Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2010
Forfattere
Miguel D. Mahecha Markus Reichstein Nuno Carvalhais Gitta Lasslop Holger Lange Sonia I. Seneviratne Rodrigo Vargas Christof Ammann M.Altaf Arain Alessandro Cescatti Ivan A. Janssens Mirco Migliavacca Leonardo Montagnani Andrew D. RichardsonSammendrag
The respiratory release of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the land surface is a major flux in the global carbon cycle, antipodal to photosynthetic CO2 uptake. Understanding the sensitivity of respiratory processes to temperature is central for quantifying the climate–carbon cycle feedback. We approximated the sensitivity of terrestrial ecosystem respiration to air temperature (Q10) across 60 FLUXNET sites with the use of a methodology that circumvents confounding effects. Contrary to previous findings, our results suggest that Q10 is independent of mean annual temperature, does not differ among biomes, and is confined to values around 1.4 ± 0.1. The strong relation between photosynthesis and respiration, by contrast, is highly variable among sites. The results may partly explain a less pronounced climate–carbon cycle feedback than suggested by current carbon cycle climate models.
Sammendrag
Currently, very little data exist on the exposure of soil biota to engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), in spite of soils being an important potential sink for ENPs. This is mainly due to difficulties in tracing ENPs in soils where natural nanoparticles are abundant. We used neutron activated ENPs as tracers and examined the exposure (uptake, excretion and internal distribution) of nanoparticles of cobalt (Co NPs 3.9 ± 0.8 nm) and silver (Ag NPs 20.2 ± 2.5 nm) in the earthworm Eisenia fetida, and compared this to soluble cobalt and silver salts. Accumulation patterns were highly different for cobalt and silver. Concentrations of cobalt in worms reached 88% and 69% of the Co ions and Co NPs concentrations in food, respectively, while corresponding values for Ag ions and Ag NPs were 2.3% and 0.4%. Both Ag NPs and Ag ions in earthworms were excreted rapidly, while only 32% of the accumulated Co ions and Co NPs were excreted within 4 months. High accumulation of cobalt was found in blood, and to a lesser extent in the digestive tract. Sequential extraction and centrifugal ultrafiltration provided useful information on metal speciation and bioavailability of Co NPs and Ag NPs.
Sammendrag
The leaf blotch disease complex (LBD) frequently reduces yield of wheat in Norway. In visual assessments field symptoms can be difficult to attribute definitively to specific causal agents, and may be caused by any or all of the following three pathogens: Stagonospora nodorum (teleomorph: Phaeosphaeria nodorum) causing Stagonospora nodorum or glume blotch (SNB), Septoria tritici (teleomorph: Mycosphaerella graminicola) causing Septoria tritici or speckled leaf blotch (STB), and Drechslera tritici-repentis (teleomorph: Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) causing tan spot (DTR). There is no broad resistance to all three pathogens in commercially relevant wheat varieties. We analyzed 9 years of historical data on severity of LBD in the field and 36 years of historical data on post-harvest SNB infection of wheat kernels. Overall, correlation between leaf severity and seed severity over years was low (r=0.5). However, during the last 4 years correlations between SNB seed infection and severity of LBD increased (r=0.825). LBD severity varied signficantly with geographic location and increased exponentially on the last 3 leaves betweeen BBCH stage 70 and the last assessment at BBCH stage 89. An improved understanding of environmental and host developmental factors as they affect each member fo the LBD complex in the field will be essential to screening for quantitative and durable resistance to LBD.
Sammendrag
In Norway, Nordmann fir (Abies nordmanniana) and subalpine fir (A. lasiocarpa) are the dominant Christmas tree species, and noble fir (A. procera) the dominant bough plant species. To determine if fungi found to cause diseases on fir in Norway might be seed borne, samples from twelve seed lots, including Nordmann fir from Austria, Georgia and Russia, subalpine fir from Canada and Norway and noble fir from Norway were tested using agar plate methods (PDA and WA). The most important finding was that Sydowia polyspora was present on seed from all firs from all countries (nine samples infected, 0.5 - 85 % infected seeds). Recently, it has been demonstrated in Norway that this fungus is the cause of current season needle necrosis (CSNN), which is considered a major disease in the Christmas tree and bough production both in Europe and USA. Sirococcus coniguenus was found in a Norwegian A. procera seed lot (31% infected seeds), which to our knowledge is the first report of this pathogen on fir seeds. Caloscypha fulgens was detected on subalpine fir seed from Canada. In addition the following fungal genera were detected: Acremoniella, Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Botrytis, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Diaphorte, Dictyopolyschema, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Genicularia, Mucor, Neonectria, Penicillium, Phoma, Rhizopus, Sordaria, Trichoderma, Trichothecium, and an unidentified fungus.
