Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2010
Forfattere
Gedrime Kusliene Trond Olav Pettersen Tatsiana Espevig Trygve S. Aamlid Anne A. SteensohnSammendrag
High fertilizers rates, especially of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), are commonly used for turfgrass grow-in on sand-based soils. The United States Golf Association recommends preplant applications of up to 1.0 kg P and 0.5 kg N per 100 m2 followed by applications of up to 0.3 kg N/100 m2 every fifth day until plant cover is complete. Such high rates of N and P, given before roots have developed, incur a great risk for nutrient leaching. Irrigation several times per day to keep the seedbed constantly moist also contributes to this leaching potential. iSeed® is a seed coat patented by Yara International ASA and used for grass seed marketed by DLF Trifolium. The coat contains both fast-acting and slow-release fertilizers, in total 10% N and 2% P of coated seed weight. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of iSeed® on turf quality and nitrogen and phosphorus leaching during turfgrass grow-in on two sand-based rootzones. A two-factorial experiment was carried out in the field lysimeter facility at Bioforsk Øst Landvik, South East Norway (58o34"N, 8o52"E) from 22 June to 26 July 2010. The rootzone was maid up of either straight sand, SS, or Green Mix®, GM, (Høst AS, Grimstad Norway), the latter being SS amended with 20% (v/v) mature garden compost. The 2 m2 lysimeter plots were seeded with either iSeed® or uncoated seed of the same seed lot of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) ‘Berlioz 1", the sowing rate in both cases corresponding to 20 g/m2 pure seed. Use of uncoated seed was combined with preplant applications of 4 g N (as calcium ammonium nitrate, 27% N) and 0.8 g P (as superphosphate, 8% P) per m2, i.e. the same amount of total nitrogen and phosphorus as in the iSeed® coating. One treatment included additional applications of 5 g N (as calcium nitrate, 15.5% N) and 1.0 g P (as superphosphate, 8% P) on day no. 10 and 21 after sowing. The experiment was irrigated heavily, especially during the first ten days after sowing. Observations were made over the 35 day period. The results revealed significant effects of rootzone composition (SS vs. GM) and/or seed type/additional fertilizer application on turfgrass ground cover, overall impression, colour, surface traction and root development. For all these characters, the GM rootzone showed significant benefits compared with the SS rootzone; however, total nitrogen leaching was 21 % higher and total phosphorus leaching 11 times higher from the GM than from the SS rootzone. Plots seeded with iSeed® usually performed slightly better than plots seeded with uncoated seed, but the visual effects were mostly insignificant and small compared to those of additional fertilizer applications on day no 10 and 21 after sowing. Use of iSeed® reduced nitrate and total nitrogen leaching by approximately 50% during the first 10 days after sowing, but caused no significant reduction during the following 25 days; these effects probably reflect the slow-release properties of 82% of the nitrogen contained in iSeed®. Leaching of phosphorus was not affected by either seed type or additional fertilizer application. Interactions between rootzone and seed type/additional fertilizer applications were mostly not significant. We conclude that iSeed® has the potential to reduce nitrogen leaching during turfgrass establishment on sand-based rootzones. However, as iSeed® does not eliminate the need for additional fertilizer inputs about two weeks after sowing, the environmental benefit seems to be of relatively short duration when growing in perennial ryegrass on athletic fields. The advantages of iSeed® may perhaps be more significant when growing in forage or amenity grasslands over a longer period and with less fertilizer inputs.
Forfattere
Stine Andersen Anna Burkal Malene Falster Olsen Bent Egberg MikkelsenSammendrag
Adult habits, including unhealthy eating patterns, are largely established during a person´s childhood and early youth. In this connection, public schools are important health promoting platforms due to their potential for encouraging interest, knowledge and learning about health related issues. The main aim of the study was to shed light on primary and lower secondary school pupils´ everyday experience with food, nutrition, ecology and health in connection to public organic school food, using the municipality of Copenhagen as a case. We have examined how a procurement and provision strategy that primarily originates from “backstage agents” such as engaged politicians and civil servants and governed by administrative priorities, is perceived among agents at the front stage arena - the school. Furthermore we have investigated to which degree the pupils experience a connection between the “organicness” of the food program and the underlying organic supply chain principles, and to which degree the pupils experience a connection between the “organicness” of the food program and classroom initiatives in subjects related to ecology and health. In February 2008, we approached a public school which proved willing to participate in our study. Subsequently, over a period of four weeks, we designed an interview guide used to conduct focus group interviews with pupils from grades 5 and 7, which were then transcribed. In general, pupils were very interested in ecology as a subject. However it seems that they do not see a very strong connection between the healthy, organic meals offered at school and class room activities related to health and ecology. The pupils did not feel that they had been involved in the decision to establish organic and healthy food procurement. As a result they held that they did not feel very committed or engaged in the school provision initiative, and the organic and healthy food procurement was not highly sought after on the part of the pupils. This appears to justify a distinction between the perspective that front stage actors have, including pupils, and the perspective of politicians and planners that operate back stage. The distance between these two stages, which tends to increase in large scale municipal school food systems, is an important challenge to address when planning school food interventions. There seems to be a potential for linking organic school food service more closely with curricular activities, and for linking issues of healthier eating and organic food supply. There is also a need for greater involvement of the pupils and other front stage actors when the food service system and food related curricular activities are planned.
