Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2006
Forfattere
Anne Kristine Søvik Bjørn Kløve Kaisa Haikkinen J. Augustin Jari Huttunen J.M. Necki Satu Karjalainen Anu Liikanen Ülo Mander Markku Puustinen S. Teiter P. WachniewSammendrag
The potential atmospheric impact of constructed wetlands (CWs) should be examined as there is a worldwide increase in the development of these systems. Fluxes of N2O, CH4, and CO2 have been measured from CWs in Estonia, Finland, Norway, and Poland during winter and summer in horizontal and vertical subsurface flow (HSSF and VSSF), free surface water (FSW), and overland and groundwater flow (OGF) wetlands. The fluxes of N2O-N, CH4-C, and CO2-C ranged from "2.1 to 1000, "32 to 38 000, and "840 to 93 000 mg m"2 d"1, respectively. Emissions of N2O and CH4 were significantly higher during summer than during winter. The VSSF wetlands had the highest fluxes of N2O during both summer and winter. Methane emissions were highest from the FSW wetlands during wintertime. In the HSSF wetlands, the emissions of N2O and CH4 were in general highest in the inlet section. The vegetated ponds in the FSW wetlands released more N2O than the non-vegetated ponds. The global warming potential (GWP), summarizing the mean N2O and CH4 emissions, ranged from 5700 to 26000 and 830 to 5100 mg CO2-equivalents m"2 d"1 for the four CW types in summer and winter, respectively. The wintertime GWP was 8.5-89.5% of the corresponding summertime GWP, which highlights the importance of the cold season in the annual greenhouse gas release from north temperate and boreal CWs. However, due to their generally small area North European CWs were suggested to represent only a minor source for atmospheric N2O and CH4.
Sammendrag
Rapporten er en del av konsekvensutredning for Vigra Spool Base, som omhandler konsekvenser for verneområder, naturtyper/botanikk og marine områder. Vigra Spool Base er en rørsveisingsbane med dypvannskai, transportstrekning, produksjonsanlegg, rørlager og tilførselsvei. Det skal fylles ut i sjøen ved kaianlegget, mens myra skal fjernes i området for produksjonsanlegget og i traséen for rørlageret, og legges opp i voller langs anlegget. Naturreservatene Blindheimsvika og Rørvikvatnet berøres ikke direkte av tiltaksområdet. Det er ikke funnet fare for endring av de hydrologiske forholdene rundt Rørvikvatnet. Myra og underliggende løsmasser danner en naturlig uavbrutt barriere mellom tiltaket og Rørvikvatnet, og toppen av løsmassene er hard og har svært liten vannledningsevne. Rørvikvatnets vannivå er omtrent på samme høyde som tiltaket i de områdene som ligger nær vatnet. Dersom en ikke graver seg ned i løsmassene vil det ikke være fare for utlekking av vann fra Rørvikvatnet, eller endring av nedbørfeltet. Det er ikke funnet botaniske rødlistearter i området, og heller ikke sjeldne naturtyper eller endring av viktige landskapsøkologiske sammenhenger. I de marine områdene utenfor er det heller ikke funnet sjeldne arter, og tiltaket vil ikke svekke det biologiske mangfoldet marint. Tiltaket og aktiviteten på anlegget vil ha liten innvirkning på fugle- og dyreliv i området, både i verneområdene og i området ellers.
Forfattere
Anne Kristine Søvik Nina SyversenSammendrag
A lysimeter experiment with drained soil columns has been established in order to study the retention efficiency of particles and nutrients from artificial agricultural runoff in soil from a vegetative buffer zone. The effect of vegetation, grass versus trees and alder versus aspen, high and low runoff as well as different seasons has been examined. It was found that the retention of particles, total P and phosphate was significantly higher in the columns with trees compared to the columns with grass. In general this was the case for organic carbon and the nitrogen compounds as well. Columns with aspen and alder had equal retention efficiency for particles, organic matter and total phosphorus. Again this was in general valid for total nitrogen and nitrate as well. The retention efficiency for the measured parameters followed in general the pattern: particles/organic matter > phosphorus > nitrogen. The retention efficiency of the nutrients was generally better during the summer and early autumn compared to late autumn, for particles and organic carbon less difference between the seasons was observed.
