthworms were fed over a 28d period with horse manure contaminated with either neutron activated Co-NPs and Ag-NPs, or Co and Ag salts spiked with the radiotracers 60Co and 110mAg. Accumulation and excretion kinetics were assessed by gamma spectrometry on living earthworms along a three month period for silver treatments and a five month period for cobalt treatments. The patterns of accumulation were highly different for cobalt and silver. The concentration ratios [(Bq/g worm) / (Bq/g food)] after 28d uptake were 0.93 ± 0.36 and 2.02 ± 0.65 for Co-NP and Co2+, respectively, while corresponding values for Ag-NPs and Ag+ were 0.015 ± 0.016 and 0.054 ± 0.024, respectively. Almost all absorbed Co-NPs and Co2+ remained within the worms four months after transfer to clean soil, while Ag concentration ratios fell to almost zero within a few days. We investigated futher the distribution of Co-NPs and Co2+ in worms bodies by coupling autoradiography images of worm transects and gamma spectrometry on individual organs. The body wall, mainly composed of muscular fibers, and the reproductive organs (e.g. spermathecae and seminal vesicles) accumulated lower amounts of cobalt than the digestive tract. By far, the highest accumulation was found in the blood, namely in the pseudo-hearts.
Forfattere
Eivind UlebergSammendrag
QTL mapping experiments aim to find the genes or mutations that contribute to phenotypic variance. This knowledge is important for biological understanding and can be utilized, e.g. for medical or breeding purposes. QTL mapping methods can be categorised as linkage analysis (LA) methods, linkage disequilibrium (LD) based methods and methods combining linkage and linkage disequilibrium analysis (LLD). The basic difference between LA and LD analysis is the calculations of the probability that two animals carry genes that are identical-by-descent (IBD) at a given point on the chromosome. LA is based on within family IBD, whereas LD is based on population-wide IBD probabilities. LA analysis is dependent on recombinations that can be observed in the genotyped data, which limits the accuracy. LD is based on historical recombinations and can find short confidence intervals, but is likely to result in false positives due to spurious associations between markers and QTL. To avoid the problems of separate LA or LD analysis, approaches combining linkage and linkage disequilibrium mapping (LLD) have been proposed. The main objective of this thesis has been to make maximum use of genotyping information from QTL mapping experiments for detecting as many as possible QTL and position them as precisely as possible. Specific issues addressed have been single versus multiple mapping methods (paper 1), the effects of including the causative mutation amongst the markers in QTL mapping experiments (paper 2) and developing a statistical test to distinguish causative from non-causative SNPs (paper 3).In paper 1 single and multi QTL fine-mapping methods were compared in a situation where two QTL were located in the analysed region. The single QTL method had problems differentiating between two QTLs when these were closely located, which often resulted in discovery of a ghost QTL between the real ones, or no clear QTL discovery. The multi QTL approach found evidence of both QTLs even when these were close (15cM). Although these differences to some extent may be explained by the different statistical approaches used by the two methods, the main conclusion from this paper is that multi QTL mapping methods should be applied when analysing QTL data. Paper 2 investigated the effect of including the causative SNP amongst the markers in a QTL mapping experiment. Both power and precision was greatly increased by including the causative mutation. When the causative mutation was not included amongst the markers the LLD method had clearly better precision and power than the association method. The increased power from including the causative SNP as marker was larger with association mapping than LLD mapping, and when the causation was included amongst the markers the methods had similar power and precision. These differences were partly due to the test-statistics, as the association method tested directly on the markers, while the LLD method tested the midpoints of the marker brackets. Including the causative mutation as marker increases the possibility of discovering QTLs of smaller effects.The increased power and precision obtained by including the causative SNP amongst the markers, was in paper 3 used to develop a test to confirm causative SNPs. The ‘Causative SNP Test" obtained a power of 28 % in this study, while the power of QTL detection was 97 %. The low power of CST was due to strong LD between the analyzed markers. All confirmed SNPs were truly causative and correctly positioned by the CST test. Thus, if positive, this test provides a lot of evidence for causality.Results from QTL mapping experiments so far indicates that most complex traits are controlled by many genes, with mainly small effects on variance. Currently available genome sequences and sample sizes has limited power to detect QTLs with small effects and thus, reported QTLs so far only explains small proportions of observed phenotypic variance for most traits. Future prospects of complete genome sequences will increase the power to find QTLs. The recent strong focus on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) will be expected also for future experiments. This study has shown that future QTL mapping experiments should use multi QTL approaches, to avoid bias from additional QTLs. As the power of QTL mapping is greatly increased by including the causative mutation amongst the markers, one should also aim to design experiments that have high power to distinguish causative from non-causative mutations. Experiments where the relationship between the individuals is low, as is generally the case in human GWAS studies, seem to achieve this. The causality can in the next step be tested by the proposed CST test.
