Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2007
Sammendrag
Norwegian agriculture is totally dependent on a safe supply of seed of winter-hardy timothy varieties. The annual seed consumption varies depending on the extent of winter damages, particularly in northern Norway, and the average seed yield varies with weather and harvest conditions in the seed-producing districts in the southeastern and central part of the country. To buffer these variations, seed companies always keep stocks corresponding to 50-100 % of the average annual seed consumption. Such large stocks are risky to maintain as seed lots will loose germination over time. Our objective was to elucidate the effect of seed harvest time and seed storage location on the longevity of timothy seed. In 2003, timothy ‘Grindstad’ was combined directly on 2, 5 or 8 August corresponding to a seed moisture content (SMC) of 34, 27 and 20 %, respectively. After harvest the seed was dried to 10-11 % SMC. Germination analyses were accomplished 3, 15, 26 and 38 months after seed harvest; the three latter after splitting each seed lot into four sub-lots that were stored either in a conditioned seed store (4ºC, 30% RH), or in unconditioned warehouses at there climatically different locations. While seed harvest time had no effect on germination three months after harvest, differences became increasingly evident as time went by. After 38 months’ storage, seed stored in the conditioned store or in the warehouse at the continental location Tynset germinated, on average for harvest times, 15-16 units better than seed stored in the warehouse at the coastal location Vaksdal; and seed lots harvested at 20 % SMC germinated, on average for storage locations, 24 units better than seed harvested at 37 % SMC. While it has long been documented that direct combining at high SMC may damage seed germination, there has been less awareness that this damage may not manifest itself until after a certain storage period.
Sammendrag
The application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and insecticides, either alone or in tank mixture, was tested in nine on-farm trials laid out according to three different experimental plans in SE Norway (59-61ºN) from 2002 to 2006. The first plan compared the PGRs trinexapac-ethyl (125 or 250 g a.i. ha-1), chlormequat chloride (2000 g a.i. ha-1) and ethephon (240 g a.i. ha-1) applied on two dates and compared with an untreated check. On average for three trials, seed yield of the diploid cv. Nordi (origin 61ºN) increased 15 % by application of trinexapac-ethyl (250 g a.i. ha-1) at stem elongation, decreased 18 % by application of ethephone at flower bud emergence, and was not significantly affected by any of the other treatments. The diploid cv. Bjursele (two trials) and the tetraploid cv. Betty (one trial) showed no response to any of the PGRs. In the second experimental plan, laid out in two seed crops of the diploid cv. Lea in 2005, trinexapac-ethyl (125 or 250 g a.i. ha- 1) was applied alone or in tank mixture with the insecticides alpha-cypermethrin (20 g a.i. ha-1) or dimethoate (500 g a.i. ha-1) on two dates. These trials verified the positive effect of trinexapacethyl, but the insecticides had no significant effect, which is not surprising as no harmful insects were detected. The third experimental plan compared insecticides at two developmental stages in a seed crop of cv. Lea with a high occurrence of Apion seed weevil and the lesser clover leaf weevil Hypera nigrirostris. In this trial, alpha-cypermethrin increased seed yield by 14 % when applied at flower bud emergence. Effective from 2004, Moddus 250 EC (trinexapac-ethyl) was approved in Norwegian seed production of selected cultivars of red clover. Research is still underway to evaluate the need for control of various weevils.
