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Publikasjoner

NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.

1990

Sammendrag

Hensikten med denne undersøkelsen var å undersøke tidsforbruket ved stammekvisting av sitkagran i bestand med forskjellig kvistighet og å sammenligne tidsforbruket mellom manuelt og motormanuelt kvistingsutstyr. Tidsstudiene ble utført i fire bestand: ett på Andøya i Nordland (1), ett på Holsnøy (2) og to på Fitjar (3 og 4) i Hordaland.Terrengforholdene var noe vanskeligere i bestand nr. 4 enn i de andre bestandene. Kvisting av i alt 702 trær ble tidsstudert. I alle bestand var det vesentlig grønne greiner som ble fjernet. Hos noen trær var de nederste greinene døde, men disse greinene var relativt ferske slik at de ikke skilte seg vesentlig fra grønne greiner kvistingsmessig. Følgende utstyr ble prøvd: snekkersag (Sl), greinsag med skjøtbart skaft (S2), greinsaks montert på 2,5 m skaft (Sa), luftdrevet handsaks (Ll) og luftdrevet saks montert på 2,5 m skaft(L2). Arbeidet ble utført av to aperatører, som begge har lang erfaring med kvistingsarbeid. Forskjellen i tidsforbruk mellom personene var så liten at det ikke var noen grunn til å skille mellom disse. Det var betydelige forskjeller i kvistetid pr. m mellom bestandene. Forskjellen mellom bestand med fin- og grov kvist var ca. 70% for kvisting med snekkersag. Tilsvarende forskjell for bestand kvistet med greinsaks var ca. 60%. En sammenligning av tidsforbruket ved stammekvisting av furu, gran og sitkagran viste at tidsforbruket var betydelig høyere for sitkagran enn for furu og gran. Ved kvisting fra rota og opp til ca. 2m med snekkersag, var forskjellen mellom sitkagran og furu ca. 150%, mens forskjellen mellom sitkagran og gran var ca. 35%. Tilsvarende forskjeller ved bruk av luftdrevet handsaks var henholdsvis ca. 133% og ca. 33%. Kvistetida pr. m økte med kvistdiameteren både for snekkersag og for luftdrevet handsaks. For sistnevnte utstyr var imidlertid ikke forskjellen mellom kvistdiameterklassene signifikant. Prestasjonene var betydelig mer avhengig av kvistdiameteren ved bruk av snekkersag enn ved bruk av luftdrevet handsaks. Variansanalyser viste at tidsforbruket var signifikant lavere for motormanuelt utstyr enn for manuelt utstyr. Dette gjaldt både tidsforbruket ved selve kvisteoperasjonen (TID1/m) og tidsforbruket når også medgått tid til trevalg/gange, utdraging/inndraging/ordning av slange, start/stopp av kompressor og skjøting av skaft ble medregnet (TID2/m). Regresjonsanalyser hvor variablene brysthøydediameter (D1,3), antall greinkranser pr. m (Ngk/m) og forholdet mellom trehøyde og brysthøydediameter (Th/D1,3) inngikk, viste at antall greinkranser pr. m var den variabelen som influerte mest uå tidsforbruket ved stammekvisting.

Sammendrag

In a field experiment in southernmost Norway four young trees of each of eight coniferous species were subjected to artificial inoculation with the pathogenic blue-stain fungus Ophiostoma polonicum, associated with the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. A dose previously known to be lethal to most Norway spruce trees also killed individuals of Sitka, white, and black spruce, and Douglas fir. All Scots and lodgepole pines, and subalpine firs survived the given load of infection. Douglas fir did not exhibit the induced resinous defence reaction seen in spruce and pine. The fungus did not proliferate in the phloem of Douglas fir, but spread more easily in a tangential direction in the sapwood of this species than in spruce.

Sammendrag

3-year old Norway spruce seedlings from two clonal families were exposed to 10 hours per day with varying concentrations of ozone during the two months shoot elongation period. The plants were then placed in a cold climate chamber with 12 hours photoperiod and tested for frost resistace during the period of dormancy induction.There was a non-linear response on ozone, i.e. the highest sensitivity in one of the families was found at low (40 ppm) concentration. The other family showed no ozone response on frost hardiness.At low ozone concentrations there was a significant increase in shoot growth, relative to control plants, but at 80 and 160 ppm there was significant reduction in all growth parameters.Chloroplast damage and reduced chlorophyll content was found at the highest concentration. The carbohydrate amounts (mg/plant) decreased with increasing ozone concentrations, indicating reduced photosynthesis rates and/or increased respiration rates. There was also reduced formation of new roots already at 40 ppm ozone.

Sammendrag

This report describes a model for economical and biological analysis of long term investment- and felling strategies for a forest. The model might also be used in applied long term forest planning.The model is programmed in FORTRAN77 and can be executed on IBM-compatible personal computers with a mathematical coprosessor. Execution can be done under MS-DOS v3.3 or OS-2 vl.l.The model utilizes a combination of simulations and linear programming. Minos version 5.1 is used to solve the linear programming problem. The stand simulator projects the future development of a stand, i.e. diameter-, height-, volume-, and value increment over time. The user is not bound to follow a certain thinning programme or certain rotation ages, i.e. many different treatment schedules including different thinning programmes and rotation ages can be calculated.The calculations are done in steps of 5- or 10-year periods. The simulation of stand development is done for a specified number of periods, decided by the user depending on how far into the future it is desireable to do the predictions. The simulations are monitored from a data file where the treatments during the young growth phase and treatments like thinnings and final fellings are defined.Certain criteria deciding when the different treatments are allowed are also defined here. These criteria are based on the condition of the forest; age, number of trees, height, site class, etc. A data base for establishing new stands is connected to the model. This is used for initialization of new stands after final fellings. Both planting and natural regeneration can be simulated for the same stand in the same computer run.The increment models are based on the \"mean tree. The mean tree is characterized by the variables basal area mean diameter (Dg), and the basal area weighted mean height (H1). Price- and cost calculations are based on the mean tree. A net present value is calculated for all treatment schedules. The value of the ending inventory is included.Linear programming is used to select the best combination of stand treatment schedules (activities) for the whole forest. This evaluation is done considering the objective and the restrictions imposed on the forest activity. Column generation is applied to handle large problems, which are unsolvable with current PC-technology.The problem is then solved in many steps; only parts of the treatment schedules are chosen from the total LP-matrix and this sub-problem is solved. The \"shadow prices\" from the dual solution of the sub-problem are utilized to evaluate the rest of the treatment schedules in the total LP-matrix, and those with potential of improving the objective function are inserted to a new sub-problem.The new sub-problem is solved and the procedure is repeated until the potential increase for the whole problem is less than 0.1%, i.e. maximum increase for each stand summed over the whole forest in relation to the objective function value of the present solution.Many different problems can be formulated and solved as a LP-problem. Important parameteres which can be included as restrictions and/or in the objective are; net present value, periodic total fellings, periodic clear cuttings, thinnings, removal of sawlogs and pulpwood, net income and volume of remaining trees after treatment in each period. Decision problems which can be solved are; maximum net present value (at a given interest rate), non-declining quantity- or income path, maximum-, minimum-, absolute-, or interval values connected to one or more of the parameters included as restrictions and/or object value.