Forfattere
Trygve S. AamlidSammendrag
The plant growth regulator Primo MAXX® (trinexapac-ethyl) offers prospects for reduced mowing costs, lower CO2-emissions, better winter survival, and improved playing quality on turfgrass areas used for golf. As the second in a series of two, this report presents results and recommendations from the final year (2008) of a two year project evaluating Primo MAXX® on Nordic golf courses. The project was funded by the Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environment Research Foundation (STERF) and Syngenta, and carried out by Bioforsk and MTT, the state agricultural research institutes in Norway and Finland, respectively. In addition to the official ‘Good Experimental Practice" (GEP) trials needed for potential registration of Primo MAXX®, unreplicated demonstration trials were carried out on Norwegian Golf Courses under supervision of Bioforsk and with funding from the Norwegian Golf Federation (NGF). GEP trials established in 2007 on greens and fairways at Landvik, Norway (58°34"N, 8°52"E), and Lepaa, Finland (61°08"N, 24°20"E), were followed up by registrations of turfgrass winter damage in spring 2008. While no winter damage was observed at Landvik, monthly applications of Primo MAXX®, with the last application on 4 Oct. 2007, resulted in significantly less snow mold (Microdochium nivale) and tendencies to higher overall turfgrass appearance in both the green and fairway trial at Lepaa. New GEP trials were established on a creeping bentgrass green at Landvik and a Kentucky bluegrass / red fescue fairway at Lepaa in 2008. Because of the discoloration and post-suppression rebound effects reported in 2007, Primo MAXX® was applied more frequently and at lower rates than in 2007. In the green trial, weekly or biweekly applications of 0.15, 0.30 and 0.45 L ha-1 (17, 34 or 51 g a.i. trinexapac-ethyl ha-1) were compared with an unsprayed control treatment. On average for rates, frequencies and fifteen to seventeen observation dates, Primo MAXX® resulted in significantly lower clipping yield (-25%), significantly longer ball roll distance (+6%), and a tendency (P=0.07) to lower plant height (-16%) than on unsprayed control plots. Primo MAXX® gave significantly darker color, but had no effect on turfgrass overall appearance or density. Differences between application rates were not significant for any character, and differences between application frequencies were significant only for turfgrass color. In the new fairway trial at Lepaa, biweekly applications of Primo MAXX® resulted in significant reductions is clipping yields varying from 15% at the lowest (0.4 L ha-1) to 34% at the highest (1.2 L ha-1) rate. These reductions were accompanied by smaller, but significant reductions in plant height. The effects on turfgrass overall appearance, color or density were not significant.In demonstration trials on Norwegian golf courses, the average increases in ball roll distance from repeated application of 0.30 L ha-1 Primo MAXX® varied from 3 to 8%. An initial application at this rate resulted in discoloration in one out of three green trials, while initial applications of 0.8 and 1.0 L ha-1 resulted in loss of turfgrass quality in trials on a fairway and a semirough, respectively. These effects were temporary as the turfgrass recovered within 3-4 weeks and sometimes acquired better quality than in the unsprayed control treatment after the second application. In conclusion, we consider the documentation presented in this report to be sufficient to recommend Primo MAXX® being labeled for use on Nordic golf courses. We suggest that the following rates and application frequencies be printed on the label: Primo MAXX®, rate*Application intervalGreens (creeping bentgrass)0.2 - 0.4 L ha-1 Every one to two weeks Fairways (Kentucky bluegrass / red fescue)0.6 - 1.2 L ha-1Every two to three weeksRoughs & semi-roughs (Kentucky bluegrass / red fescue)1.0 - 2.0 L ha-1Every three to four weeks*Always use lowest rate for the first seasonal application of Primo MAXX®.
