Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2009
Forfattere
Anne-Kristin Løes Liv SolemdalSammendrag
Bioforsk Organic Food and Farming coordinated a pilot project in the introduction of organic food in the public sector in Norway during 2002-06, when St.Olavs Hospital in Trondheim worked for and achieved a goal of 30 % organic food. Many papers, training manuals and a text book were produced, and many lectures were given about the activities already during the project period. Currently, many Norwegian municipalities are starting to introduce organic food in their kitchens, and hence the experiences learned at St.Olavs Hospital are very useful and attract much interest.
Forfattere
Yibrah Beyene Trond Hofsvang Ferdu AzerefegneSammendrag
Fenologien og migrasjon hos den plantespisende marihønen Chnootriba similis ble undersøkt i Etiopia i årene 2003-2005 langs to elver og i byggåkre 2004-2005. Arten overlever i tørkeperioder langs elvene som voksne i diapause som avsluttes ca. midt i januar. De migrerer til åkre i mars - april. Opphøret av diapause og migrasjon påvirkes av nedbør. Det er to generasjoner i året. Voksne fra den andre generasjonen migrerer til elvene i september - oktober. Arten er først og fremst et skadedyr på unge planter.
Forfattere
Eva SkarbøvikSammendrag
Tiltaksveilederen for jordbrukspåvirka vassdrag (http://www.bioforsk.no/tiltak) er utarbeidet for å bistå i arbeidet med å gjennomføre EUs Rammedirektiv for vann (RDV) i Norge. Målgruppen omfatter derfor først og fremst fylkesmenn og kommuner, men kan selvsagt benyttes av andre interesserte. Tiltaksveilederen er finansiert av Statens Landbruks Forvaltning (SLF), som også var initiativtager til prosjektet. Den er utarbeidet av Bioforsk, samt SLF (virkemidler) og Universitet for miljø og biovitenskap, UMB (økonomi). I forbindelse med arbeidet ble det opprettet en referansegruppe bestående av representanter fra Fylkesmenn, Landbrukskontoret, Direktoratet for naturforvaltning, Statens forurensingstilsyn og Statens landbruksforvaltning. Den offisielle nettsiden for gjennomføringen av Rammedirektivet for vann (RDV) i Norge er Vannportalen. På Vannportalen er det link til Hovedveilederen for tiltak, som gir en komplett gjennomgang av alle prosedyrer, rollefordelinger og tidsfrister for gjennomføring av tiltaksplaner.
Sammendrag
The molecular composition of plant residues is suspected to largely govern the fate of their constitutive carbon (C) in soils. Labile compounds, such as metabolic carbohydrates, are affected differently from recalcitrant and structural compounds by soil-C stabilisation mechanisms. Producing 13C-enriched plant residues with specifically labeled fractions would help us to investigate the fate in soils of the constitutive C of these compounds. The objective of the present research was to test 13C pulse chase labeling as a method for specifically enriching the metabolic carbohydrate components of plant residues, i.e. soluble sugars and starch. Bean plants were exposed to a 13CO2-enriched atmosphere for 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 21 h. The major soluble sugars were then determined on watersoluble extracts, and starch on HCl-hydrolysable extracts. The results show a quick differential labeling between water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds. For both groups, 13C-labeling increased linearly with time. The difference in δ13C signature between water-soluble and insoluble fractions was 7% after 0.5 h and 70% after 21 h. However, this clear isotopic contrast masked a substantial labeling variability within each fraction. By contrast, metabolic carbohydrates on the one hand (i.e. soluble sugarsRstarch) and other fractions (essentially cell wall components) on the other hand displayed quite homogeneous signatures within fractions, and a significant difference in labeling between fractions: δ13C=414±3.7% and 56±5.5%, respectively. Thus, the technique generates labeled plant residues displaying contrasting 13C-isotopic signatures between metabolic carbohydrates and other compounds, with homogenous signatures within each group. Metabolic carbohydrates being labile compounds, our findings suggest that the technique is particularly appropriate for investigating the effect of compound lability on the long-term storage of their constitutive C in soils.
Forfattere
Ricardo Holgado Kari Anne Oppen Christer MagnussonSammendrag
Soil samples from a growth depression in potato (Solanum tuberosum) cv. Saturna field in Grue, eastern Norway, yielded large numbers of root lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus penetrans. Yield of potato was reduced by 50% in the affected area of the field. Transect-sampling showed plant growth to be negatively correlated with densities of P. penetrans and suggested a damage threshold of potato to the nematode of 100 specimens per 250 g of soil. Common scab (Streptomyces scabies) occurred frequently in the affected area. Pratylenchus penetrans was present in roots, underground stems, stolons and tubers. In tubers, nematodes were detected inside cross-lesions typical of common scab, and occurred also in the outermost 0.5 mm tissue associated with such lesions. On potato cv. Saturna grown in a green-house, P. penetrans alone induced tuber lesions similar to those of common scab. Also, the combined inoculation of the bacterium and the nematode seemed to enhance symptom expression. Pratylenchus penetrans survives storage of potatoes, from which new infections may develop. Hence, potato tubers do appear to be an important means for the spread of P. penetrans to new areas.
