Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
1999
Forfattere
Nils Kristian Nersten Sjur Spildo PrestegardSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Oddvar SkreSammendrag
The Nordic Subarctic-Subalpine Ecology (NSSE) network was initiated among the Nordic countries in 1977. It was the first joint research initiative under the MAB umbrella in this area and was called the Subarctic Birch Project (SBP). Since the scientific basis for proper ecological planning and use of the subarctic-subalpine birch forest zone was defective in many fundamental areas, the studies were in the forst phase concentrated on basic research in genetic, physiological and ecological adaptations of mountain birch and the interactions between birch and herbivores. The second phase of the study was started in 1989. The aim of this phase is to investigate the response of genetically variant mountain birch, drawn from different provenances, to alterations in climate and nutrients. From these data models of the reaction of mountain birch to global change can be developed. The project group now consists of over ten researchers from Norway, Sweden and Finland. The main organizations participating in the project are: Norwegian Forest Research Institute, Finnish Forest Research Institute, University of Oulu, University of Troms, Abisko Scientific Research Station and Kilpisjrvi Biological Research Station
Forfattere
Tor J. JohansenSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Tor J. JohansenSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Leif SundheimSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Ola FlatenSammendrag
Med matvareberedskap i et i-lands perspektiv på et nasjonalt plan kan en forstå at hele landets befolkning har tilgang til nok og sunn mat i krise- eller krigssituasjoner nasjonalt eller internasjonalt. Mål om matvareberedskap har i hele etterkrigstida vært et sentralt element i norsk landbrukspolitikk. Tidligere var en opptatt av matvareberedskap i forhold til krig og handelskonflikter (avsperring). De senere åra er trusselbildet utvidet med krisetyper som økologiske katastrofer av ulike slag og verdens matvareforsyning på lang sikt. Forhåpentligvis vil en ikke få noen kriser som truer nasjonal matvareberedskap i Norge, men det er en viss, men ukjent, sannsynlighet for at et eller flere av krisescenariene kan inntreffe. Det kan nyttes flere strategier for å sikre nasjonal matvareberedskap i tilfelle en krise: 1. omlegginger i husholdningenes kosthold 2. lagring av produkter og innsatsfaktorer 3. sikring av leveranser fra andre land 4. opprettholde en løpende produksjon [...]
Sammendrag
I 1998 fikk Norsk institutt for jord- og skogkartlegging (NIJOS) i oppdrag av Landbruksdepartementet og Miljøverndepartementet å igangsette og gjennomføre et program for tilstandsovervåkning og resultatkontroll i jordbrukets kulturlandskap (kalt 3Q) ved hjelp av utvalgskartlegging. I avtalen lagt til grunn for oppdraget heter det at 3Q skal framskaffe oversikter over utviklingstendenser i jordbrukets kulturlandskap og gi grunnlag for resultatrapportering til Stortinget og forvaltningen. Uavhengig av 3Q programmet fikk Norsk institutt for landbruksøkonomisk forskning (NILF) i oppdrag av Landbruksdepartementet å utarbeide en rapport til bruk ved internasjonal rapportering om det multifunksjonelle jordbrukets betydning for det norske kulturlandskapet. I den anledning valgte NILF å bruke NIJOS sin inndeling av Norge i 10 hoved jordbruksregioner. På oppdrag fra NILF og LD ble NIJOS engasjert i dette prosjektet for å beskrive hver enkelt jordbruksregion. Resultatet er presentert i rapporten ”The importance of Norwegian agriculture for the cultural landscape. A sub-project under the Ministry of Agriculture’s evaluation programme on multifunctional agriculture” (Nersten m.fl. 1999). Fordi også 3Q-programmet har bestemt at man som et forsøk i 1999 vil bruke de 10 jordbruksregionene som grunnlag for rapportering, har NIJOS valgt å gi ut beskrivelsene av jordbruksregionene på norsk. Rapporten gir en kort presentasjon av hver enkelt jordbruksregion, og beskrivelsene inneholder bl.a. enkelte sentrale data om ulike driftsforhold hentet fra Produksjonstillegsregisteret (Statens kornforretning 1996). Målet med beskrivelsene av jordbruksregionene er å gi en kort innføring i de enkelte regionenes driftsstrukturer, tilstand og problemområder innenfor kultur-landskapsforvaltningen.
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
This report focuses on agriculture and its impacts in rural areas. Agriculture is an important activity in the Norwegian periphery, directly and indirectly. A deregulation of agriculture will most probably have negative impacts on agricultural production and employment. This, in turn, will have negative impacts on other sectors. Since agriculture is overrepresented in the periphery, and there are few alternative sources of employment, reduced activity in agricultural can lead to increased centralisation. This can be a problem since the relatively low population densities already imply a danger of depopulation in the periphery. Some motivations for regulating agriculture are based on the sector's importance in the periphery. Regulations are also motivated by other facts. It is very difficult to distinguish precisely between rurality and other motivations. However, part of the motivation is agricultural production itself, or aims that can be deducted from production. Distribution of income is an example of this. From a theoretical point of view, subsidies should, in order to be as efficient as possible, be directed directly towards the problems they are meant to cure. If the aim for granting agricultural support is rural development and not agricultural production, then it is better to grant subsidies that do not depend upon production. Rural development (RD) can be thought of as complementary to agricultural production (AP): (*) RD = f(AP), f'(AP) > 0 This means that you get more RD if AP increases, and less RD if AP decreases. By subsidising AP, you will automatically get more RD. The function (*) does not, however, say anything about the efficiency of subsiding AP for gaining RD, compared to using the same amount of subsidies directly at gaining RD. The function does not describe whether subsidies that are production dependent are preferable to non-production subsidies from a rural development point of view. Using the function (*) and the fact that the secondary effects of reducing agricultural subsidies may be substantial in the peripheries, one may argue, however, that agriculture is important and that agricultural production is an essential industry for rural development. We would also like to underline the fact that agricultural has several non-food impacts and that multifunctionality is much more than rural development. It is especially difficult to distinguish between «rural development» and «cultural landscape». The relationship between them should probably be discussed further.
Forfattere
Ricardo Holgado Christer MagnussonSammendrag
Nematodes (roundworms) are microscopic vermiform animals. Most nematodes live in soil or in fresh water and marine sediments. Nematodes (Phylum Nematoda) has experienced more than 600 million years of evolution and form 80% of the multicellular animals on planet earth. The population densities of nematodes often reach several million individuals per m2. Most species are free-living, feeding on microorganisms, microscopic plants and animals. Numerous species, however, are parasites of humans, animals and plants. Nematodes may be beneficial to man as regulators of nutrient cycling or as parasites of insect pests. The study of plant parasitic nematodes, nematology, is a young scientific dicipline. Although, the first plant parasitic nematode, i.e. the wheat seed-gall nematode Anguina tritici, was observed as early as in 1743, nematology as a science did not develop until the second half of the 19th century. The economic impact of nematodes as parasites of agricultural crops was recognised as late as in the 1940:ties, and was a consequence of the increased use of chemicals. The economic loss caused by nematodes to world agriculture may amount to 80 billion US$ annually. Plant parasitic nematodes are of particular importance in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. At present the full importance of these parasites may be much underestimated due to the frequent use of nematicides. However, as a result of future restrictions in the use of chemical treatments against nematodes, the damage caused by these parasites can be expected to increase dramatically. Future successful management of both harmful and beneficial nematodes would require increased knowledge of nematode biology. This can only be achieved by an increased research and education in nematology.