Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2013
Forfattere
Hugo Storm Klaus MittenzweiSammendrag
The aim of the paper is to explore what roll policy plays for farmer’s exit/survival decision. We aim in particular to explore the importance of the total farm income as well as the on-farm wage rate for farm exit. Both the total income well as the on-farm wage rate is heavily influenced by agricultural support. A common believe which is often brought forward by the farmers lobby is that an increase in agricultural support can decrease farm exit rates. We aim to analyse this claim empirically by using data of all farms for the period 1999 to 2009. Our findings show that the absolute size of farms is most important in explaining farm exits. Larger farms have a substantially lower probability to exit than smaller farms. The on-farm wage rate or changes in it are less relevant. Farms seem to need a given size in order to generate a sufficient income for the farmer. In the long run, policy can influence farm size and a farm’s income potential. Our results therefore support in some way the common believe that an increase in support decreases the number of farm exiting. However, we see two problems that need to be considered in this respect. First our findings indicate that the changes is support needs to be rather drastic in order to meaningfully reduce farm exist. We calculate for the period 1999 to 2009 that total support would have need to be approximated 47% (or around 5 billion nkr) higher in order to reduce the yearly exit rate by around 1 percentage point. It is a question if society is willing to pay huge increase in agricultural spending if the effects on farm structural change are rather moderate. In addition we see a more fundamental problem. If support is increase drastically it is likely that the increased income opportunities in agriculture are mirrored by increases in land values. If farmers can earn more in agriculture there might be willing to pay more for agricultural land, if land is scarce this will lead in the long run to an increase in land values. This in turn increases the attractiveness for giving up the farm and renting out or selling the land. Therefore, exits rates might even be less affected by changes in direct payments as our calculations indicate. There is much we do not yet understand. Farms close down despite of favourable income expectations or relatively large farm sizes. Farmers do not seem to make their decisions out of pure economic considerations. Personal preferences for farming as a lifestyle, family ties, local infrastructure, networks, and employment opportunities may add to the explanation of structural change. But our findings suggest that a continuation of the current policy or even a rather strong increase in support is not likely to fundamentally change the current pattern of structural change in Norwegian agriculture.
Sammendrag
Genetiske ressurser er en avgjørende faktor for all mat- og landbruksproduksjon og en viktig del av vår kulturarv. Moderne foredlings- og produksjonsmetoder har økt volumproduksjonen dramatisk samtidig som det genetiske mangfoldet er kraftig redusert. Uansett landbruksproduksjon er det derfor viktig med målrettede tiltak for å sikre at framtidas produsenter og forbrukere har et tilstrekkelig genetisk mangfold å høste av når mat og andre landbruksprodukter skal produseres i morgendagens klima og under morgendagens rammevilkår. Det meste av norsk landbruksproduksjon i dag baserer seg på nasjonale genetiske ressurser. Vi har med dette en spesielt god beredskap for framtidig foredling og produksjon. Landbrukspolitikken og norske avlsorganisasjoner og foredlingsselskap må bidra til at denne situasjonen opprettholdes og gjerne forbedres. Næringer som i dag baserer seg på importert genetisk materiale, som grønsaksproduksjonen og fjørfenæringen, nyter i dag godt av internasjonale avls- og foredlingsfirmaers kompetanse og gode priser. Men siden Norge er et lite marked, har norske aktører innen disse produksjonene begrenset innflytelse på retningen av det internasjonale foredlingsarbeidet. Dette kan føre til at de må bruke genetisk materiale som ikke er optimalt for norske produksjonsforhold. I Norge begynte systematisk bevaring av nasjonale genressurser for mat og