Forfattere
Nils-Otto KitterødSammendrag
Stømner vannverk A/L har vannforsyning fra tre borebrønner i fjell. Fra sommeren 2007 produserte brønnene gradvis mindre vann. Denne rapporten er basert på generell geologisk informasjon og opplysninger fra involverte parter. Det er ikke gjort noen spesifikke undersøkelser for å avdekke årsakssammenhengen, og det er derfor umulig å fastslå entydig hva som har skjedd. Det mest sannsynlige er imidlertid at grunnvannstrykket i fjellet har sunket på grunn av aktivitet i et pukkverk som befinner seg ca. 900 m nord vest for fjellbrønnene. Trykkgradientene fra grunnvannet ved fjellbrønnene til pukkverket er imidlertid så små at grunnvannet ikke kan dreneres ut i pukkverket. Det er derfor mest sannsynlig en indirekte årsakssammenheng: Aktiviteten i pukkverket kan ha ført til mikro bevegelser i fjellsprekkene enten i den granittiske gneisen eller i kontaktsonene til grønnskiferen. Bergartsgrensen mellom grønnskiferen og den granittiske gneisen befinner seg anslagsvis 300 m rett sørvest for pukkverket. Mikrobevegelser i sprekkene kan i sin tur ha medført en senkning i grunnvannstrykket i området. Fordi det er relativt små vannmengder som produseres i brønnene, kan en liten endring i permeabiliteten gi store senkninger i grunnvannstrykket. Eventuelle lekasjer som kan ha oppstått fra grunnvannsmagasinet, vil være svært vanskelig å identifisere dels fordi vannmengdene er så beskjedne og dels fordi lekasjene mest sannsynlig vil finne sted i løsmassene. Hensikten med denne rapporten er å foreslå hvordan mulige årsakssammenhenger kan sannsynliggjøres.
Sammendrag
I denne undersøkelsen har vi sett på muligheten for å klassifisere vekst/jordarbeidingsstatus på jordbruksarealer senhøstes ved hjelp av satellittbilder. Alt jordbruksareal i et ca. 11 km2 stort nedbørsfelt ved Borrevannet i Vestfold ble kartlagt høsten 2001. Bakkeobservasjoner av vekst og jordarbeidingsstatus på ca. 540 skifter ble koblet sammen med et satellittbilde (Landsat7 ETM+), tatt over samme området 1. november 2001. Ulike klassifiseringsmetoder ble testet på dette datasettet, og metoden diskriminant PLS ga best resultat totalt sett. Andelen riktig klassifiserte piksler var relativt lav (0-43 %) når informasjon om skiftegrenser ble utelatt, med en total nøyaktighet på 33 %. Klassene med flest observasjoner ble best identifisert. Resultatet ble vesentlig bedre når klassifiseringen ble gjort på skiftenivå (total nøyaktighet: 59 %). Dette ble gjort ved at hvert skifte ble tilordnet den klassen som flertallet av pikslene innenfor samme skifte havnet i. For de fire største klassene (størst samlet areal) høstpløying (HPL), stubb + vårpløying (SVP) og flerårig eng (EFÅ), kunne henholdsvis 59, 75 og 75 % av arealet identifiseres korrekt. For de øvrige klassene ble mindre enn 39 % av arealet riktig klassifisert, med unntak av klassen tung høstharving (59 %). Denne klassen var imidlertid bare representert ved to skifter. Klassifisering på skiftenivå forutsetter informasjon om skiftegrenser. Nøyaktigheten som kan oppnås med eksisterende datakilder kan imidlertid være mangelfull. Andelen små skifter var meget stor innenfor det kartlagte området, og skifter med mindre enn 40 daa utgjorde omtrent halve jordbruksarealet. Dette innebar at en del av pikslene på satellittbildet var såkalte blandingspiksler, altså piksler som omfatter et areal der mer enn en klasse er representert. Blandingspiksler bidrar med mye støy, og reduserer dermed presisjonen i klassifiseringen. Ved å fjerne de minste skiftene var det mulig å bedre klassifiseringen av de store klassene. I beste fall ble 63, 91 og 100 % av arealet i henholdsvis HPL, SVP og EFÅ riktig identifisert. Den relativt store klassen stubb med fangvekst (SKF) ble lett feilklassifisert som eng, og kunne i beste fall klassifiseres riktig på 32 % av arealet. Analysene indikerte at metoden kan forbedres ved å bruke satellittbilder med bedre romlig oppløsning, og sannsynligvis vil bilder med flere bånd og en større spektral oppløsning gi en bedre differensiering mellom klassene.
