Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2011
Sammendrag
NILF utfører årlege «Driftsgranskingar i jord- og skogbruk». Formålet med desse er å vise resultat og utvikling i økonomiske tilhøve for gardsbruk der inntekter frå jordbruket har eit vesentleg omfang. Driftsgranskingane skal vise økonomiske resultat for brukarfamilien og for ulike grupper av bruk med omsyn til storleik, driftsform og geografisk plassering. Resultat vert publiserte i ein landsdekkande publikasjon og fleire regionale publikasjonar. I dette notatet er lønsemda i jordbruket i 2009 for Agder-fylka og Rogaland presentert. Notatet inneheld også trendar og økonomisk utvikling siste tiåret og tabellsamling for de siste fem åra. I tillegg vert verknadene av jordbruksfrådraget grundig gjennomgått. Elles er det med eit kapittel om resultat frå ei spesialgransking der ein har samanlikna økonomien på bruk som har investert i driftsbygningar eller maskinar, med bruk som ikkje har investert. Det var 52 bruk frå Agder-fylka og 76 bruk frå Rogaland som var med i driftsgranskingane i 2009. Dei 128 bruka er fordelte på to regionar, Jæren med 48 bruk og Agder og Rogaland andre bygder med 80 bruk. Resultata for 2009 viste at bøndene frå Jæren hadde det høgaste inntektsnivået i 2009, som i 2008 og 2007. Jæren hadde også ein solid auke i nettoinvesteringar frå 2008 til 2009 på 50 prosent, målt i faste 2009-kroner.
Sammendrag
The main goal of this study was to develop an alternative bedding material for cattle and sheep based on locally produced woodchips from birch trees and Sphagnum peat in Northern Norway. Four litter mixtures; 2.5 and 5.0 cm woodchips, with and without 20 % peat of total volume were studied in A) Four pens sized 20.4 m2 with two cattle each, ie one pen per treatment; B) Eight pens sized 21.2 m2 with seven ewes each, ie two pens per treatment, and two similar sheep pens with deep straw (barley) as controls. The number of lying animals was counted in 10 minutes’ intervals from 6 pm to 6 am for two consecutive days and the mean number of animals lying simultaneously per pen and hour, was calculated. The cleanliness of the animals was assessed within three separate body sections (legs, side, rear) using a scale from 0-2 points for each body part (0 p=clean, 6 p=dirty). The proportion of animals lying simultaneously per pen and hour and individual cleanliness scores were analysed by GLM. No differences in lying behaviour and cleanliness between the four woodchips mixtures were found, neither for sheep nor cattle. However, straw bedding resulted in the least dirty ewes (P
Forfattere
Robin Engler Christophe E. Randin Wilfred Thuiller Stefan Dullinger Niklaus E Zimmermann Miguel B. Araujo Peter B. Pearman Gwenaëlle Le Lay Christian Piedallu Cécile H. Albert Philippe Choler Georghe Coldea Xavier De Lamo Thomas Dirnböck Jean-Claude Gegout Daniel Gómez-García John-Arvid Grytnes Einar Heegaard Fride Høistad Schei David Nogues-Bravo Signe Normand Mihai Puscas Maria Teresa Sebastia Angela Stanisci Jean-Philippe Theurillat Mandar R. Trivedi Pascal Vittoz Antoine GuisanSammendrag
Continental-scale assessments of 21st century global impacts of climate change on biodiversity have forecasted range contractions for many species. These coarse resolution studies are, however, of limited relevance for projecting risks to biodiversity in mountain systems, where pronounced microclimatic variation could allow species to persist locally, and are ill-suited for assessment of species-specific threat in particular regions. Here, we assess the impacts of climate change on 2632 plant species across all major European mountain ranges, using high-resolution (ca. 100 m) species samples and data expressing four future climate scenarios. Projected habitat loss is greater for species distributed at higher elevations; depending on the climate scenario, we find 36–55% of alpine species, 31–51% of subalpine species and 19–46% of montane species lose more than 80% of their suitable habitat by 2070–2100. While our high-resolution analyses consistently indicate marked levels of threat to cold-adapted mountain florae across Europe, they also reveal unequal distribution of this threat across the various mountain ranges. Impacts on florae from regions projected to undergo increased warming accompanied by decreased precipitation, such as the Pyrenees and the Eastern Austrian Alps, will likely be greater than on florae in regions where the increase in temperature is less pronounced and rainfall increases concomitantly, such as in the Norwegian Scandes and the Scottish Highlands. This suggests that change in precipitation, not only warming, plays an important role in determining the potential impacts of climate change on vegetation.