landbruk på 1970-tallet. Siden da er det opprettet genbanker, klon- og in-situ-samlinger av nasjonale genetiske ressurser. Norsk genressurssenter har ett rådgivende genressursutvalg innen hver av sektorene husdyr, kulturplaner og skogtrær. Genressursutvalgenes bredde i kompetanse og sammensetning bidrar til å sikre kvaliteten på Genressurssenterets arbeid. Karakterisering av genetiske ressurser som har liten kommersiell betydning i dag er viktig, men kostbart. Genressurssenterets prosjektmidler er en viktig finansieringskilde, men er ikke tilstrekkelig til å komme i mål med karakteriseringsarbeidet innen overskuelig tid. Genetiske ressurser bevares best gjennom bærekraftig bruk og i naturlige populasjoner. Ny næringsutvikling basert på nasjonale genressurser og etablering av genressursreservater i allerede etablerte verneområder har hatt en svak økning de siste årene. Det er viktig å styrke denne trenden. Nordisk samarbeid er sentralt i norsk genressursarbeid. Felles nordisk klima og produksjonsforhold har vært viktige faglige argumenter for å opprette en nordisk frøgenbank og etablere nordiske, faglige genressursnettverk. Norge viser stor aktivitet i internasjonalt genressursarbeid under konvensjonen for biologisk mangfold (Konvensjonen, CBD), og FAOs Kommisjon for genetiske ressurser for mat og landbruk (Kommisjonen, CGRFA) samt Den internasjonale traktaten for plantegenetiske ressurser for mat og landbruk (Plantetraktaten, ITPGRFA). Norges mest kjente bidrag i internasjonalt genressursarbeid er å være vertsnasjon for Svalbard globale frøhvelv. Tilgang til genetiske ressurser og en rettferdig og likeverdig fordeling av fordelene som følger av utnyttelsen av genressursene er viktige målsetninger i internasjonalt genressursarbeid. De neste årene vil det bli økt fokus på dette arbeidet både gjennom forbedringer av det multilaterale systemet under Plantetraktaten (ITPGRFA) og ved at Nagoya-protokollen for tilgang og utbyttedeling under Konvensjonen (CBD) vil tre i kraft. Derfor har også Kommisjonen (CGRFA) økt sitt engasjement innen dette området. En sammenstilling av alle strategiplanens mål og tiltak finnes i Vedlegg 5.
Forfattere
Rajko Vidrih Branka Mozetic Vodopivec Janez Hribar Anja Mahne Opatic Eivind VangdalSammendrag
Plums varieties Jubileum, Excalibur and Reeves were harvested at commercial harvest date. After harvest fruits were dipped in hot water (56 °C) for 2 minutes then they were cooled down in cool water. Fruits were stored for 4 weeks in normal atmosphere (NA) and modified atmosphere (MAP) in xtend packaging film. In equilibrium state,modified atmosphere consisted of 10 % of O2 and 10 % of CO2. Excalibur contained the highest amount of total phenols, followed by Jubileum and Revees, while Jubileum had the highest antioxidative potential (AOP) followed by Excalibur and Revees. Significantly more total phenols was found at second week of storage followed by forth week and after harvest. On the other hand, Revees contained significantly more flavonoids, followed by Excalibur and Jubileum. The highest antioxidative potential was found immediately after harvest followed by that of 4 weeks storage and finally that of 2 weeks storage time. Significantly more flavonoids were found at the beginning of storage and least at the end of storage. Plums stored in modified atmosphere had the highest AOP, followed by NA, MAP hot water (HW) treated and NA hot water treated fruits. With regard to storage conditions, more flavonoids were found in NA stored plums, followed by MAP HW, MAP and NAHW. Revees had the highest polar AOP followed by Jubileum and Excalibur, but no statistically significant differences were found. Also the highest polar AOP was found in forth week of storage again no statistically significant differences were found. Storage atmosphere gave no statistically significant differences in polar AOP. Results showed that storage conditions influence the AOP, total phenols and flavonoids. Flavonoids are more abundant after harvest, total phenols in the middle of storage period. Hot water treatment is becoming popular because might be used for organically grown fruits and vegetables. In our experiment hot water treatment showed e tendency to decrease AOP, flavonoids and polar AOP but significantly decreases total phenols.
