Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2017
Sammendrag
Prosjektet «BeiteRessurs» har vært ledet av Norsk Institutt for Bioøkonomi (NIBIO). Norsk senter for økologisk landbruk (NORSØK) og Senter for bygdeforskning har vært samarbeidsparter. Prosjektet ble gjennomført 2013-2016. Hovedmålet var å teste mulighetene for å ta i bruk marginale jordbruksområder som har ligget brakk, til beite for sau. Denne rapporten tar for seg de økonomiske konsekvensene av å ta i bruk et nedlagt innmarksbeite til vår- og høstbeite på sauegarder i Midt-Norge. De fleste undersøkelsene i prosjektet ble gjort på et nedlagt fellesbeite på 220 daa i Møre og Romsdal. Dette arealet ble dyrket opp rundt 1980, og var i bruk som fellesbeite for melkekyr frem til sommeren 2001. I 2013 ble det ryddet en gjerdetrasé og arealet ble gjerdet inn med fire-tråders strømgjerde. Sommeren 2013 ble arealet beitet av sau og hest. I 2014 og 2015 ble det gjennomført et forsøk med en sauebesetning som ble inndelt i tre like store forsøksgrupper. Den ene gruppen ble sluppet direkte til fjells rett fra garden etter lamming. Gruppe to fikk utvidet vårbeiteperiode med fire uker på hele innmarksarealet før de ble sluppet til fjells. Den tredje gruppen fikk også utvidet vårbeiteperiode med fire uker på hele innmarksarealet før de beita resten av sommeren på ca 1/3 del av arealet. Innmarksarealet hadde fire uker uten beiting i august/september og på høsten ble hele arealet beita med sau og påsettlam i fire uker. Alle kostnader ved bruk av innmarksbeite er delt inn i etableringskostnader og driftskostnader. Disse kostandene ble brukt som grunnlag for å sammenligne dekningsbidrag for to «eksempelgarder» i Midt-Norge: En middels stor sauegard (82 vinerfôra sauer (vfs)) og en stor sauegard (175 vfs) med og utenbruk av nedlagte innmaksbeiter. Ved å ta i bruk nedlagte beiteområder frigis arealer hjemme på garden. Tilleggsarealet kan gi grunnlag for flere vfs, bedre grovfôrkvalitet ved at slåtten kan tas tidligere, redusert bruk av kraftfôr, eller salg av rundballer. I rapporten har vi beregnet dekningsbidrag ved ulike alternativer for bruk av det frigitte arealet. Rydding og inngjerding av innmarksbeite på 220 daa ga en etableringskostnad på 87 kr/løpemeter gjerde. Årlige driftskostnader ble beregnet til 14,45 kr/løpemeter gjerde. Total kostnad inkludert alt utstyr og arbeid med etablering og årlig drift ble beregnet til 20,20 kr/løpemeter gjerde eller 190 kr/daa innmarksbeite når levetid på gjerdet ble satt til 15 år. Ved levetid på 20 år var kostanden 177 kr/daa innmarksbeite. Det høyeste dekningsbidraget oppnås ved at frigjort areal hjemme brukes til å øke besetningen. Ved å øke antall vfs viste resultatene våre at ved å ta i bruk det nedlagte arealet til vårbeite før dyra dro til fjells og som høstbeite for livsauene, så økte dekningsbidraget med 26 % for gjennomsnittsgarden og 24 % for den store garden. Hvis antallet vfs ikke kan økes, er det mer lønnsomt å produsere grovfôr med god kvalitet og redusere kraftfôrandelen enn å produsere rundballer på frigitt areal. Dersom vi hadde lagt inn lengre levetid på gjerdet enn 15 år og høyere lammevekter på grunn av fire uker forlenget vårbeite ville dekningsbidraget blitt enda bedre. Tilskuddet til innmarksbeite er en viktig faktor for at det kan bli lønnsomt å ta i bruk nedlagte innmarksbeiter for å øke arealressursene på sauegarder. Prosjektet har vist at det kan være fordelaktig for sauebønder å ta i bruk nedlagte arealer til beite både med hensyn til tilgang på godt vårbeite, tilvekst på lammene, bedre grunnlag for godt vinterfôr og økonomisk resultat.