Sammendrag
The common European cerambycid Leiopus nebulosus (Linnaeus, 1758) is herein split into two sibling species. The male genitalia characters, as well as spermathecae in females, were examined and found to provide strong support for this separation. A new species, Leiopus linnei sp. nov., is based on specimens mainly from Scandinavia. The establishment of the new species is supported by DNA barcoding of Scandinavian specimens of L. nebulosus, L. linnei sp. nov., and L. punctulatus (Paykull, 1800). There are significant genetic differences between all these species. The geographical distribution and the bionomy of L. nebulosus and L. linnei sp. nov. are described. The type of Cerambyx nebulosus Linnaeus, 1758 is lost. A neotype of Cerambyx nebulosus, currently Leiopus nebulosus (Linnaeus, 1758), is designated and a redescription of L. nebulosus is presented. A key for the identification of L. nebulosus and L. linnei sp. nov. is provided. The varieties L. nebulosus var. dissimilis Pic, 1889, L. nebulosus var. unifasciatus Pic, 1891, and L. nebulosus var. siculus Pic, 1924 are considered as junior synonyms, syn.nov. of L. nebulosus.
Forfattere
Anders Aak Anders AakSammendrag
Blowflies of the species Calliphora vicina are causing severe economic losses in dried fish production in northern Norway. Female flies are attracted to dead animals for both oviposition and foraging. As natural decomposing carcasses are scarce in its distribution and only suitable for the larvae a short time, the odour mediated resource location is expected to be very important. A wind tunnel was used to optimize attraction of female C. vicina and chemicals known to attract blowflies were tested both as single compounds and in blends. A three-component blend of dimethyltrisulphide, mercaptoethanol and o-cresol was found to significantly increase upwind orientation compared to the single attractant dimethyltrisulpide. More than 60% of female flies showed upwind oriented flight to the synthetic blend and this attraction was similar to decomposing liver which is commonly used to trap blowflies. Female attraction to odours from dead animals reached 90%, indicating a large potential for lure improvement. The three-component blend significantly increased field catches compared to dimethyltrisulphide, and the catch consisted of 98.2% females. A large scale mass trapping experiment in Lofoten, northern Norway, has now been ongoing for four years. Damage to stockfish in treated areas has significantly decreased compared to control areas.
Forfattere
Leif Sundheim Maria-Luz Herrero Trond Rafoss Brita Toppe May Bente Brurberg Trond Hofsvang Christer Magnusson Anne Marte Tronsmo Bjørn ØklandSammendrag
Phytophthora ramorum S. Werres, A.W.A.M. de Cook & W.A. Man in‘t Veld is a newly described Phytophthora-species which is considered to be relatively recently introduced to both USA and Europe from an unknown area, or areas, of origin. The pathogen has a wide host range and causes a complexity of disease symptoms generally grouped into three categories: canker, foliage lesion, and dieback. In Europe the pathogen has been reported in 21 countries, Norway included; predominantly on ornamental plants in nurseries, but also outside nurseries in gardens and semi-natural environment, most often on rhododendrons. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority needs a risk assessment of the pest as basis for an evaluation of a future phytosanitary risk management of P. ramorum, including whether the organism should be regulated as a quarantine pest in Norway. On this background the Norwegian Food Safety Authority, in a letter of 22nd August 2008, requested a pest risk assessment of P. ramorum from the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet, VKM). The pest risk assessment was adopted by VKM"s Panel on plant health (Panel 9) on a meeting 24th June 2009. VKM"s Panel 9 gives the following main conclusions of the risk assessment: 1) P. ramorum is present but not widely distributed in Norway, and the pest is under official control. The outdoors surveys of P. ramorum in Norway have not been conducted systematically over the whole country, and some uncertainty therefore still remains regarding the current distribution of P. ramorum in the PRA area. 2) The overall probability of entry of P. ramorum into Norway and the overall probability of establishment of P. ramorum in Norway are both rated as high with low levels of uncertainty; 3) In the absence of statutory control the probability for P. ramorum to be spread quickly in the PRA area by trade of host plants for planting is rated as high. The uncertainty of this assessment is low; 4) The part of the PRA area where presence of P. ramorum might result in economically important losses (the endangered area) is assessed to be most of the country of Norway, except where the climate is predicted to be unfavourable for the pest. However, this area must be regarded as a maximum estimate for the endangered area. On the other hand, a narrow and very conservative estimate for the endangered area can be defined based on the geographical distribution of highly susceptible host plants in Norway. This area is gardens and parks with Rhododendron spp., Viburnum spp. and F. sylvatica and areas in the wild into which Rhododendron spp. has spread and woods with F. sylvatica. Woods with F. sylvatica is limited to the county of Vestfold and some small areas in the counties of Aust-Agder and Hordaland; 5) P. ramorum is likely to have moderate economic impact on the nurseries in the PRA area with current phytosanitary measures. Without any such regulations P. ramorum is likely to have major economic impact on the nursery industry of the PRA area. The levels of uncertainties of these assessments are low; 6) With current phytosanitary measures P. ramorum is likely to have moderate economic impact on parks and private gardens in parts of the PRA area. Without any such regulations P. ramorum is likely to have major economic impact in the best climatic zones of the PRA area. The levels of uncertainties of these assessments are low; 7) The impact of P. ramorum in coniferous and mixed forests of the PRA area is likely to be minor. The level of uncertainty of this assessment is medium. The impact of P. ramorum in natural and planted deciduous broadleaf forests of the PRA area is likely to be minor due to the scattered and limited distribution of the most susceptible species. The level of uncertainty of this assessment is medium; 8) The non-commercial and environmental consequences to natural environments in the PRA area are likely to be moderate. The level of uncertainty ...