Forfattere
Hans Martin Hanslin Trygve S. AamlidSammendrag
An absolute condition for high-quality golf courses and athletic fields is an adequate fertilizer programme. Many organic fertilizers, some of them also containing biostimulants, are on the market. Our objective was to evaluate some of these products under Scandinavian climate conditions. The fertilizers / biostimulants Gro-Power®, Turf Food, Golf Algin, Bio Kombi, MaxicropTM and FlexTM were compared with Arena® mineral fertilizer (control) on a USGA green in 2005 (grow-in year) and 2006; and the products Golf Algin, ProGreen, Activo and FlexTM were compared with Fullgjødsel® mineral fertilizer (control) on a sand-based football pitch in the same years. Within each experiment, all treatments received the same amount of nitrogen (N) rate per year (2.5/1.7 kg N (100 m2)-1 on the golf green and 3.0/2.8 kg N (100 m2)-1 on the pitch in 2005/2006, respectively. Inputs of other nutrients varied depending on product tested. In 2005, products were applied at two or four week intervals according to their label, but in 2006, all products were applied at biweekly intervals. On average for the two year experimental period, none of the organic fertilizers / biostimulants caused significant improvements in turfgrass overall impression compared with the control mineral fertilizer treatments. Turf Food and ProGreen enhanced turfgrass grow-in on the green and pitch, respectively, but when used as maintenance fertilizer, Turf Food, Golf Algin, Bio Kombi and Flex produced turf of significantly less quality than the the control. Disadvantages of the test products were most conspicuous in spring when N release was restricted due to low soil temperatures and in autumn when the products resulted in significantly more diseases than the mineral fertilizer control. The only product that resulted in significantly better turfgrass colour and tended to give higher overall impression than the control was the humic acid based Gro-Power® when combined with Arena® at two week intervals; however, the inclusion of Gro-Power® products also increased fertilizer costs by 72% in the grow-in year and 124% in the subsequent year. In conclusion, light and frequent applications of mineral fertilizer should always form the nutritional basis for sand-based greens and football pitches in Scandinavia. Certain organic fertilizers and biostimulants may become useful supplements for turfgrass grow-in and as maintenance fertilizers during the warmest summer period.
Forfattere
Steffen Adler Annette Veberg Dahl Håvard Steinshamn Anne Holter Vae Erling Thuen Torstein H. Garmo Søren Krogh-JensenSammendrag
A continuous grazing experiment with three measurement periods, 3 weeks each, was conducted with 16 Norwegian Red dairy cows in mid lactation to compare milk quality when grazing red clover-grass (R) or botanical diverse pasture (D). The cows were offered either R or D from the start of grazing season in mid May until beginning of September 2008. Milk yield was measured and milk samples were collected in the last week in each period (end of June, beginning of August and end of August). Pasture type had no effect on milk yield and milk content of fat or protein. Cows grazing R had higher proportion of the fatty acids C18:0 (22.41 vs. 9.96, P<0.05) and C18:1t11 (0.58 vs. 0.44 g/100g FAME, P<0.05) and lower proportion of C16:0 (27.83 vs. 30.92, P<0.05) in their milk fat than the cows grazing D. The milk content of ?-tocopherol was higher in milk from R than D (3.01 vs. 2.64 µg/ml, P<0.05). The oxidative stability of the milk lipids were only minor affected by pasture type.
Forfattere
Trygve S. Aamlid Oiva NiemelainenSammendrag
The main objective of this project was to provide documentation for potential registration of Primo MAXX® for use on Nordic golf courses. The project started in 2007 with trials according to Good Experimental Practise standard at Landvik, Norway and Lepaa, Finland. Primo MAXX® was applied at monthly rates varying from 0.2 to 0.8 L ha-1 on greens and 0.5 to 3.0 L ha-1 on fairways. These treatments resulted in average clipping yield reductions of 18% on bluegrass/fescue fairways and 21% on creeping bentgrass greens. Growth suppression during the first two weeks after application was often followed by a rebound effect during the remaining two weeks until next application. While significant losses in turfgrass quality occurred at rates 1.0 L ha-1 and higher the fairway trial at Landvik, monthly applications of at least 1.5 L ha-1 ha resulted in less snow mould (Microdochium nivale) and faster spring green-up in 2008 in the fairway trial at Lepaa. Because of the discoloration and rebound effects in 2007, Primo MAXX® was applied at lower rates but higher frequencies in new trials established 2008. In a green trial at Landvik, weekly or biweekly applications of 0.15, 0.30 and 0.45 L ha-1 were compared with an unsprayed check. On average for application rates and frequencies, Primo MAXX® had no effect on turfgrass overall appearance or density but reduced clipping yield by 25% and increased ball roll distance by 6%. In a new fairway trial at Lepaa, biweekly applications of 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 L ha-1 had no effect on turfgrass quality but reduced clipping yields by 15, 23, 23 and 34%, respectively. Rebound effects were virtually absent in the 2008 trials. Spring observations in Finland in 2009 confirmed less snow mould and better overall appearance on plots that had been sprayed with Primo MAXX® in 2008. In conclusion we have recommended that Primo MAXX® be labeled for use on Nordic golf courses at the following rates and application frequencies. Rate*Application intervalGreens (creeping bentgrass)0.2 - 0.4 L ha-1Every 1 to 2 weeksFairways (Kentucky bluegrass / red fescue)0.6 - 1.2 L ha-1Every 2 to 3 weeksRoughs & semi-roughs (Kentucky bluegrass / red fescue)1.0 - 2.0 L ha-1Every 3 to 4 weeks *Always use lowest rate for the first seasonal application of Primo MAXX®. As of 1 January 2010, Primo MAXX® has been approved for turfgrass use in Iceland. Applications are pending in Finland, Sweden and Norway.