Redaktører
Arne Hermansen Merete Wiken DeesSammendrag
Bioforsk had the pleasure of hosting the Nordic Baltic Potato Tuber-Disease Workshop 2011 (PTDW 2011) at Hamar, Norway 16-18 November 2011. The workshop was mainly aimed at potato advisors, including the potato industry, and scientists from the Nordic and Baltic countries. In addition, we also had participants that are plant breeders, students, and and other people interested in potato quality. In total there were about 60 participants at the workshop from the Nordic countries, UK, Switzerland, USA and China. This Workshop was an activity in Bioforsk project: “Improved potato quality by reduced skin blemish diseases (scab and scurf) in Norwegian potato production” (2008-2012). This project was financed by grants from the Research Council of Norway, the Foundation for Research Levy on Agricultural Products, the Agricultural Agreement Research Fund, and Norwegian potato growers and food industries; Gartnerhallen, Bama, ICA-Norge, NF-Grønt, KiMs and Maarud. The foreign experts attached to this project, Alison Lees (UK), Leslie Wanner (USA) and Jari Valkonen (Finland), were contributors in the workshop. In addition invited speakers were Lv Dianqiu from China and Ueli Merz from Switzerland. The workshop had 5 different sections, in which the 3 first had presentations from the project: 1. Occurrence of skin blemish diseases in the Nordic and Baltic countries 2. Diagnosis and biology of different skin blemish pathogens 3. Control of skin blemish diseases 4. Research activities on other potato tuber diseases in Nordic and Baltic countries 5. Future challenges In the table of contents, the abstracts are presented in the same order as found in the program. The scientific workshop committee consisted of Jari Valkonen (Finland), Björn Andersson (Sweden), Bent J. Nielsen (Denmark) and Arne Hermansen (Norway).
Forfattere
Daniele Castagneri Ken Olaf StoraunetSammendrag
A long-term increase in radial tree growth has been reported in tropical (Lloyd & Farquhar 2008), temperate (Spiecker 1996, Voelker et al. 2006), alpine (Rolland et al. 1998) and boreal forests (Hofgaard et al. 1999) over the last decades. Variations in forest growth patterns have been ascribed to different causes, such as longer growing seasons due to climate warming (Hu et al. 2010), changes in land management practices (Hunter & Shuck, 2002), nitrogen deposition (Magnani et al. 2007), and atmospheric CO2 enhancement (Voelker et al. 2006). Tree-ring analyses provide detailed information on the past growth of forests. In order to assess the effect of climate change on forest growth, non-climatic variation should be removed from treering series. The effect of endogenous (inter-tree competition) and exogenous (insects attacks, fires, storms, human influence, etc.) disturbances on tree-ring series can be detected and reduced by considering trees from different sites. Furthermore, as tree-ring width generally decreases as trees grow older and larger, age-related growth trend should be removed, to preserve climatic lowfrequency variability of chronologies. Different detrending methods used to remove non-climatic variations need to be adapted to the objectives of a particular study....
Forfattere
Bente Kirkhus Britt I.F. Henriksen Aina Lundon G.I. Borge J-E Haugen G. VogtSammendrag
Camelina is an underexploited oilseed crop that may be well suitable for cropping innorthern areas. The oil is particularly high in the omega-3 fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential for secure production of high quality edible oil from organically grown camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz), focusing on the effects ofenvironmental parameters on oil content, fatty acid composition and contents of phytosterols and tocopherols. Field experiments with pre-crop barley were conducted in the growing seasons 2007, 2008 and 2009. Trials were fully randomized with two levels of Nitrogen (N) fertilization, 0 and 120 kg total Nha-1, and two levels of Sulphur (S) fertilization, 0 and 20 kg total S ha-1. Additional experiments were performed in 2009 in order to evaluate the effects of replacing pre-crop barley with pre-crop pea. Crude oils were obtained by usinga pilot press and the fatty acid composition and contents of phytosterols and tocopherols were analyzed by GC-MS and LC-MS. The results showed significantseasonal variations in the contents of fatty acids, tocopherols andphytosterols. Furthermore, significant effects of N-fertilization were observed, with increased contents of C18:3n-3, erucic acid (C22:1) and γ-tocopherol at the highest level of N-fertilization. Pea compared to barley as pre-crop also increased the content of C18:3n-3. There were no effects of S-fertilization. Principal component analysis revealed positive correlations between the contents of C18:3, C22:1, γ-tocopherol and phytosterols, in particular brassicasterol. In conclusion, camelina seems to be well suitable for organic cropping. The oil quality was influenced by season and N-fertilization, still, the variation in nutrient content was small.