Forfattere
Ger Devlin Bruce TalbotSammendrag
The Irish government has undertaken to reduce national CO2 emissions through a range of measures put out in their Biomass Action Plan and the National Renewable Energy Action Plan. The conversion of peat fired power plants to co-fire with renewable biomass is one of these. This paper considers how the adoption of sweeping policies impact on other actors presently supplying or utilizing woody biomass resources. The SAWMILL sector (18 sawmills), BOARD sector, 3 board plants, and ENERGY sector (3 peat fired power stations) were included in a Linear Programming (LP) based transportation study. Specific transport costs between each residue producing sawmill and each board and energy plant were modeled and used in finding the minimum delivered cost for a number of scenarios. Scenario 2015 represented the status quo, while Scenario 2030 represented a situation with 30% co-firing with woody biomass equivalents in the energy plants. For each time horizon, the problem was solved from the perspective of society at large (GLOBAL), for the benefit of the board sector (BOARD) or with emphasis on minimizing the cost to the energy sector (ENERGY). The cost of transporting alternative sources of renewable energy was varied between €100 and €500 TJ−1. Results showed how overall supply costs increase with increasing alternative energy cost, but also how the dynamics between sectors focus worked. The cost of transport to the Energy sector ranged from €306,043 to €996,842 in Scenario 2015, while the increased demand in 2030 led to a range of between €1,132,831 and €4,926,040, depending on the alternative cost selected. For the Board sector, whose absolute demand remained constant, the total transport cost ranged between €868,506 and €3,454,916 in Scenario 2015. The unchanged demand showed that the transport costs also remained the same for the 2030 Scenario, however, the optimization focusing on the Energy sector, increased the delivery cost to the Board sector by up to €693,730 per year by 2015 and €842,271 per year by 2030, indicating how intervention would be necessary if political ambitions of a 30% co-firing should happen without detriment to other important wood based industries.
Sammendrag
Information on tree species effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks is scattered and there have been few attempts to synthesize results for forest floor and mineral soil C pools. We reviewed and synthesized current knowledge of tree species effects on SOC stocks in temperate and boreal forests based on common garden, retrospective paired stand and retrospective single-tree studies. There was evidence of consistent tree species effects on SOC stocks. Effects were clearest for forest floor C stocks (23 of 24 studies) with consistent differences for tree genera common to European and North American temperate and boreal forests. Support for generalization of tree species effects on mineral soil C stocks was more limited, but significant effects were found in 13 of 22 studies that measured mineral soil C. Proportional differences in forest floor and mineral soil C stocks among tree species suggested that C stocks can be increased by 200–500% in forest floors and by 40–50% in top mineral soil by tree species change. However, these proportional differences within forest floors and mineral soils are not always additive: the C distribution between forest floor and mineral soil rather than total C stock tends to differ among tree species within temperate forests. This suggests that some species may be better engineers for sequestration of C in stable form in the mineral soil, but it is unclear whether the key mechanism is root litter input or macrofauna activity. Tree species effects on SOC in targeted experiments were most consistent with results from large-scale inventories for forest floor C stocks whereas mineral soil C stocks appeared to be stronger influenced by soil type or climate than by tree species at regional or national scales. Although little studied, there are indications that higher tree species diversity could lead to higher SOC stocks but the role of tree species diversity per se vs. species identity effects needs to be disentangled in rigorous experimental designs. For targeted use of tree species to sequester soil C we must identify the processes related to C input and output, particularly belowground, that control SOC stock differences. We should also study forms and stability of C along with bulk C stocks to assess whether certain broadleaves store C in more stable form. Joint cooperation is needed to support syntheses and process-oriented work on tree species and SOC, e.g. through an international network of common garden experiments.
Sammendrag
In this letter, we advocate recognizing the genus Fusarium as the sole name for a group that includes virtually all Fusarium species of importance in plant pathology, mycotoxicology, medicine, and basic research. This phylogenetically guided circumscription will free scientists from any obligation to use other genus names, including teleomorphs, for species nested within this clade, and preserve the application of the name Fusarium in the way it has been used for almost a century. Due to recent changes in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, this is an urgent matter that requires community attention. The alternative is to break the longstanding concept of Fusarium into nine or more genera, and remove important taxa such as those in the F. solani species complex from the genus, a move we believe is unnecessary. Here we present taxonomic and nomenclatural proposals that will preserve established research connections and facilitate communication within and between research communities, and at the same time support strong scientific principles and good taxonomic practice.
