Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2008
Sammendrag
Phytophthora infestans is an important pathogen on potato and tomato during the winter seasons in the north of Vietnam and all the year around in Lam Dong province in the south of Vietnam. Data from earlier studies of isolates of P. infestans collected in 2002-2003 showed that the P. infestans population on tomato and potato from Vietnam still consist of the "old" population. However preliminary studies of P. infestans samples from 2007 indicate that this situation has started to change. Data from aggressiveness tests of P. infestans isolates on tomato and potato showed that the majority of isolates collected from tomato could not infect potato. All tested isolates originating from potato infected both hosts. From 2005-2007, field experiments in tomato and potato using IPM strategies for controlling late blight have been carried out in Lam Dong province and in Hanoi area (north of Vietnam). In these experiments, cultivars with different levels of late blight resistance and different fungicide dosages have been tested. Simple forecasting methods and sanitation procedures were also included in some of the experiments. In Lam Dong, strategies including 7 days fixed spray intervals with full dose of the fungicide mancozeb did not control late blight properly in tomato, and all 4 tomato experiments were terminated early. In the potato experiments use of a more modern fungicide could control late blight using reduced dosages. In the tomato experiments in the north no natural infection of late blight occurred during the experimental period.
Forfattere
Sølvi SvendsenSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Sølvi SvendsenSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Maria Herrero Arthur de Cock Sonja Klemsdal Brita ToppeSammendrag
In 2006, a survey of root diseases in greenhouse pot plants started in Norway. During this survey an unknown Phytophthora sp. was isolated several times. The ITSrDNA region of these isolates were sequenced and compared to the GenBank database. The determined ITS sequences of the isolates matched the sequence of Phythophthora taxon niederhauserii.The diseased plants originated from 5 different greenhouse sites. Isolates were obtained from ivy (Hedera helix), begonia-hybrids (Begonia × hiemalis and Begonais × cheimantha), gloxinia (Sinninga speciosa) and kalanchoë (Kalanchoë blossfeldiana). Symptoms on begonia, gloxinia and ivy included necrotic roots and stems with the necrosis advancing to the leaves via the petioles. In the case of ivy and gloxinia, wilting of the whole plant was observed. In kalanchoë only discoloration of roots and reduced plant growth was seen. Koch postulates have been completed for ivy and gloxinia. The pathogen caused aggressive root-rot in 22 different ivy-cultivars.
Forfattere
Maria Herrero Brita Toppe May Bente Brurberg Arild SlettenSammendrag
I 2007 ble Phytophthora ramorum påvist i planteprøver fra 35 lokaliteter i Norge. Av disse var 16 planteskoler, 7 hagesentre, 10 parker og 1 private hage. I tillegg ble patogenet påvist i 22 importsendinger. Påvisningene i planteskoler og hagesetre ble hovedsakelig gjort på rododendron, men det ble gjort en påvisnig på Pieris sp. i et hagesenter. I parker og private hager ble P.ramorum påvist på rododendron i Bergen, Stavanger, Hvitsten (Akershus) og Kvanne (Møre og Romsdal), samt på Pieris sp. i Ørsta (Møre og Romsdal). Skadene observert i Bergensområde i 2007 er de mest omfattende observert siden kartleggingen begynte i 2004. En undersøkelse gjennomført i en infisert park i Bergen viser at P. ramorum kan overvintre i jord, og infisere friske planter neste år. En undersøkelse gjennomført i en planteskole viste av bladavfall kan være en smittekilde for P. ramorum
Forfattere
Lars Tørres HavstadSammendrag
Ved leveranse av lagerfast vare til såvarefirmaet skal basis vannprosent i frøet være på mellom 11,6 og 12,5 prosent vann. Ved høyere vanninnhold enn 12,6 prosent blir det i henhold til prisavtalen trekk i oppgjørsprisen, og i verste fall må frøfirmaet tørke frøpartiet på nytt. Avleren blir da belastet med 500 kr pr. parti som må tørkes. For å undersøke hvordan vanninnholdet i frøet blir bestemt hos de ulike såvarefirmaene, og om vannbestemmelsen gir likt resultat, ble det i mars 2008 foretatt en ringtest hvor likt behandla frø ble sendt til Felleskjøpet Agri på Holstad, Strand Brænderi på Moelv og til Felleskjøpet Rogaland Agder i Stavanger for vannbestemmelse. Vedlagt artikkel omtaler resultatene fra denne testen.