Forfattere
Odd Arne Rognli Trygve Aamlid Lars T. Havstad Birte BoeltSammendrag
The potential tradeoffs between vegetative and reproductive growth is a constant challenge for the forage plant breeders. Breeding for seed production has inevitably played a secondary role compared to improvements of the vegetative production. In this paper the current status regarding genetic variation, genotype x environment interactions, heritability estimates and mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for seed yield and seed yield components in grasses and legumes are reviewed, with special focus on important forage grasses. Investigations of seed yield components have shown that components contributing to an increased utilization of the reproductive potential, like seed set and seed retention, seems efficient in increasing seed yield without adverse effects on the vegetative production. The generation of transgenic plants (GMO) have been reported for many forage species, and genetic engineering will increasingly be used to manipulate traits like nutritive value, resistance to fungal and viral diseases, and the reproductive system like male and female sterility and apomixis. Turf and forage grasses, and forage legumes are outcrossing species with prolific pollen production and pollination facilitated by wind or insects. They are potentially some of the most problematic crops when it comes to gene flow by pollen especially during the generations of seed multiplication. GM plants with engineered reproductive systems will pose new challenges for the seed producers. Co-existence of GM grasses and legumes with conventional and organic seed production will be very difficult to establish, and commercialization of GM cultivars will therefore certainly require gene containment technologies that prevent or reduce transgene escape. Mapping of QTLs, identification of markers and candidate genes associated with seed yield components, and the utilization of comparative genomics with cereal species have revealed several key components which may facilitate development of markers for marker-assisted breeding for the improvement of seed yield.
Forfattere
Thomas Hartnik Henning MatthiesenSammendrag
Piling as a foundation technique on cultural layers has the advantage that the amount of excavated material is reduced. On the other hand, piling can have an adverse impact on the preservation of cultural layers in the ground due to physical deterioration and by enhancing biological degradation. The study presented in this report aimed at assessing the effect of piling and associated construction techniques on the environmental conditions in cultural layers that control biological degradation. Physical and chemical investigations in two excavated soil profiles near Hotel Klubben in Tønsberg were performed where piling was used as a foundation technique, and where drillings had earlier indicated a reduced organic content and worse state of preservation of the deposits close to the pile. Environmental conditions were assessed conducting field and laboratory measurements of basic physical and chemical parameters, as well as measurements of redox sensitive parameters. The results of the measurements revealed high oxygen concentrations near the foundation wall of the building where the cultural layers had been exchanged by porous fill masses. While areas that were not affected by oxygen intrusion had iron and sulphate reducing conditions that represent good preservation conditions in cultural layers, redox conditions near the building were aerobic and nitratereducing. These conditions enhance degradation of cultural layers. Oxygen intrusion into the ground is most likely facilitated by coarse material that was refilled next to the building when a girder was built under the foundation walls of the building. This coarse material enables diffusion of air into cultural layers as well as percolation of oxygen rich rain water into the ground . A possible adverse effect of the pile on environmental conditions is totally overshadowed by the effect of the girder and refilling material and could not be detected. It was not possible to investigate the conditions closer than approximately 50 cm from the pile. Nor was it possible to investigate the conditions deeper than 2.2 m beneath the soil surface, and thus this report cannot conclude anything about the conditions and possible impacts outside the investigated area.