Forfattere
Nina Heiberg Roald LundeSammendrag
Formålet med forsøkene var å finne frem til egnet vekstsubstrat for hageblåbær ved karplanteproduksjon i veksthus. I det første forsøket ble ulike blandinger med torv (60 %), furubark (10 eller 35 %) og perlite (0 eller 25 %) + sand (5%) sammenlignet. Balndinger med 35 % furubark gav best rotutvikling, ellers var det ikke signifikant forskjeller. I neste forsøk ble en blanding med 35 % furubark sammenlignet med et kommersielt vekstmedium (Klasmann Container Fibre Substrate plus 20 % wood fibre). Det ble ikke funnet noen signifikante forskjeller. Både Bluecrop og Nui ser ut til å være egnet for karplanteproduksjon i veksthus. Bluecrop gav til sammen 3, 26 kg/m2 avling på tre år.
Forfattere
Thomas Hartnik Frans Busser John Jensen Joop HermensSammendrag
During the last years biomimetic extractions have become quite popular to assess the bioavailable fraction in soils and sediments. These techniques can be divided in depleting and non-depleting techniques, those that are based on depletion of the aqueous phase and subsequent desorption of the weakly bound fraction of a compound, and those that try to avoid disturbing the equilibrium between solid and aqueous phase. We have performed experiments that try to identify chemical extraction methods that mimic exposure of earthworms for the non-ionic insecticide "-cypermethrin. The extractable amounts that were achieved by the different extraction techniques were then related to internal concentrations in earthworms and sublethal toxicity for earthworms. Extraction of soil using ß-cyclodextrin was used as a depletive method. The extraction was based on a method developed by Reid et al (2000) and optimized regarding extraction time, cyclodextrin concentration and analysis of the extracted fraction. Non-depletive solid phase microextraction (nd-SPME) was used as a non-depletive technique. As shown earlier the technique can be used to assess concentrations of freely dissolved compound in porewater. Our results show that at low concentrations (< 25 mg/kg) cyclodextrin-extractability correlate well with uptake of "-cypermethrin in earthworm. However, at high concentrations ß-cyclodextrin tends to overestimate uptake in earthworms. Non depletive SPME-extraction precisely mimics the uptake of "-cypermethrin in earthworms both at low and high compound concentrations in soil. Differences between the extraction techniques will be discussed and explanation for the different extraction patterns given.
Forfattere
Ingvild Wartiainen Anne Grethe Hestnes Ian R. McDonald Mette M. SvenningSammendrag
A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, non-spore forming bacterium (SV96T) was isolated from wetland soil near Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain SV96T was shown to belong to the Gammaproteobacteria, related to Methylobacter psychrophilus Z-0021T (99.1 %), Methylobacter luteus ATCC 49878T (97.3 %), Methylobacter marinus A45T (97.0 %) and Methylobacter whittenburyi ATCC 51738T (95.8 %); the closest related species within the genus Methylomicrobium with a validly published name was Methylomicrobium album ATCC 33003T (95.0 %). Chemotaxonomic data (including the major fatty acids: 16 : 1v8, 16:1v7 and 16:1v5t) supported the af"liation of strain SV96T to the genus Methylobacter. The results of DNA"DNA hybridization, physiological and biochemical tests allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain SV96T from the four Methylobacter species mentioned above. Strain SV96T therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Methylobacter tundripaludum sp. nov. is proposed (type strain SV96T =DSM 17260T = ATCC BAA-1195T).
Forfattere
Ingvild Wartiainen Anne Grethe Hestnes Ian R. McDonald Mette M. SvenningSammendrag
A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, non-spore-forming, pink-pigmented bacterium, SV97T, was isolated from a wetland soil near Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard Islands, Norway (78° N). On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain SV97T was shown to belong to the Alphaproteobacteria and was highly related to a number of non-characterized Methylocystis strains with GenBank accession nos AJ458507 and AJ458502 (100 %) and AF177299, AJ458510, AJ458467, AJ458471, AJ431384, AJ458475, AJ458484, AJ458501 and AJ458466 (99 %). The most closely related type strains were Methylocystis parvus OBBPT (97.2 %) and Methylocystis echinoides IMET 10491T (97 %). The closest related recognized species within the genus Methylosinus was Methylosinus sporium NCIMB 11126T (96.0 % similarity). Chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data (C18 : 1w8 as the major fatty acid, non-motile, no rosette formation) supported the af"liation of strain SV97T to the genus Methylocystis. The results of DNA"DNA hybridization and physiological and biochemical tests allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain SV97T from the two recognized Methylocystis species. Strain SV97T therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Methylocystis rosea sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain SV97T (=DSM 17261T =ATCC BAA-1196T).