Sammendrag
Tracers can be used to monitor emisions of leachate from landfills, in order to detect hydrological pathways and to evaluate environmental pollution. We investigated the occurrence of the stable carbon isotope ratio (13C measured in dissolved inorganic carbon, or d13C-SCO2) and tritium (3H), in addition to parameters commonly found in relatively high concentrations in leachate such as chloride (Cl), organic matter (COD), nitrogen (Total and NH4-N), iron (Fe), electrical conductivity and pH. The sampling was performed at seven landfills in the south-eastern part of Norway during a period of 5 years. The objective was to evaluate the potential for tracing leachate in the environment with emphasis on groundwater pollution. By analyzing the d13C-SCO2 ratio in leachates, ground waters and surface waters the influence of leachate can be identified. The content of d13C-SCO2 varied from -5.5 to 25.9‰ in leachate, from -25.4 to 14.7‰ in groundwater, and varied between -19.7 to -13.1‰ in creeks. A comparison of the content of carbon isotope ratio with the concentrations of the compounds COD, electrical conductivity, Total- and NH4-N, Cl and Fe showed that d13C-SCO2 is a good tracer for leachate due to higher sensitivity compared to other parameters. The mean concentration of all the studied parameters was higher in the leachate samples, however, only the carbon isotope ratio showed significant differences between all of the groups strongly and weakly polluted and unpolluted samples, showing that it can be used as a practical tracer for lechate in groundwater and surface water. The carbon isotope ratioshowed strong correlation between nitrogen and electrical conductivity, and bicarbonate, but not with pH. Tritium was only found sporadically in low concentrations and is considered not suitable as a tracer at the sampled locations.
Forfattere
Ricardo HolgadoSammendrag
In 1955 the potato cyst nematode was recorded for the first time in Agder. This detection produced the initial legislation of PCN control, and was implemented based on the statutory regulation of 1916. Since 1956 PCN was given quarantine status in infested agricultural land and home gardens. Official controls of certified seed potatoes started in 1939. Each year about 3000 soil samples are analyzed for PCN to clear areas for certified seed potato production. These areas are so far free of PCN. The total acreage with seed potatoes in 2009 was 813.7 Ha. Extensive surveys started in 1955; and were carried uninterrupted until the end of the 1990ties. These surveys included producing potato agricultural land and home gardens. In 2009 a new national survey program for the principal potato districts has started, the surveys is aimed to update the PCN occurrence. The surveys will continue during the subsequently years until all major potato areas will be cover. Statutory regulations for PCN from 1956-2010 to Support to Norwegian Food Safety Authority The regulations have without doubt contributed in preventing PCN infestations in the seed potato areas, and probably also prevented further spreading of wPCN and virulent yPCN as each the find has been placed under quarantine. Permanent grass as a statutory regulation in home garden plots may have contributed to reduce the spread of wPCN to commercial fields. The regulations have most probably made possible the early reduction in use of chemical fumigants, organophosphates or carbamate nematicides. These chemicals have not been used since the early 1970s. The domestic production of seed potato has been kept free of PCN by frequent inspections and analyses for more than 50 years. The fact that farmers are not allowed to import seed potatoes adds to the level of security. New project Studies on the biology of potato cyst nematodes (Globodera spp.) under Nordic conditions for improving management and regulation in Norway. To increase the scientific basis for amending the management system for PCN, Globodera spp under Nordic conditions.
Forfattere
Venche Talgø Leif Sundheim Halvor B. Gjærum Maria Herrero Aruppillai Suthaparan Brita Toppe Arne StensvandSammendrag
This paper presents powdery mildew species recorded on woody ornamentals, with special emphasis on the latest arrivals; Erysiphe flexuosa on horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), Erysiphe syringae-japonicae on lilac (Syringa vulgaris) and Podosphaera spireae on white spirea (Spiraea betulifolia). The two former were found in 2006, while the latter was first detected in 2008. Chasmothecia (formerly named cleistothecia) were not found on white spirea until 2010. Several locations seemed to have optimal conditions for development of powdery mildew diseases in 2006. That year the long established Sawadaea bicornis on sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus), was found for the first time on tatarian maple (Acer tataricum ssp. ginnala) and one cultivar from hedge maple (Acer campestre "Red Shine"). Also several species and cultivars of Rhododendron had massive attacks of powdery mildew in 2006. In 2010, chasmothecia of E. azaleae were found on severely affected R. "Magnifica" in western Norway. Most powdery mildew species are host specific, but especially Phyllactinia guttata has a wider host range, e.g. hazel (Corylus spp.) and common ash (Fraxinus excelsior).
Forfattere
Kyrre Linné Kausrud Jean-Claude Grégoire Olav Skarpaas Nadir Erbilgin Marius Gilbert Bjørn Økland Nils Christian StensethSammendrag
Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) feed and breed in dead or severely weakened host trees. When their population densities are high, some species aggregate on healthy host trees so that their defences may be exhausted and the inner bark successfully colonized, killing the tree in the process. Here we investigate under what conditions participating with unrelated conspecifics in risky mass attacks on living trees is an adaptive strategy, and what this can tell us about bark beetle outbreak dynamics. We find that the outcome of individual host selection may deviate from the ideal free distribution in a way that facilitates the emergence of tree-killing (aggressive) behavior, and that any heritability on traits governing aggressiveness seems likely to exist in a state of flux or cycles consistent with variability observed in natural populations. This may have implications for how economically and ecologically important species respond to environmental changes in climate and landscape (forest) structure. The population dynamics emerging from individual behavior are complex, capable of switching between “endemic” and “epidemic” regimes spontaneously or following changes in host availability or resistance. Model predictions are compared to empirical observations, and we identify some factors determining the occurrence and self-limitation of epidemics.