Forfattere
Kjell Mangerud Lars Olav Brandsæter Kjell WærnhusSammendrag
The objective of the ongoing study is to obtain new knowledge to provide a fundament for improving weed harrowing in organic cereal production as well as optimising weed harrowing as an alternative for herbicides in conventional farming. Results from field experiments on three locations during three years will be presented and discussed. The experiments included the factors: a) different manufactures of spring tine weed harrows, type of tines and used with different aggressiveness (adjusted through tine working depth and speed); b) cereal developmental stages; and c) soil types (locations) and conditions as well as weed infestation levels. The project included new experimental equipment including a specially constructed 1.5 meter wide harrow, which made it possible to treat many small sub-plots. Cereal yield and quality, number and dry matter weight (biomass) of weeds, and soil water content, soil share strength, and soil penetration resistance were recorded. The resulting intensity of the harrowing operation was measured using digital pictures taken before and after harrowing to give an estimate of cereal coverage of the soil. Pre-emergence harrowing and harrowing at early 1-leaf crop stage reduced in general weed number and biomass compared to untreated control. The mean weed reduction over locations and years was about 40%, but this reduction was not always significant different to control plots. In one year, harrowing at those early stages gave an increase in weed number and biomass, presumably because of rainy weather after harrowing. In general, pre-emergence harrowing and harrowing at early 1-leaf stage increased crop yield compared to untreated, but harrowing at such stages occasionally also resulted in small yield reductions. We conclude, however, that this early harrowing should be carried out every year. Weed harrowing once, either at 2 or 3-4 crop leaf stages, also gave decreased weed number and biomass, but no clear influence on cereal yield. Therefore, harrowing at these late stages is an opportunity, if weather conditions do not allow weed harrowing at earlier stages. The combination of pre-emergence harrowing and harrowing at 3-4 leaf stage gave a significant reduction of weed number and biomass compared to untreated control. In general, harrowing twice gave increased crop yields, but the differences were only significant at one of the locations. The potential benefit of a second harrowing at the 3-4 leaf stage depends on the weed situation, number and biomass, as well as crop competitiveness. Our results have indicated that the threshold for weed harrowing may be around 300 annual weeds m-2, but more knowledge is needed for verifying the level of total number and species. If the number of weeds is less, weed harrowing twice gives a significant reduction in weed number, but not an increase in yield compared to only one weed harrowing at an early growth stage. Furthermore, our results indicate that the different types of harrows and tines will not work properly on all soil types. On light soils, all of them gave satisfying results. However, a normal tine (" 7mm bent Einböck or a " 10mm long straight CMN) is not rigid enough on soil types that build a soil crust after rain. An " 8mm bend Einböck tine, however, was better at breaking a soil crust and thereby improve cereal plant emergence on such soils. On the other hand, it is important not to adjust such tines too aggressive when no crust is present. Another trial showed that a straight tine will pick up less stones on stony soils than a bent one will do, stones which might damage the combiner during combining. Our results from one of the locations (medium light soil with stones) showed that yield as well as reductions in weed number or biomass m-2 was not affected by tine type.
Sammendrag
Oil transportation from the Russian part of the Barents Region along the Norwegian coast had insignificant volumes before 2002. However, in 2002 there was a dramatic increase in oil shipment, when 4 million tons of oil was transported across the northern regions. In 2003, the volume reached 8 million tons. The trend continued in 2004, and about 12 million tons of export oil and oil products were delivered from the Russian part of the Barents Region to the western market along the Norwegian coast. In 2005, the oil shipment volumes dropped to 9.5 million tons, and in 2006 increased to 10.5 million tons. In the present report on oil transportation from the Russian North, we have given special attention to the description of the existing and prospective offshore and onshore oil shipment terminals, and their connection to the oil reserves on one hand and to the export routes on the other. In this report we demonstrate that even without a trunk oil pipeline to the Barents Sea coast, the annual oil exports from the Russian part of the Barents Region may reach a volume of about 50-80 million tons in the next decade. About 50 million tons of crude oil and oil products can be delivered by railway to the Murmansk ports in the Barents Sea, and Kandalaksha and Arkhangelsk in the White Sea. In addition, up to 20 million tons of oil will come from the northern oil fields in the Nenets Autonomous Region, and from Prirazlomnoye oil field in the Pechora Sea. Prirazlomnoye is the first offshore industrial oil field in the Russian part of the Barents Region, the operations there will go on all year round, and most of the year in ice-covered waters. Dolginskoye oil field, which is also in the Pechora Sea and estimated to be three times as big as Prirazlomnoye, can produce the first oil in 2013. There