2016
Sammendrag
LEgislation in Sweden and Norway requires that Dairy cattle have outdoor acess in summertime. PAsture utilization can be challenging with high-yielding cattle abd karge herd-sizes. Tehrefore, many farmers choose to offer their cows Access to an exercise- and recreation area only, rather than a full Production pasture. However, is an exercise paddoc as attractive as Production pasture for the cow? We compared part-time production and exercise grazing in an automated milking system, with outdoor acess in the morning (4.5 h) and the evening (4 h). The Production pasture group (P)was offered fresh Production pasture daily and given a Limited silage ration night-time. The exercise pasture group (E) was given Access to a small exercise paddoc and were fed silage ad libitum 24 hours. Milk yield dit not differ significantly: 36.1 kg for P and 36.0 kg for E. However, behaviour differed, with 5.5 (P) and 2.6 h(E) spent outdoors, and 3.7 h (P) and 0.6 h (E) grazing time. In conclusion, while milk-yields were similar between the Groups, lower ammounts of supplementary feed were needed for cows on treatment P, who also spent longer hours putdoors and grazing.
Sammendrag
Legislation in Sweden and Norway requires that Dairy cattle have outdoor acess in summertime. Pasture utilization can be challenging with high-yielding cattle abd karge herd-sizes. Tehrefore, many farmers choose to offer their cows Access to an exercise- and recreation area only, rather than a full Production pasture. However, is an exercise paddoc as attractive as Production pasture for the cow? We compared part-time production and exercise grazing in an automated milking system, with outdoor acess in the morning (4.5 h) and the evening (4 h). The Production pasture group (P)was offered fresh Production pasture daily and given a Limited silage ration night-time. The exercise pasture group (E) was given Access to a small exercise paddoc and were fed silage ad libitum 24 hours. Milk yield dit not differ significantly: 36.1 kg for P and 36.0 kg for E. However, behaviour differed, with 5.5 (P) and 2.6 h(E) spent outdoors, and 3.7 h (P) and 0.6 h (E) grazing time. In conclusion, while milk-yields were similar between the Groups, lower ammounts of supplementary feed were needed for cows on treatment P, who also spent longer hours putdoors and grazing.
Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
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Forfattere
Panu Korhonen Taru Palosuo Mats Höglind Tomas Persson Marcel Van Oijen Guillaume Jégo Perttu Virkajärvi Gilles Bélanger Anne-Maj GustavssonSammendrag
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Forfattere
Panu Korhonen Taru Palosuo Mats Höglind Tomas Persson Marcel Van Oijen Guillaume Jégo Perttu Virkajärvi Gilles Bélanger Anne-Maj GustavssonSammendrag
Simulation models are widely used to assess the impact of climate change on crop production and adaptation options, but few model comparisons have been done to assess uncertainties in the simulation results of forage grass models. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of three models (BASGRA, CATIMO, and STICS) to simulate the dry matter yield of the first and second cut of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) using observed field data from a wide range of climatic conditions, cultivars, soil types and crop management practices that are associated with timothy production in its main production regions in Canada and Northern Europe. The performance of the models was assessed with both cultivarspecific and non-cultivar-specific (generic) calibrations. The results showed the strengths and weaknesses of different modelling approaches and the magnitude of uncertainty related to simulated timothy grass yield. Model results were sensitive to calibrations applied.
