Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2010
Forfattere
Ketil HaarstadSammendrag
A literature review shows that more than 500 organic and metallic compounds have been reported occurring in wetlands, and also that wetlands are suitable for removing pollutants. There are, however, obvious pitfalls for treatment wetlands, the most important being the maintenance of the hydraulic capacity and controlling the detention time. Treatment wetlands should have an adapted design to target specific compounds. Aquatic plants and soils are suitable for wastewater treatment because they have a high capacity of removing nutrients and other substances through uptake, sorption and microbiological degradation. The heavy metals Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni and Pb were found to exceed limit values in water. Also these studies revealed high values of phenol and SO4. No samples showed concentrations in sediments exceeding limit values, but fish samples showed concentrations of Hg exceeding the limit for fish sold in the EU. The main route of heavy metal uptake in aquatic plants was through the roots in the case of emergent and surface floating plants, whereas in submerged plants roots as well as leaves take part in removing heavy metals and nutrients. Submerged rooted plants have potential from water as well as sediments, where as rootless plants extracted metals rapidly only from water. Caution is due about the use of SSF CWs for the treatment of metal-contaminated industrial wastewater as metals are shifted to another environmental compartment and moreover stable redox conditions are required to ensure long-term efficiency. Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metals and since wetlands have been shown to be a source of methylmercury. Methyl Hg concentrations are typically approximately 15% of Hgt. In wetland water samples, PAH, bisphenol A, BTEX, hydrocarbons including diesel range organics, glycol, DDT, PCB, cyanide, benzene, chlorophenols and formaldehyde were found to exceed limit values. In sediments only PAH and PCB were found exceeding limit values. In the water phase the pesticides found above limit values were atrazine, simazine, terbutylazine, metolachlor, mecoprop, endosulfan, chlorfenvinphos and diuron. There are few listings of these compounds in the commonly used water quality limit values, except for some well-known endocrine disrupters such as nonylphenol, phtalates etc. The performance of extensive household wastewater treatment systems of removing pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are similar to that obtained in conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plants
Sammendrag
It is well known that farming practices, soil type, topography and climatological conditions are important factors in nutrient loss generation from agricultural dominated catchment. Also catchment scale might play an important role in nutrient loss processes. Artificial drainage of agricultural land can lead to an increase in nutrient loss, however, its magnitude is very much influenced by the soil type and drainage system. An analysis has been carried out on measured runoff in catchment of varying size in Latvia, Estonia and Norway, the results of which were presented at the NHC
Forfattere
Lars Nesheim Uffe JørgensenSammendrag
In Denmark, Finland and Sweden cultivation of energy crops has been commercial for several years. In Norway there is hardly any commercial growing of agricultural crops for energy purposes. Cereal straw is to some extent used as a solid biofuel. The objective of this chapter is to give a review of the current production of different energy crops in the Nordic countries, and to present some ideas on what may be the future biofuels in these countries. The most important bioenergy crop concerning the area of cultivation is wheat for bioethanol on about 27 000 hectares in Sweden. That constitutes about 7 % of total area of wheat. There is now one factory for bioethanol production in Sweden, and two or three more plants are planned. In Finland reed canary grass is now grown on 20 000 hectares, and the energy crop may be used in about 12 power plants in bales or as fuel-mix. This crop is well suited for Finland and Northern Sweden, where the winters are cold. There is also commercial growing of reed canary grass for biofuel in Sweden, but the area is much lower than in Finland. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Finland has set a target to increase the area of energy crops to 100 000 hectares before 2016. In Sweden willow (Salix) is grown on about 13 500 hectares of agricultural land. The area is not increasing any longer, mostly due to reduced subsidies. In Denmark there is a considerable production of oil seed rape for biodiesel, but there are no adequate statistics on the oil use. In addition to the mentioned crops there is some commercial cultivation of other bioenergy crops, such as hemp, miscanthus and crops for biogas production. Phasing out fossil fuel use in the Nordic countries is a clear political focus even though the path to the goal is not yet defined in all countries. However, it seems clear that biomass will play a very significant role at least in the medium term within the next fifty years. This will be for heat and power, but also the demands for increased biofuel use in the transport sector will increase the need for biomass dramatically. First choice should be sustainable utilization of biomass residues. Growing dedicated energy crops is an option for delivering increased amounts of biomass.