will be stable increase in the amounts of oil shipped from Western Siberia. The terminals in the Kara Sea can load 2-3 million tons of crude oil for transhipment in the Kola Bay of the Barents Sea. In the European part of Russia there are three possibilities for shipping oil for export. The first way is through the Black Sea via the Bosporus to the Mediterranean Sea. Another route is through the Baltic Sea via the Gulf of Finland and Kattegat. The third alternative is to transport oil through the Barents Sea along the coasts of north-western Russia and northern Norway. Out of these three options only the northern one, the Barents Sea route, can provide the possibility of stable shipping large amounts directly to European and other major harbours, avoiding the challenges of transit through the neighbouring countries or heavy traffic in the sea straits. Oil pollution prevention should be the central issue during oil transportation in the Barents Sea. In this report we pay attention to the environmental safety matters in oil transportation and Norwegian-Russian co-operation in the oil pollution prevention. The increasing internationalisation of the transport system in the region appears to affect the present trend toward more advanced and safer terminals and vessels that comply with international safety rules. Early warning and notification of ships passing through the Norwegian waters has been used more frequently and on voluntary basis, but still not as often as desired and can be arranged within a bilateral Russian-Norwegian agreement. The establishment of traffic control centres in Vardø and Murmansk will considerably improve the oil spill prevention and response preparedness.
Forfattere
Paul Hatcher Lars Olav Brandsæter G. Davies A. Luscher H. Hinz R. Eschen U. SchaffnerSammendrag
Docks (especially Rumex obtusifolius and R. longifolius in northern Europe) are important perennial weeds of grassland throughout Europe. In this paper we compare and contrast problems of dock infestation in the UK, Norway and Switzerland, the management techniques currently used, and research into dock control. In the UK, research into farmer"s perceptions of dock problems and control indicates that whilst docks can be a problem, farmers usually target docks in parts of the farm system where they are vulnerable and it is practical and cheap to do so. It is clear that a range of approaches will work best over a period of time. Docks are generally managed through the whole rotation by preventing them from seeding and reducing the vigor of or killing the tap root. In grasslands, a competitive grass sward is sown, a silage rather than hay cut taken, poaching is avoided and docks are usually cut or grazed (e.g. with sheep). Manual removal at targeted stages of rotation is also a proven method, but labour intensive. Topping specific patches with mowers or strimmers is a common mechanical method. Research into Rumex biocontrol has concentrated on the use of the chrysomelid beetle Gastrophysa viridula and the rust fungus Uromyces rumicis. Neither will control docks on their own although the combined agents can produce an additive effect. Several farmers have expressed an interest in using G. viridula, and some have reared the beetle or translocated it. In combination with quick reseeding with Lolium perenne, the beetle can give effective control of young R. obtusifolius seedlings. In Norway, docks are a challenge in all grassland cropping systems and are perceived as a true bottleneck in the development of grassland-based organic production. R. longifolius is more common than R. crispus and R. obtusifolius in Norway, and has been little studied. With the exception of herbicide testing there has been little recent research on docks in Norway, but in one study the biology and ecology of all three species was compared, showing differences in root biomass production and development during stem elongation as well as basic information about root ecology and regeneration. In a recently initiated project, important factors that influence the severity of dock infestation, studies on the weak points in dock growth, and evaluation of biological control of docks and a synthesis of various measures to control these weeds were included. The return on the project has been stressed in terms of increased organic production of meat and dairy products in Norway. In Switzerland, organic farming has increased rapidly and this increase is projected to continue. Two recent surveys amongst farmers have identified R. obtusifolius as the most important obstacle to conversion to organic grassland management. Other docks are also considered problematic, such as R. alpinus on disturbed mountain pastures. R. obtusifolius infestations can reduce the feed value of the sward by up to 30%. Numerous physical control methods have been tested but none of them proved to be economically or ecologically feasible. Figures recorded on an experimental farm suggest that an extra 48 hr labour ha-1 is needed to control R. obtusifolius. The amount of time Swiss farmers are prepared to put into management is often very high, some farmers devoting 1000 man-hours yr-1 to dock control alone. However, this level of management is not feasible for all farms; any reduction in the effort necessary to control docks would be an important advance. Biological control is a logical tool here to integrate into a holistic organic management strategy for docks. In conclusion, no completely satisfactory strategy to control docks especially in organic farming systems exists to date. The most promising approach appears to be a combination of different management methods including biological control.