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Margarita Novoa Garrido Harald VoldenSammendrag
The main objective of this experiment was to compare timothy and X-Festulolium varieties Felina and Felopa as forage for growing bulls. Thirty one-year-old Norwegian Red bulls were assigned to one of the three feeding groups by stratified block randomisation within weight in individual boxes and feeding. The forage was grown at Bioforsk"s research station in Bodø, (latitude: 67.28 °N), Norway, and harvested at a NDF content of 500 g/kg dry matter in the summer of 2008. The grass was ensiled in round balls and fed ad libitum. The bulls were fed a fixed amount of one kg of concentrate/day through the experiment. Animals were slaughtered at a live weight of 600 kg, and the slaughters were classified according to the EUROP system. The animals fed with timothy had an overall larger weight gain than the bulls fed with the X-Festulolium variants, though the weight gain decreased towards the end of the feeding period. The forage consumption in the timothy group was also larger. Grass type had no effect on the on the classification of the slaughters.
Forfattere
Miguel D. Mahecha Markus Reichstein Nuno Carvalhais Gitta Lasslop Holger Lange Sonia I. Seneviratne Rodrigo Vargas Christof Ammann M.Altaf Arain Alessandro Cescatti Ivan A. Janssens Mirco Migliavacca Leonardo Montagnani Andrew D. RichardsonSammendrag
The respiratory release of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the land surface is a major flux in the global carbon cycle, antipodal to photosynthetic CO2 uptake. Understanding the sensitivity of respiratory processes to temperature is central for quantifying the climate–carbon cycle feedback. We approximated the sensitivity of terrestrial ecosystem respiration to air temperature (Q10) across 60 FLUXNET sites with the use of a methodology that circumvents confounding effects. Contrary to previous findings, our results suggest that Q10 is independent of mean annual temperature, does not differ among biomes, and is confined to values around 1.4 ± 0.1. The strong relation between photosynthesis and respiration, by contrast, is highly variable among sites. The results may partly explain a less pronounced climate–carbon cycle feedback than suggested by current carbon cycle climate models.
Sammendrag
Currently, very little data exist on the exposure of soil biota to engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), in spite of soils being an important potential sink for ENPs. This is mainly due to difficulties in tracing ENPs in soils where natural nanoparticles are abundant. We used neutron activated ENPs as tracers and examined the exposure (uptake, excretion and internal distribution) of nanoparticles of cobalt (Co NPs 3.9 ± 0.8 nm) and silver (Ag NPs 20.2 ± 2.5 nm) in the earthworm Eisenia fetida, and compared this to soluble cobalt and silver salts. Accumulation patterns were highly different for cobalt and silver. Concentrations of cobalt in worms reached 88% and 69% of the Co ions and Co NPs concentrations in food, respectively, while corresponding values for Ag ions and Ag NPs were 2.3% and 0.4%. Both Ag NPs and Ag ions in earthworms were excreted rapidly, while only 32% of the accumulated Co ions and Co NPs were excreted within 4 months. High accumulation of cobalt was found in blood, and to a lesser extent in the digestive tract. Sequential extraction and centrifugal ultrafiltration provided useful information on metal speciation and bioavailability of Co NPs and Ag NPs.