Forfattere
Anne-Grete Roer HjelkremSammendrag
Abstract The thesis is about quantification of uncertainties in complex models. Models are built to describe, explain or predict a real world outcome. It is well known that models are related with uncertainty, and that uncertainties are related to how close the simulation is to the real world outcome. Still, uncertainties are rarely quantified in dynamic models. We have focused on parameter uncertainty and output uncertainty derived from the parameters. Uncertainty originated from the empirical data is integrated into the posterior parameter distributions through the likelihood functions. Additionally, uncertainty related to the representativeness of the collected data to the population has been focused. The Bayesian statistical framework, with the Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm random walk Metropolis was used for model calibration in the four papers. The algorithm was found simple in idea and implementation into the computer program Matlab, but challenges emerged when the method was used at complex models. In this work these challenges have been pursued together with searching for efficiency improvements in order to make as few model evaluations as possible. Paper I: explores the challenges emerging when applying Bayesian calibration to a complex deterministic dynamic model of snow depth. How prior information and new data affect the calibration process, the parameter estimates and model outputs were demonstrated. Parameter uncertainty and model uncertainty derived from the parameters were quantified, visualized and assessed. The random walk Metropolis algorithm was used and in order to reach convergence more effectively, informative priors, Sivias" likelihood, reflection at the prior boundaries and updating the proposal distribution with parts of the data gave successful results. Methods for objective and correct determination of Markov chain convergence were studied, and the use of multiple chains and the Gelman-Rubin method was found useful. Paper II: presents a dynamic model for snow cover, soil frost and surface ice. The Bayesian approach was used for model calibration and sensitivity analysis identified the non-important parameters. Paper III: shows the importance of splitting the data several times in two for model development and assessment/selection, for the model to fit well to novel data from the system and not only to the specific data at hand. Different models of ascospore maturity of Venturia inaequalis were further developed and compared by the deviance information criterion and root mean square error of prediction to show model improvements, and the analysis of variance was used to show significance of the improvements. Paper IV: examines the potential effects of selection of likelihood function when calibration a model. Since the likelihood function is rarely known for certain, but gives a reasonable quantification of how probable the data are given model outcome, it is of great importance to quantify the effect of using different likelihood functions on parameter uncertainty and on model output uncertainty derived from the parameters.
Forfattere
Sonja KlemsdalSammendrag
Fusarium in oats -infection routes and interaction between species
Forfattere
J Pozdisek Britt I.F. Henriksen A Ponizil I Hunady Anne-Kristin LøesSammendrag
Controlled field trials with legume-cereal mixtures and monocultures were conducted on five organic farms in CR, to determine the suitability for feeding ruminants. Mixtures of 60 % peas to 40 % cereals (wheat and barley) were compared with peas, wheat, and barley monocultures. The obtained results are useful to assess how mixtures may be included in animal feed rations. For feeding beef cattle, it is most beneficial to harvest green matter in the BBCH 79 growth phase (green ripeness), which is characterized by a higher protein and energy content and a lower fiber content. Advantageous crop for beef cattle appeared to be the mixture with peas and barley, because the crude protein and NEL contents come the closest to the requirements for a balanced state between breakdown and synthesis in the rumen (CP 130 g kg-1, NEL 5.9 MJ kg-1 DM). The feed on organic farms, which may provide animals with good health, and potential to utilize their genetic capacity for growth and production.
Sammendrag
Knyttet til bygging av ny Rv465 Hanesund - Sande har det blitt utført en etterundersøkelse av ørret-bestanden i Kjerringdalsbekken. Kjerringdalsbekken ble tilført økt mengde partikler gjennom utbyg-gingsperioden, og vannkjemien ble påvirket av utslipp av renset anleggsvann fra tunneldriving. Må-let var å klarlegge produksjon og oppvekstforhold for sjøørret og evt. laks i Kjerringdalsbekken etter avsluttet utbygging. To strekninger (Kjerringdalsbekken og referansebekken Fidjebekken) ble el-fisket. Det ble fisket tre ganger per strekning. Det ble funnet høy tetthet av årsyngel (0+), noe som indikerer god rekruttering for sesongen 2009/10. Beregnet tetthet av ørret var på samme nivå som for tidligere undersøkelse (forundersøkelsen).