Sammendrag
De største utfordringene for velferden hos sau i beiteperioden er sjodogg, fluelarver, alveld og rovdyr. Sjodogg er en flåttbåren sjukdom som er forårsaket av bakterien Anaplasma phagocytophilum og overført av flått (Ixodes ricinus). Sjodogg kan føre til både direkte og indirekte tap hos sau på beite. Det er hovedsaklig ved første gangs infeksjon at dyr blir alvorlig syke og det er derfor spesielt lam som er utsatt. Flått er utbredt fra Vestfold i sør til Brønnøysund i nord, med hovedområde langs sørvestkysten av Norge. Utbredelsen av flått synes å være økende og det er observert flått både i innlandsområder og i Nord Norge (Stuen et al. 2005). Utbredelse av bakterien A. phagocytophilum i flåttpopulasjonen i ulike deler av Norge er ikke kjent, men tidligere studier viser at bakterien er utbredt i områder med flått (Stuen & Bergstrøm 2001). Formålet med denne studien er å undersøke virkningen på levendevekt hos lam infisert med A. phagocytophilum. Målet med studien er å få klarhet i omfanget av produksjonstap på grunn av sjodogg.Infeksjon med A. phagocytophilum er utbredt på ulike beiter i Sunndal, Ålvundeid og Todal. Selv på gårder som ligger høyt over havet ble det påvist infeksjon med A. phagocytophilum. I tillegg til faktorer som driftsopplegg, fôring, burd, kjønn og alder på mor viste denne studien viser en forskjell på 1,2 kg i høstvekt mellom antistoff positive og negative dyr, noe som er en lavere reduksjon enn hva som er vist i tidligere mindre studier. Det er tidligere observert at infeksjon med A. phagocytophilum gir små tap i enkelte beiteområder, men store tap i andre beiteområder. Kunnskap om at ulike varianter av A. phagocytophilum gir ulike symptomer kan være en av flere forklaringer på variasjon i tap på grunn av denne infeksjonen.Mer kunnskap om omfang av indirekte tap på grunn av sjodogg vil bidra til økt bevissthet om sjodogg og innføring av forebyggende tiltak og dermed bedre kvaliteten, økonomien og velferden i saueholdet.
Forfattere
Trygve S. Aamlid Peter J. Landschoot David R. HuffSammendrag
Lack of winter hardiness is a major limitation to the use of perennial types of annual bluegrass (Poa annua L. f. reptans (Hauskins) T. Koyama) on golf course putting greens in northern climates. Our objectives were 1) to assess the tolerance of 13 promising selections of greens-type annual bluegrass to simulated ice encasement and pink snow mold (causal fungus Microdochium nivale (Fr.) Samuels & I.C. Hallett); 2) to determine if these tolerances are interrelated or related to plant concentrations of water soluble carbohydrates (WSC); and 3) to determine if differential tolerance to SIE is associated with accumulation of toxic substances. Samples of the annual bluegrass selections were taken from an experimental putting green at University Park, PA, on four dates from 23 Nov. 2005 until 27 Mar. 2006. Samples of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) ‘Penn A-4" were included for comparison with annual bluegrass in studies on simulated ice encasement and water soluble carbohydrate. Samples were vacuum-sealed in plastic bags at 1ºC for simulated ice encasement. The critical exposure periods for annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass were 25-30 days and 42-47 days, respectively; only small differences were found among annual bluegrass selections in tolerance to simulated ice encasement. After 26 days, concentrations of the phytotoxic compounds butanol and ethylbutyrate were two to three times higher in annual bluegrass than in creeping bentgrass samples. Significant differences were detected among annual bluegrass selections in foliar blighting and recovery 36 days after inoculation with M. nivale at 1ºC/100% relative humidity. In late November, two annual bluegrass selections from Western Pennsylvania had significantly higher water soluble carbohydrate levels than creeping bentgrass, but these levels were not correlated with tolerance to simulated ice encasement or recovery from pink snow mold. Tolerances to simulated ice encasement and pink snow mold were not interrelated.