Sammendrag
The leaf blotch disease complex (LBD) frequently reduces yield of wheat in Norway. In visual assessments field symptoms can be difficult to attribute definitively to specific causal agents, and may be caused by any or all of the following three pathogens: Stagonospora nodorum (teleomorph: Phaeosphaeria nodorum) causing Stagonospora nodorum or glume blotch (SNB), Septoria tritici (teleomorph: Mycosphaerella graminicola) causing Septoria tritici or speckled leaf blotch (STB), and Drechslera tritici-repentis (teleomorph: Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) causing tan spot (DTR). There is no broad resistance to all three pathogens in commercially relevant wheat varieties. We analyzed 9 years of historical data on severity of LBD in the field and 36 years of historical data on post-harvest SNB infection of wheat kernels. Overall, correlation between leaf severity and seed severity over years was low (r=0.5). However, during the last 4 years correlations between SNB seed infection and severity of LBD increased (r=0.825). LBD severity varied signficantly with geographic location and increased exponentially on the last 3 leaves betweeen BBCH stage 70 and the last assessment at BBCH stage 89. An improved understanding of environmental and host developmental factors as they affect each member fo the LBD complex in the field will be essential to screening for quantitative and durable resistance to LBD.
Sammendrag
In Norway, Nordmann fir (Abies nordmanniana) and subalpine fir (A. lasiocarpa) are the dominant Christmas tree species, and noble fir (A. procera) the dominant bough plant species. To determine if fungi found to cause diseases on fir in Norway might be seed borne, samples from twelve seed lots, including Nordmann fir from Austria, Georgia and Russia, subalpine fir from Canada and Norway and noble fir from Norway were tested using agar plate methods (PDA and WA). The most important finding was that Sydowia polyspora was present on seed from all firs from all countries (nine samples infected, 0.5 - 85 % infected seeds). Recently, it has been demonstrated in Norway that this fungus is the cause of current season needle necrosis (CSNN), which is considered a major disease in the Christmas tree and bough production both in Europe and USA. Sirococcus coniguenus was found in a Norwegian A. procera seed lot (31% infected seeds), which to our knowledge is the first report of this pathogen on fir seeds. Caloscypha fulgens was detected on subalpine fir seed from Canada. In addition the following fungal genera were detected: Acremoniella, Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Botrytis, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Diaphorte, Dictyopolyschema, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Genicularia, Mucor, Neonectria, Penicillium, Phoma, Rhizopus, Sordaria, Trichoderma, Trichothecium, and an unidentified fungus.
Forfattere
Svein EilertsenSammendrag
Foreliggende konsekvensutreding knyttet til reindrift ved planlagt vindpark i Sørfjord, Tysfjord kommune er gjort på oppdrag fra tiltakshaver Nordkraft Vind AS. Planområdet til Sørfjorden vindpark ligger innenfor Sörkaitum samebys beiteområde og innenfor Baste samebys konvensjonsområde "Bévgge". Store okserein bruker området som beiteland hele året for uten brunstperioden om høsten. Verdien av utredningsområdet vurderes å ha middels stor verdi for reindrifta. Reinokser er tradisjonelt mindre sårbar for forstyrrelser enn simler. Det er derfor sannsynlig at reinoksene delvis adapteres til anleggsaktiviteten i utredningsområdet. De negative konsekvensene for reindrifta ved etablering av Sørfjorden vindmøllepark varierer fra middels til små negative avhengig av i hvilken grad utbygger tar hensyn til reindrifta. Det er viktig med god kommunikasjon mellom samebyene og driver av vindmølleparken for å sikre at det tas hensyn til reindrifta innenfor utredningsområdet. Ved endret arealbruk som følge av klimaendringer eller andre ytre påvirkninger kan utredningsområdet få økt verdi for reindrifta ved at det benyttes som kalvingsområde/ sommerbeiter for simler. Ved et slikt scenario vil verdien av utredningsområdet vurderes å ha middels til stor verdi for reindrifta og de negative konsekvensene blir middels store. Avbøtende tiltak er foreslått.
Sammendrag
In Norway there is an incomplete resource management of side products and residuals from the main primary sectors of agriculture, fish farming and fishery. For example is the theoretically hitherto unused energy content in animal manure estimated to approximately 2,5 TWh per year, while Norwegian fish farming annually emits about 40.000 ton nitrogen and 8400 ton phosphorous into the coastal environments. Furthermore, recycling of nutrients and energy from marine fish waste of approximately 3.2 million ton fish is still at its early stages. The incomplete resource management results in environmental, economically and social costs. Consequently, an optimisation of national nutrient and energy cycling is required to increase sustainability. The establishment of individual driven resource optimisation enterprises, e.g. local biogas reactors, are often challenging both logistically and financially, particularly at relatively remote sites. This paper presents an overall conceptual approach to optimize energy and nutrient cycling, due to a cooperatively and integrated resource management system on a regional scale in Steigen, Northern Norway.