Forfattere
Richard P. Kipling Perttu Virkajärvi Laura Breitsameter Yannick Curnel Tom De Swaef Anne-Maj Gustavsson Sylvain Hennart Mats Höglind Kirsi Järvenranta Julien Minet Claas Nendel Tomas Persson Catherine Picon-Cochard Susanne Rolinski Daniel L. Sandars Nigel D. Scollan Leon Sebek Giovanna Seddaiu Cairistiona F.E. Topp Stanislaw Twardy Jantine Van Middelkoop Lianhai Wu Gianni BellocchiSammendrag
Grassland-based ruminant production systems are integral to sustainable food production in Europe, converting plant materials indigestible to humans into nutritious food, while providing a range of environmental and cultural benefits. Climate change poses significant challenges for such systems, their productivity and the wider benefits they supply. In this context, grassland models have an important role in predicting and understanding the impacts of climate change on grassland systems, and assessing the efficacy of potential adaptation and mitigation strategies. In order to identify the key challenges for European grassland modelling under climate change, modellers and researchers from across Europe were consulted via workshop and questionnaire. Participants identified fifteen challenges and considered the current state of modelling and priorities for future research in relation to each. A review of literature was undertaken to corroborate and enrich the information provided during the horizon scanning activities. Challenges were in four categories relating to: 1) the direct and indirect effects of climate change on the sward 2) climate change effects on grassland systems outputs 3) mediation of climate change impacts by site, system and management and 4) cross-cutting methodological issues. While research priorities differed between challenges, an underlying theme was the need for accessible, shared inventories of models, approaches and data, as a resource for stakeholders and to stimulate new research. Developing grassland models to effectively support efforts to tackle climate change impacts, while increasing productivity and enhancing ecosystem services, will require engagement with stakeholders and policy-makers, as well as modellers and experimental researchers across many disciplines. The challenges and priorities identified are intended to be a resource 1) for grassland modellers and experimental researchers, to stimulate the development of new research directions and collaborative opportunities, and 2) for policy-makers involved in shaping the research agenda for European grassland modelling under climate change.
Sammendrag
Process-based models (PBM) for simulation of weather dependent grass growth can assist farmers andplant breeders in addressing the challenges of climate change by simulating alternative roads of adap-tation. They can also provide management decision support under current conditions. A drawback ofexisting grass models is that they do not take into account the effect of winter stresses, limiting theiruse for full-year simulations in areas where winter survival is a key factor for yield security. Here, wepresent a novel full-year PBM for grassland named BASGRA. It was developed by combining the LIN-GRA grassland model (Van Oijen et al., 2005a) with models for cold hardening and soil physical winterprocesses. We present the model and show how it was parameterized for timothy (Phleum pratense L.),the most important forage grass in Scandinavia and parts of North America and Asia. Uniquely, BASGRAsimulates the processes taking place in the sward during the transition from summer to winter, includ-ing growth cessation and gradual cold hardening, and functions for simulating plant injury due to lowtemperatures, snow and ice affecting regrowth in spring. For the calibration, we used detailed data fromfive different locations in Norway, covering a wide range of agroclimatic regions, day lengths (latitudesfrom 59◦to 70◦N) and soil conditions. The total dataset included 11 variables, notably above-ground drymatter, leaf area index, tiller density, content of C reserves, and frost tolerance. All data were used inthe calibration. When BASGRA was run with the maximum a-posteriori (MAP) parameter vector fromthe single, Bayesian calibration, nearly all measured variables were simulated to an overall normalizedroot mean squared error (NRMSE) < 0.5. For many site × experiment combinations, NRMSE was <0.3. Thetemporal dynamics were captured well for most variables, as evaluated by comparing simulated timecourses versus data for the individual sites. The results may suggest that BASGRA is a reasonably robustmodel, allowing for simulation of growth and several important underlying processes with acceptableaccuracy for a range of agroclimatic conditions. However, the robustness of the model needs to be testedfurther using independent data from a wide range of growing conditions. Finally we show an exampleof application of the model, comparing overwintering risks in two climatically different sites, and dis-cuss future model applications. Further development work should include improved simulation of thedynamics of C reserves, and validation of winter tiller dynamics against independent data.
Sammendrag
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