Forfattere
Svein EilertsenSammendrag
Foreliggende konsekvensutreding knyttet til reindrift ved planlagt vindpark i Sørfjord, Tysfjord kommune er gjort på oppdrag fra tiltakshaver Nordkraft Vind AS. Planområdet til Sørfjorden vindpark ligger innenfor Sörkaitum samebys beiteområde og innenfor Baste samebys konvensjonsområde "Bévgge". Store okserein bruker området som beiteland hele året for uten brunstperioden om høsten. Verdien av utredningsområdet vurderes å ha middels stor verdi for reindrifta. Reinokser er tradisjonelt mindre sårbar for forstyrrelser enn simler. Det er derfor sannsynlig at reinoksene delvis adapteres til anleggsaktiviteten i utredningsområdet. De negative konsekvensene for reindrifta ved etablering av Sørfjorden vindmøllepark varierer fra middels til små negative avhengig av i hvilken grad utbygger tar hensyn til reindrifta. Det er viktig med god kommunikasjon mellom samebyene og driver av vindmølleparken for å sikre at det tas hensyn til reindrifta innenfor utredningsområdet. Ved endret arealbruk som følge av klimaendringer eller andre ytre påvirkninger kan utredningsområdet få økt verdi for reindrifta ved at det benyttes som kalvingsområde/ sommerbeiter for simler. Ved et slikt scenario vil verdien av utredningsområdet vurderes å ha middels til stor verdi for reindrifta og de negative konsekvensene blir middels store. Avbøtende tiltak er foreslått.
Sammendrag
In Norway there is an incomplete resource management of side products and residuals from the main primary sectors of agriculture, fish farming and fishery. For example is the theoretically hitherto unused energy content in animal manure estimated to approximately 2,5 TWh per year, while Norwegian fish farming annually emits about 40.000 ton nitrogen and 8400 ton phosphorous into the coastal environments. Furthermore, recycling of nutrients and energy from marine fish waste of approximately 3.2 million ton fish is still at its early stages. The incomplete resource management results in environmental, economically and social costs. Consequently, an optimisation of national nutrient and energy cycling is required to increase sustainability. The establishment of individual driven resource optimisation enterprises, e.g. local biogas reactors, are often challenging both logistically and financially, particularly at relatively remote sites. This paper presents an overall conceptual approach to optimize energy and nutrient cycling, due to a cooperatively and integrated resource management system on a regional scale in Steigen, Northern Norway.
Forfattere
M Vanoli S Jacob P Eccher Zerbini Eivind Vangdal A Torricelli L SpinelliSammendrag
In plum fruit with dark red or blue blush colour covering the whole fruit, the change in ground colour from green to yellow during maturation and ripening is masked. Hence, the maturity stage is difficult to judge. Time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy (TRS) has been used as a nondestructive method to assess changes in important internal quality factors in ‘Jubileum" plums (Prunus domestica L.). Absorption coefficients (μa) and scattering coefficients (μs) were measured at both 670 and 758 nm during 5 days of storage. The changes in soluble solids content, titratable acidity and firmness were as expected. No change in soluble solids content was observed, while the plums became less acid and softer during storage. The TRSmeasurements of plums indicated that TRS could give interesting information on internal quality factors in plums as the absorption at 670 nm was closely related to firmness, TA and TSS at the time of picking. Absorption at 758 nm was more closely related to the quality parameters after storage. The study did not indicate that scattering could be used in assessing maturity stage in plum.
Sammendrag
Rapporten gir en kunnskapsstatus om ulike norske naturtypers opptak og lagring av CO2 og deres sårbarhet for menneskelig aktivitet. Det totale karbonlageret i jordbruksareal, skog, myr og åpen fastmark er estimert til ca 4 milliarder tonn C, hvorav ca 11 % i vegetasjon og ca 89 % i jord. Skog har det største karbonlageret med ca 2 milliarder tonn C. Myr og åpen fastmark antas å inneholde ca 1 milliard tonn C hver og jordbruksreal ca 200 millioner tonn C. Netto karbonbinding kan bare påvises i skog. Myr og åpen fastmark er trolig i tilnærmet karbonbalanse, mens det sannsynligvis tapes karbon fra jordbruksareal. Karbon i myr antas å være mest sårbar for menneskelige inngrep.
Sammendrag
I "Fusariumprosjektet" ved Bioforsk Plantehelse har vi i løpet av en 4 års periode (2006-2009) samlet inn kornprøver fra partier med norskprodusert havre og vårhvete med tilhørende opplysninger om klima og dyrkningsmessige forhold. Kornprøvene er videre analysert for innhold av 17 ulike mykotoksiner. Ved å sammenstille og analysere data og informasjon om de ulike kornprøvene, har vi kartlagt ulike faktorer som kan ha betydning for utvikling av mykotoksiner i kornet. Dataene er videre brukt for å utvikle varslingsmodeller for Fusarium-mykotoksiner i korn, og for utprøving av ulike hurtigmetoder som er utviklet for å måle innhold av mykotoksiner i korn.
Sammendrag
Veksthusmellus (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) og rosermjøldogg er to problematiske skadegjørere i veksthusroser. Det har vist seg at kontinuerlig belysning kan brukes for å redusere problemene med rosemjøldogg, men hva vil skje med veksthusmellusa når lyset står på hele døgnet? For å undersøke dette fulgte vi derfor en generasjon mellus på roser "Passion" som fikk enten 1) kontinuerlig lys eller 2) det lysregimet som normalt brukes i roseveksthus (vanligvis 20 timer lys). Under disse 2 lysregimene sammenlignet vi egglegging, utvikling og overlevelse hos veksthusmellusa. Kontinuerlig lys reduserte overlevelsen fra egg til voksen med ca. 30 % i forhold til mellus som hadde fått 20 timer lys. Færre hunner la egg, hver hunn la færre egg og de levde kortere når de ble belyst hele døgnet. Utviklingstiden fra egg til voksen ble lite påvirket av lysregimet.