Sammendrag
Most fungicide applications targeting apple scab aim to control primary infections caused by ascospores and spraying is thereby linked to ascospore availability. We investigated the effect of pre bud break climatic conditions on seasonal patterns of ascospore release. Apple leaves bearing pseudothecia of Venturia inaequalis were overwintered at orchard sites in 8 countries for up to 3 years. Leaf samples were collected 2 to 5 weeks before bud break and again at bud break, air dried, and sent via airmail to Norway. The samples were stored at -18 ºC upon arrival until tested. Disks cut from each replicate leaf sample were incubated moist at 20 ºC to allow ascospore maturation but prevent discharge. Matured ascospores were induced to discharge twice a week and enumerated until the supply was exhausted. The proportion of ascospores ejected was fitted against degree day accumulation using logistic regression. The regression intercept (onset maturation), slope (maturation rate), as well as the absolute number of spores counted differed significantly (P < 0.001, P = 0.05, P < 0.001 respectively) among sites and sampling dates. There was a significant interaction between site and sampling date, indicating that climatic conditions prior to bud break differentially impacted the subsequent ascospore availability. Observed differences could perhaps be used to further refine previously described models of ascospore maturity.
Forfattere
Arne Stensvand Maria Herrero Håvard Eikemo Andrew Dobson David M. Gadoury Robert C. Seem Catherine Heidenreich Mary Jean WelserSammendrag
Artikkelen gir ein kort omtale av resultat frå eit forskingsprosjekt om mjøldogg i jordbær.
Sammendrag
Incomplete combustion during vegetation fire can lead to the conversion of plant and soil organic matter (OM) into charcoal. The thermally altered OM is considered to contribute to the stable pool of soil C. Most of the data on thermal alteration of plant material were obtained in the laboratory, whereas fire consequences on ecosystem C storage calls for data collected in natural-fire conditions. The objective of this study was to relate the quality of visually-identified litter charcoal and the temperature recorded during a scrubland prescribed fire. Litter was sampled before and after the fire along a transect in the 30 ha experimental site. Litter-size fractions were analyzed for chemical composition and properties by elementary and isotopic analysis, solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and quantification of oxidation-resistant pyrogenic C. The maximum temperature reached within the litter layer during fire was assessed with thermo-sensitive paints. Our results showed that fire had little effect on bulk litter composition because the fire event induced a large litter fall of both charred and non-charred material, resulting in the impossibility to distinguish new-litter-input and charring processes. As a consequence, the visual identification and separation of burned and unburned material constituted an essential preliminary step for chemical characterization of thermally altered organic matter. Fire temperatures ranged from 370 to 650°C. Charring signifi- cantly increased the litter C concentration by 115 to 142 mg g"1 under the effects of dehydration and aromatization processes occurring above 370°C. A significant correlation appeared between the production of aromatic structures, the decrease of O-alkyl C contribution and the temperature. The relationship between the maximum temperatures reached during the natural fire and the chemical transformation of the litter organic matter appeared highly consistent with previous results obtained under controlled conditions. Heating also led to a significant decrease of the 13C that we interpret as a higher thermal sensitivity of 13C-rich molecules. The elemental composition, NMR and thermal spectra are consistent with the low oxidation-resistant C concentration of this natural charcoal (16±5 % OC), reflecting a low condensation degree compared to graphitic-like model. These findings suggest that leaf-derived charcoal produced during natural vegetation fire may have a lower C storage potential than previously assumed.
Sammendrag
Vegetation fire is the worldwide disturbance that affects the largest area and biggest biomes variety. Fire instantaneously generates large C fluxes to the atmosphere, as gas and soot particles. In the same time, part of ecosystem organic matter (OM) is converted into charred material that may contribute to the stable pool of soil organic carbon (SOC). The net effect of vegetation fire on C sequestration remains uncertain because the two major impacts operate at very different timescales and C budget is highly dependent on ecosystem and fire conditions. The aim of the present research was to assess fire-induced C fluxes to the atmosphere and as new litter and charcoal production during a prescribed fire in a subtropical oak shrub. Pre-fire biomass and post-fire charred and unburned biomass were determined for vegetation leaves and stems, litter and soil in 20 sub-plots installed in a 30-ha area prescribed for fire. Concentrations of C were determined, and fluxes among pools and to the atmosphere were derived from these measurements. In a first assessment, charred OM was visually identified in standing biomass and litter using its black and shiny aspect. In a second step, a strong chemical oxidation with K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 was used to isolate only a highly recalcitrant part of pyrogenic C. After the fire, standing dead biomass was only composed of stems with charred surface. The leaves transferred from vegetation to litter during the fire represented more than a half of post-fire litter. Percentage of initial C pool that was lost to the atmosphere as gas or particles was 55 % from vegetation stems, 80 % from vegetation leaves, and 70 % from litter. Soil C stocks were not significantly modified by fire, in agreement with moderate temperature elevation in the soil proper. Total C release to the atmosphere, including gas and particles, was 2.6 kg C m"2. Visually-identified charcoal represented 5% of remaining stem C (i.e. 60 g C m"2) and 21% of post-fire litter C (i.e. 80 g C m"2). The stem and litter charcoal contained 4±4 % and 16±5 % of highly recalcitrant C, respectively. We assessed that a typical scrubland fire may add between 10 and 140 g C m"2of chemically stable pyrogenic C to the soil. The conversion rate of ecosystem C to chemically stable pyrogenic C would be between 0.2 and 3.4 %.