Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2011
Forfattere
Eric N. Hansen Erlend Nybakk Lyndall Bull Pablo Crespell Arnaldo Jélvez Chris KnowlesSammendrag
Softwood sawmilling is important to the economy of many nations and huge volumes of softwood lumber are produced annually. Accordingly, the economic success of softwood sawmills, as they compete with substitutes such as steel and concrete, is of interest to various industry stakeholders, especially managers, and researchers. Given the strong connection between innovativeness and firm performance in the literature, this study investigates innovativeness in sawmills in Australia, Canada, Chile, Norway, and the USA. Mail surveys were used in each of the countries to collect data regarding product, process, and business systems innovativeness and firm performance. Findings suggest that sawmills focus equally on product and process innovativeness, firm size positively impacts innovativeness, and that overall, process innovativeness is what drives firm performance in this sector. Findings suggest that managers should focus on being innovative since this positively impacts firm performance.
Forfattere
Bjørn FrantzenSammendrag
In 2004, WWF, the international conservation organization opened an office in Murmansk, and the Barents Ecoregion Program was officially re-launched. The funding for the program comes from mainly two sources, WWF UK and WWF-Norway, granted from the Norwegian Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This report aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Barents program The methodology is mainly based on interviews with cooperating institutions in Murmansk and staff from WWF in Murmansk and Oslo. The WWF conservation strategy for the Barents Sea has been reviewed, together with the yearly reports from the program. Comments from donors are to some extent included. The main conclusion from the interviews and review confirms the author"s impression that WWF has a strong position and contribute considerably to the overall conservation in the Barents region.WWF has regular meetings with the governor environmental administration, deliver documentation to different conservation processes and appear in the media as a critical voice when necessary and a supporter when good decisions are made.
Forfattere
Helge SjursenSammendrag
Rugfaks hører til den biologiske gruppen toårige. Den voksne planten er 30-135 cm høy. Strået er opprett, tynt eller kraftig uten hår. Leddknutene er skinnende og fint håret. Bladene er 4-10 mm breie, oversiden og kantene er spredt håret og ru. Slirehinnen er 1-2 mm lang, tannet, lysebrun eller gul. Bladører mangler. Bladsliren er rørformet, men sprekker tidlig opp, er håret eller snau, ofte gulrød. Blomstene sitter i en 5-20 cm lang topp, til å begynne med opprett, seinere nikkende, åpen eller sammenklemt, grønn eller fiolett. Småaksene er 5-20 cm lange, flatklemt, oftest snaue. Formeringen og spredningen skjer utelukkende med frø. Rugfaks lager bare en liten bladtust første året, men blomstrer og setter frø tidlig andre året. Forekommer i dyrket mark og på avfallsplasser. Liker tyngre og gjerne noe sur jord, men vokser godt på lettere jord også. Opptrer som ugras i høstkorn, men på grunn av dagens effektive metoder for frørensing, er den praktisk talt uten betydning. Rugfaks (som lodnefaks) kan motarbeides ved å hindre frøspredning, og ved bruk av reine såvarer og ugrasrein gjødsel.
Forfattere
Signe Kynding Borgen Arne Grønlund Olof Andrén Thomas Kätterer Lars Bakken Keith PaustianSammendrag
Monitoring changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) is not only linked to atmospheric CO2 dynamics, but also to the sustainability of agricultural systems, maintaining food security, reducing water pollution and soil erosion. In accordance with the methodology of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC), we developed a Tier 2 method for estimating CO2 emissions from cropland on mineral soils in Norway and compared the results with those of a Tier 1 method. As in most countries, long-term C stock or emission data sets useful for generating factors are scarce in Norway. We used a soil C balance model (ICBM) to calculate country-specific C stock change factors for relevant management systems. Agricultural activity data for 31 agrozones, from 58 ºN to 71ºN, was applied to estimate annual net CO2 emissions from 1999 to 2009. Calculated annual net emissions were larger when estimated by the Tier 2 method than Tier 1 because i) Tier 2-generated stock change factors for crop rotations with animal manure application were larger than the Tier 1 default values and ii) major changes in agricultural management during the inventory period led to a reduction in manure availability. We conclude that model-based Tier 2 methods are promising when empirical data are limited, but activity data, especially regarding animal manure practices (application rates and crop rotation preferences) are crucial for emission estimates by the IPCC methods.
Sammendrag
1. Surrogate species measures of biodiversity (SSB) are used worldwide in conservation prioritisations. We address the important question whether the ideas behind SSB are consistent with current knowledge on distribution patterns of species, as reflected in theories of community assembly. 2. We investigated whether assumptions necessary for successful functioning of SSB (nested species assemblages, cross-taxon congruence, spatio-temporal consistency) were supported by predictions from either niche or neutral community models. 3. We found a general mismatch between ideas behind SSB and ecological community theory, except that SSB based on complementarity may be consistent with niche-based theory when gradients in species composition are strong. 4. Synthesis and applications. The lack of a necessary scientific foundation may explain the disappointing results of empirical tests of SSB. We argue that site selection should be based on costs and opportunities within complementary environmental/land units, rather than expensive inventories of unfounded surrogate species.