Forfattere
Roger RosethSammendrag
I perioden 2010 – 2012 har det blitt gjennomført prøvetaking av grunnvannsbrønner i 9 områder i Norge – Klepp, Kongsberg, Grue, Ullensaker/Nannestad, Nesodden, Larvik, Råde, Grimstad og Overhalla. Prosjektet er en videreføring av arbeid utført i perioden 2007 – 2009. Målet har vært å kartlegge forekomst av plantevernmidler i viktige grunnvannsforekomster i tilknytning til jordbruk. Det ble påvist plantevernmidler i 24 av totalt 28 undersøkte brønner/kilder. Midler ble påvist i alle undersøkte områder. Det ble påvist plantevernmidler i 89 av 199 analyserte prøver (45 %). Av disse overskred 24 prøver (12 %) veiledende grenseverdi for plantevernmidler i drikkevann (≤0,1 μg/l). Til sammen ble det påvist 19 ulike plantevernmidler og metabolitter. Plantevernmidlene som ble påvist i flest prøver var bentazon (35), atrazin (18), simazin (16), metalaksyl (13), MCPA (11) og BAM (11). Deretter fulgte pencykuron (6), trifloksystrobinmetabolitt (3), azyksystrobin (2), mekoprop (2) og imidakloprid (2). 13 midler og metabolitter ble påvist i konsentrasjoner over veiledende grenseverdi for drikkevann (≤0,1 μg/l). Midlene som viste flest overskridelser var bentazon (ugrasmiddel) og pencykuron (beisemiddel mot sopp). Prosjektet er finansiert over ”Handlingsplanen for redusert risiko ved bruk av plantevernmidler 2010 - 2014”. Analysene av plantevernmidler har blitt utført av Bioforsk Plantehelse, avdeling for pesticidkjemi.
Forfattere
Jolanda Roux Halvor Solheim Gilbert Kamgan Nkuekam Michael J. WingfieldSammendrag
A survey to identify ophiostomatoid fungi that infect wounds on native Norwegian and Swedish broadleaved trees was undertaken during summer 2004. A fungus resembling a species of Sporendocladia was commonly isolated from the exposed cambium and inner bark of wounds. Morphological examination and comparisons of DNA sequence data for the ITS and 5.8S regions of the rRNA gene region led to its identification as Sporendocladia bactrospora. Pathogenicity trials on young Populus tremula and Betula pubescens trees showed that S. bactrospora is capable of causing lesions on these trees. There have been few previous reports of S. bactrospora, and in most cases, these have been as saprophytes on wood. In contrast, results of this study show that it is a common inhabitant of freshly made wounds on native broadleaved trees in Scandinavia, and it appears to contribute to staining of wood.
Forfattere
Yngve RekdalSammendrag
Vegetasjonskart gjev eit bilete av den mosaikken av vegetasjonstypar som det naturlege plantedekket består av. Ein vegetasjonstype er ei karakteristisk samling planteartar som vil gå att på lokalitetar med like veksetilhøve. Ei oversikt over utbreiinga av vegetasjonstypar gjev oss på denne måten informasjon også om variasjonen i økologiske faktorar (klima, næring og vatn i jorda, snødekke og kulturpåverknad) i eit område. I tillegg kan kvar vegetasjonstype tilleggast eigenskapar med omsyn til ulik ressursutnytting og bruk (beite, slitestyrke for ferdsel, artsmangfald m.m.). I beiteområdet til Storfjellet beitelag i Ringebu og Stor-Elvdal kommunar, er det laga vegetasjonskart for eit område på 167 km². Kartlegginga er utført på oppdrag frå beitelaget. Viktigaste målsettinga er å lage eit grunnlag for planlegging av beitebruk i området. Kartlegginga er gjort etter Skog og landskap sin instruks for vegetasjonskartlegging i M 1:20 000 - 50 000. Det er framstilt vegetasjonskart og avleia temakart for sauebeite og storfebeite....
Sammendrag
Many remote sensing-based methods estimating forest biomass rely on allometric biomass models for field reference data. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has emerged as a tool for detailed data collection in forestry applications, and the methods have been proposed to derive, e.g. tree position, diameter-at-breast-height, and stem volume from TLS data. In this study, TLS-derived features were related to destructively sampled branch biomass of Norway spruce at the single-tree level, and the results were compared to conventional allometric models with field measured diameter and height. TLS features were derived following two approaches: one voxel-based approach with a detailed analysis of the interaction between individual voxels and each laser beam. The features were derived using voxels of size 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 m, and the effect of the voxel size was assessed. The voxel-derived features were compared to features derived from crown dimension measurements in the unified TLS point cloud data. TLS-derived variables were used in regression models, and prediction accuracies were assessed through a Monte Carlo cross-validation procedure. The model based on 0.4 m voxel data yielded the best prediction accuracy, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 32%. The accuracy was found to decrease with an increase in voxel size, i.e. the model based on the 0.1 m voxel yielded the lowest accuracy. The model based on crown measurements had an RMSE of 34%. The accuracies of the predictions from the TLS-based models were found to be higher than from conventional allometric models, but the improvement was relatively small.