Sammendrag
Control of dock species are a true bottleneck in the development of grassland based organic forage production in Norway. Rumex obtusifolius, Rumex crispus and Rumex longifolius are among the most important perennial weeds in grassland areas throughout the world. These dock- species are undesired in grasslands because they decrease yields and reduce forage feeding value. The experiment in our study is carried out as a full-factorial design, including key-factors, which may influence dock behaviour significantly. The first factor, (i) date of grassland establishment, may be important for preventing /decreasing the flush of seedlings from seeds as well as shoots from root fragments. The purpose of the second factor, (ii) black fallow, is both false seedbed preparation and decreasing food reserves in underground plant parts. The third factor, (iii) is the use of equipment for cutting the taproot either (a) before ploughing by using a tractor propelled rotovator, or (b) cutting the dock taproot in the same operation as ploughing by using a prototype ¿two layer dockplough¿. The biological background for cutting the taproot before ploughing is that many studies have shown that new shoots only come from the 5 upper cm of the taproot. Furthermore, our hypothesis is that shoots from highly fragmented regenerative parts (the neck) of the taproot placed deep will not reach the soil surface before their reserves are depleted. Experiments were carried out at 3 and 4 locations in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Weed development were assessed as number of emerging seedlings as well as number of sprouting plants from root fragments, both in the year when the treatments were carried out and the following year. The results are yet not completely analyzed, but preliminary results indicate that plants from seeds frequently are more numerous than plants from roots. At least at some locations and years both the use of rotovator and the ¿dock plough¿, has reduced the number of plants from root fragments with approx. 50%. However, our experiments have shown that ¿dock plough¿ prototype has to be improved, especially because it did not cut the taproot near the open furrow, and did not bury the green parts well enough.
Forfattere
Hans Geir Eiken Rune J. Andreassen Alexander Kopatz Siv Grete Bjervamoen Ingvild Wartiainen Camilla Tobiassen Per M. Knappskog Paul Eric Aspholm Martin E. Smith Jouni AspiSammendrag
The development of wildlife genetics combined with non-invasive sampling might be both an economic benefit for the society and a benefit for the survival of the threatened species. The aims of this study are to develop a quality assured approach for DNA profiling of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Northern Europe using material from non-invasive sampling and to generate a population database that can be used for conservation management as well as a reference database for forensic purposes. Non-invasive sampling was performed by the collection of scats in the field and by using sets of hair traps in a grid pattern in specified geographical areas. Genotypes from 12 STR loci were determined for 232 Norwegian bears. Initial analysis of the entire sample indicated a high level of substructure. Thus, the sample was divided into four geographically different populations consisting of 206 individuals for further validation of the markers. Ten STRs (G1D, G10L, Mu05, Mu09, Mu10, Mu15, Mu23, Mu50, Mu51, and Mu59) conformed to Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) expectations with only minor deviations, while the remaining two STR loci (Mu26 and G10B) were excludedfrom our set of putative forensic profiling system markers after revealing significant deviations from HWE in all four sub-populations. The average estimate of population substructure for Norwegian bears using 10 STRs (FST) was determined to be 0.1, while the estimate for inbreeding (FIS) was0.02. Accounting for the FST-value, the average probability of identity (PIave) was 5.67 and the average probability of sibling identity (PIsib) was 1.68. In Norway, this brown bear DNA profiling system has been applied to forensic casework.