Sammendrag
Remote sensing of the activity of vegetation in relation to environmental conditions provides an invaluable basis for investigating the spatiotemporal dynamics and patterns of variability for ecosystem processes. We investigate the fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fAPAR) using SeaWiFS satellite observations from 1998 to 2005 and ancillary meteorological variables from the CRU-PIK dataset with a global coverage at a spatial resolution of 0.5o x 0.5o. A pixel-by-pixel spectral decomposition using Singular System Analysis leads to a global “classification” of the terrestrial biosphere according to prevalent time-scale dependent dynamics of fAPAR and its relation to meteorology. A complexity analysis and a combined subsignal extraction and dimensionality reduction reveals a series of dominant geographical gradients, separately for different time scales. At the annual scale, which explains around 50% of the fAPAR variability as a global average, patterns largely resemble the biomes of the world as mapped by biogeographical methods, and are driven by temperature and by pronounced rain seasons in the tropics. On shorter time scales, fAPAR fluctuations are exclusively driven by water supply, inducing, e.g., semiannual cycles in the equatorial belt of Africa or the Indo-Gangetic Plain. For some regions however, in particular South America, altitude, mean temperature, drought probability and fire occurrences are parameters that seem to shape the spatial patterns of fAPAR across time scales. Overall, we provide a first global multiscale characterization of fAPAR and highlight different mechanisms in land-surface-climate couplings.
Sammendrag
The collapse of the Soviet Union in the Central Asian countries has led to enormous challenges for them in ensuring a sustainable environment. Weak economies and lack of expertise in environmental sciences were important reasons for the Norwegian support to the environmental sector in this region. The State Forest Service of the Kyrgyz Republic and the Norwegian Forestry Group initiated the TEMP project, later renamed TEMP-CA, in the Kyrgyz Republic in 2004. Activities in the Republic of Tajikistan were included in 2007 and in the Republic of Uzbekistan from 2008. The forestry sectors in the Kyrgyz Republic and neighbouring countries in Central Asia, surrounding the Fergana Valley, are closely linked to the environmental and emergency planning sectors. Overgrazing and overharvesting have contributed to a dramatic decline in forest cover. The TEMP-CA project contributes to a better understanding of environmental problems and sustainable forestry in Central Asia.The TEMP-CA project has promoted institutional co-operation between Norway and the Central Asian countries as well as between different institutions both within and between the countries of Central Asia. Increased expertise for scientists, fieldworkers, laboratory staff and staff in different forest departments as well as institutional development in general are important outputs from the TEMP-CA project.
Sammendrag
Bioforsk had the pleasure of hosting the Nordic Baltic Potato Tuber-Disease Workshop 2011 (PTDW 2011) at Hamar, Norway 16-18 November 2011. The workshop was mainly aimed at potato advisors, including the potato industry, and scientists from the Nordic and Baltic countries. In addition, we also had participants that are plant breeders, students, and and other people interested in potato quality. In totalthere were about 60 participants at the workshop from the Nordic countries, UK, Switzerland, USA and China. This Workshop was an activity in Bioforsk project: “Improved potato quality by reduced skin blemishdiseases (scab and scurf) in Norwegian potato production” (2008-2012). This project was financed by grants from the Research Council of Norway, the Foundation for Research Levy on Agricultural Products, the Agricultural Agreement Research Fund, and Norwegian potato growers and food industries; Gartnerhallen, Bama, ICA-Norge, NF-Grønt, KiMs and Maarud. The foreign experts attached to this project, Alison Lees (UK), Leslie Wanner (USA) and Jari Valkonen(Finland), were contributors in the workshop. In addition invited speakers were Lv Dianqiu from Chinaand Ueli Merz from Switzerland. The workshop had 5 different sections, in which the 3 first had presentations from the project:1. Occurrence of skin blemish diseases in the Nordic and Baltic countries2. Diagnosis and biology of different skin blemish pathogens3. Control of skin blemish diseases4. Research activities on other potato tuber diseases in Nordic and Baltic countries5. Future challenges In the table of contents, the abstracts are presented in the same order as found in the program. The scientific workshop committee consisted of Jari Valkonen (Finland), Björn Andersson (Sweden), BentJ. Nielsen (Denmark) and Arne Hermansen (Norway).
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Jan Svtlík Isabella Børja Toril Drabløs Eldhuset Holger Lange Frank Newell Kidder Douglas Lawrence GodboldSammendrag
Fungi are the main degraders of organic matter and are associated symbiotically with over 80% of terrestrial plants (Smith and Read 1997). Thus, the extent of the mycelial network is an indicator of the decomposing or symbiotic activity. Although the importance of fungi in soil is undisputable, the determination of the extent of hyphal mats and the hyphal biomass is difficult to assess. Methods for estimating hyphae in soil are mostly based on the gridline intersect method originally developed to determine the root length or recently by measuring of the ergosterol content, fungal sterol found in the cell membranes....