Forfattere
Silke HansenSammendrag
Kulturlandskapet på Neshalvøya har mange og store kvaliteter som er lett tilgjengelig for almenheten og danner grunnlag for verdiskapning i reiselivssammenheng. Hele halvøya er i større eller mindre grad preget av tradisjonell landsbruksdrift og utgjør et godt ivaretatt jordbrukslandskap som ikke har vært utsatt for skjemmende «moderne» inngrep. Neshalvøyas kulturlandskap gir et helhetlig inntrykk både visuelt og ved at de funksjonelle sammenhengene mellom tun, innmark og utmark fortsatt er meget tydlige. Driftskontinuitet og spor fra ulike tidsperioder gir landskapet tidsdybde. Det er dokumentert at bosettingshistorien går tilbake til eldre jernalder. Mest tydelig er preget av jordbruksvirksomhet ved de for Vestlandet typiske gardstunene med flere velstelte bygninger fra 1700- og1800-tallet, dyrka mark og ulike gamle kulturmarker. Mange av bygningene har særpreg, stor grad av autentisitet og dermed stor bevaringsverdi. Også småbruks-, husmanns- og naustmiljøene bidrar med natur- og kulturhistoriske verdier som er viktige for helheten i Neshalvøyas kulturlandskap. Driftstilpasninger og forekomst av flere forskjellige gamle kulturmarker og landskapselementer gjør at Neshalvøyas kulturlandskap har stor betydning for det biologiske mangfoldet både på landskaps-, naturtype- og artsnivå. Rundt Nesvatnet har landskapet mosaikkpreg med ulike kulturmarkstyper, dyrka mark, mer eller mindre trekledde koller, åser og åkerholmer samt randsoner langs vannet, bekken, veien og skogen. Frukthagen på Nestunet og jordnøttengen på Sydnes er to spesielt velutviklete, artsrike og i dag sjeldne kulturmarker. De er i god hevd og derfor særlig viktige å bevare. Flere gamle beitemarker og styvingstrær på Nestunet har blitt restaurert i senere tid, noe som også bidrar til opprettholdelse av det biologiske mangfoldet. Tydelige spor etter dyrking, beiting, styving, setring og uttak av tønneband finnes også på de gamle husmannsbrukene, i utmarka og på Flatesvik- og Nernæsholmen. Hansvågen hører til et større beitet utmarksområde og har fortsatt et tydelig beitepreg med en karakteristisk lyselskende flora. Hansvågen representerer også kulturhistoriske verdier knyttet til den tidligere bruken som tørkeplass for nøter og til steinalderfunn like i nærheten. Det er aktiv landbruksdrift på tre bruk på Neshalvøya med melkeproduksjon, sauehold og skogsdrift. Melkeproduksjonen har nylig blitt lagt ned på et av de tre brukene, men landbruksproduksjonen på de to andre har i stedet blitt utvidet med kjøp av melkekvote og ulike typer reiselivstilbud. De kulturhistoriske og biologiske verdiene på Neshalvøya er i stor grad tilrettelagt for turister og besøkende, spesielt på Nestunet. Denne allsidige utviklingen av kulturbasert turisme og arbeidet for å ivareta kulturlandskapsverdiene på Nestunet har blitt belønnet med både Hordalands kulturlandskapspris, Kvam herads kulturpris og Stiftelsen Norsk Kulturarvs Olavsrose. […]