Forfattere
Anne S. Halstensen Karl-Christian Nordby Sonja Klemsdal Oleif Elen Per Erik Clasen Weijnand EduardSammendrag
Trichothecenes are immunosuppressive mycotoxins produced mainly by Fusarium spp. and often are detected as natural contaminants of grain and other agricultural products. Exposure to trichothecenes through inhalation during grain work may represent possible health risks for grain farmers. We aimed, therefore, to investigate the level of Fusarium spp. and trichothecenes in settled grain dust collected during work on 92 Norwegian farms. Mycotoxins were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, whereas the Fusarium spp. were identified and quantified both by species-specific semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and by cultivation. All potential trichothecene-producing molds in the grain dust were quantified using a PCR assay specific for tri5, the gene coding for trichodiene synthase that catalyzes the first step in the trichothecene biosynthesis. We performed correlation analysis between mold-DNA and mycotoxins to assess whether the PCR-detected DNA could be used as indicators of the mycotoxins. The methodological problem of detecting small amounts of airborne mycotoxins during grain work may then be avoided. Whereas the trichothecene-producing Fusarium species in grain dust could not be identified or quantified to a sufficient extent by cultivation, all investigated Fusarium spp. could be specifically detected by PCR and quantified from the DNA agarose gel band intensities. Furthermore, we observed a strong correlation between the trichothecenes HT-2 toxin (HT-2) or T-2 toxin (T-2) and DNA specific for tri5 (r = 0.68 for HT-2 and r = 0.50 for T-2; p < 0.001), F. langsethiae (r = 0.77 for HT-2 and r = 0.59 for T-2; p < 0.001), or F. poae (r = 0.41 for HT-2 and r = 0.35 for T-2; p < 0.001). However, only a moderate correlation was observed between the trichothecene deoxynivalenol ( DON) and the combination of its producers, F. culmorum and F. graminearum (r = 0.24, p = 0.02), and no significant correlation was observed between DON and tri5. PCR clearly improved the detection of toxigenic Fusaria as potential sources of health risks for farmers inhaling grain dust during work, but the use of Fusarium-DNA as indicators for trichothecenes should be used cautiously.
Forfattere
Ingvild Wartiainen Bjørn Frantzen Alexei Bambulyak Pål B. Mortensen Espen Hansen Sergey Zhavoronkin Ole Anders Lindseth Bjørn Kristoffersen Dag Nagoda Vladimir Bakharev Ole Kristian Bjerkemo Tom Gederø Mikhail Kalentchenko Terje Alling Vladislav Pesko Alf E. Jakobsen Harald Larsen Aksel JensenSammendrag
Gjennom artikler skrevet av forskere, myndigheter, miljøorganisasjoner og politikere på norsk og russisk side presenteres nærings- og biologiske interesser i Barentshavet. Det gis også et innblikk i hvilke forventninger og bekymringer lokalsamfunn i området har til petroleumsaktiviteten og annen næringsaktivitet i havet.
Sammendrag
The strategy to mitigate phosphorus (P) losses in areas of arable cropping in Norway has focused on measures to reduce erosion. Risk assessment of erosion has formed the basis for implementation of measures. The soil P content has increased during the last decades motivating an evaluation of its effect on P transfer in the landscape. The present study describes the spatial variability of runoff P concentrations from an agricultural dominated catchment (4.5 km2) representative for agriculture in south-eastern Norway. The concentrations of suspended sediments (SS), total P (TP) and dissolved reactive P (DRP) in runoff from 22 subcatchments (0.3 "263 ha) during one year (monthly and during runoff-events) were evaluated. Contributions from point sources were 38 kg TP yr-1 compared to a total P loss of 685 kg yr-1 from the whole catchment. During low flow, mean diffuse TP concentration in runoff from subcatchments varied from 28 to 382 µg L-1. The mean low flow TP concentration was 39 µg L-1 from the housing area (only diffuse runoff) and 33 µg L-1 from the forested area. During high flow the highest diffuse TP concentration was measured in an area with high erosion risk and high soil P status. At the subcatchment level the transfer of SS varied from 25 to 175% of the whole catchment SS transfer. Correspondingly for TP, the transfer varied from 50 to 260% of the whole catchment TP transfer. For each of five agricultural subcatchments the slope of the relationship between TP and SS concentrations reflected the mean soil P status of the subcatchment. Erosion risk estimates were closely related to the SS concentration (R2 = 0.83). The study illustrates that soil P status in addition to soil erosion are important factors for P transfer.