Forfattere
Lena Jakob Carl-Einar AmundsenSammendrag
Denne rapporten gir et revidert forslag til terskelverdier for de 16 stoffene og stoffgruppene det er definert terskelverdier for i Veileder 1:2009. Blant disse 16 stoffene og stoffgruppene er 11 inkludert i dagens vannforskrift (vedlegg IX). Forslag til terskelverdier for 15 andre stoffer og stoffgrupper som har utslippskilder relevant for norske forhold er også utarbeidet og inkludert i rapporten. Disse stoffene (se tabell 1) ble valgt ut på bakgrunn av aktuelle norske kilder (flyplasser, veier, metall- og aluminiumsindustri, skyte- og øvingsfelt, sigevann og avløpsvann). Stoffenes fysisk-, kjemiske og biologiske egenskaper (vannløselighet, fettløselighet, toksisitet etc.) ble også lagt til grunn for valget. Terskelverdiene som er foreslått er basert på at organismer som lever i vann som er påvirket av grunnvann ikke skal påvirkes negativt over tid pga forekomst av det aktuelle stoffet. Terskelverdiene som er valgt skal være beskyttende for både helse- og miljø. Vendepunktsverdien er satt til 75 % av terskelverdien. For bekjempningsmidler og PAH anbefales det å etablere terskelverdier for enkeltforbindelser. Organismer som lever i vann setter ofte strengere krav til innhold av forurensende stoffer enn mennesker. Terskelverdier for bekjempelsesmidler, kloroform, arsen, kadmium, bly, kvikksølv, krom, nikkel, kobber og fluorid er for eksempel lavere enn dagens grenseverdier for drikkevann.
Forfattere
Christian Sonne Jan Ove Bustnes Dorte Herzke Veerle L B Jaspers Adrian Covaci Duncan J Halley Truls Moum Igor Eulaers Marcel Eens Rolf A Ims Sveinn Are Hanssen Kjell Einar Erikstad Trond Vidar Johnson Lisbeth Schnug Frank F Rigét Asger L JensenSammendrag
Organohalogen contaminants (OHCs) may affect various physiological parameters in birds including blood chemistry. We therefore examined blood plasma clinical-chemical parameters and OHCs in golden eagle, white-tailed eagle and goshawk chicks from Northern Norway. Correlation analyses on pooled data showed that alkaline phosphatase(ALKP), glucose and creatinine were significantly negatively correlated to various OHCs (all: po0.05; r: 0.43to 0.55; n=23), while alanine aminotransferase(ALAT), total protein, cholesterol, uric acid, total bilirubin, ratios protein:creatinine and uric acid:creatinine were significantly positively correlated to various OHCs (all: po0.05; r: 0.43- 0.96). Based on these relationships, we suggest that the OHC concentrations found in certain raptor chicks of Northern Scandinavia may impact blood plasma biochemistry in a way that indicates impacts on liver, kidney, bone, endocrinology and metabolism. In orderto elaborate further on these relationships and mechanisms, we recommend that a larger study should take place in the near future.
Sammendrag
The leaf blotch disease complex (LBD) frequently reduces yield of wheat in Norway. In visual assessments field symptoms can be difficult to attribute definitively to specific causal agents, and may be caused by any or all of the following three pathogens: Stagonospora nodorum (teleomorph: Phaeosphaeria nodorum) causing Stagonospora nodorum or glume blotch (SNB), Septoria tritici (teleomorph: Mycosphaerella graminicola) causing Septoria tritici or speckled leaf blotch (STB), and Drechslera tritici-repentis (teleomorph: Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) causing tan spot (DTR). There is no broad resistance to all three pathogens in commercially relevant wheat varieties. We analyzed 9 years of historical data on severity of LBD in the field and 36 years of historical data on post-harvest SNB infection of wheat kernels. Overall, correlation between leaf severity and seed severity over years was low (r=0.5). However, during the last 4 years correlations between SNB seed infection and severity of LBD increased (r=0.825). LBD severity varied signficantly with geographic location and increased exponentially on the last 3 leaves betweeen BBCH stage 70 and the last assessment at BBCH stage 89. An improved understanding of environmental and host developmental factors as they affect each member fo the LBD complex in the field will be essential to screening for quantitative and durable resistance to LBD.