Leif Jarle Asheim
Forsker (pensjonistavtale)
(+47) 483 52 291
leif-jarle.asheim@nibio.no
Sted
Ås - Bygg O43
Besøksadresse
Oluf Thesens vei 43, 1433 Ås (Varelevering: Elizabeth Stephansens vei 23)
Sammendrag
Housing and indoor feeding of sheep is required throughout the cold season, which can last more than half a year, in Nordic highlands and Alpine regions. This study aimed to examine and evaluate the housing costs, including labour requirements, according to type of sheep housing system and degree of mechanized feeding by investigating systems commonly used in Nordic and Alpine regions. Detailed cost data were obtained from 61 surveyed sheep farmers in Norway with sheep houses built between the years 2008 and 2015. Costs were calculated for a baseline scenario (2021-prices) as well as for five scenarios at low and high discount rates and opportunity cost of labour, and high energy prices. The median (interquartile range) flock size was 150 (100) winter-fed sheep. Houses with slatted floors were more expensive than deep-litter systems. Costs of bedding material and feed waste were however higher, and the net value of the manure were lower in houses with deeplitter systems. At the baseline assumptions, overall net housing costs per sheep was not statistically different among the main housing types studied. Multiple regression analyses showed that net housing costs per sheep were lower in larger flocks and for centrally located farms (control variables). Undertaking daily chores, such as feeding of roughages twice a day rather than once, resulted in significantly higher net housing costs. Mechanized feeding of roughages, and even more so for concentrates, were not economically justified since labour savings were not sufficient to pay for the additional capital costs. A round bale chopper lowered net housing costs, significantly at a high labour cost. None of the scenarios found slatted floors to be significantly more expensive than deep-litter systems. High costs of labour and capital favoured deep-litter systems, while slatted floor systems were more advantageous at rising prices of energy that resulted in increased values of organic manures and costs of feed wastes and bedding materials. The study was based on a decade old data from common Norwegian sheep house variants. Farmers that consider constructing a new sheep house today, still must compare these variants as their main alternatives. We encourage other researchers to include effects of housing systems and mechanized feeding on animal performance, health, and welfare. Moreover, future studies should preferably also be undertaken in other environmental or socio-economic settings to produce more general results.
Forfattere
Mario Guajardo Rasmus Bang Bjørn Gunnar Hansen Jon Kristian Sommerseth Ola Flaten Leif Jarle AsheimSammendrag
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Sammendrag
Hovedmålet for bevaringsarbeidet er å øke antall avlsdyr slik at rasene ikke lenger er utrydningstruet. Det er et mål at genmaterialet tas vare på i aktive driftsopplegg. Aktiv drift er avgjørende for at kunnskapen om dyrehold på disse rasene opprettholdes og videreføres. Lønnsom produksjon er en viktig forutsetning for at bøndene skal benytte de bevaringsverdige rasene. Det er laget kalkyler for spesialisert storfekjøttproduksjon og kombinert melk- og kjøttproduksjon. Besetningene i kalkylene er antatt å være små, og produksjonsbegrensningene i kalkylen gir plass til relativt flere dyr i kalkylene med bevaringsverdige storferaser enn kalkylene med NRF og angus. Dette slår ut på produksjonsinntektene, og gjør kalkylene med bevaringsverdige dyr relativt mer lønnsomme enn de ville være i kalkyler med større produksjonsomfang. Dekningsbidrag per årsku er høyest for ikke-bevaringsverdige storferaser (NRF for melk og angus for ammeku). I kalkylene vurderes det som en god mulighet for lønnsomhet å foredle produktene selv, men dette må vurderes opp mot ønsket arbeidsinnsats og krav til godtgjørelse for arbeid. Bruk av utmark slår også positivt ut i kalkylene grunnet økt tilskudd og redusert kostnad på fôr som skal dyrkes og høstes. Det er viktig å holde de faste kostnadene lave, eller øke dekningsbidrag ved uttak av høyere produktpris, for å få bedre lønnsomhet. Det diskuteres i rapporten at de bevaringsverdige rasene kan spille en viktig rolle for oppfylling av mange landbrukspolitiske mål, som mer bruk av utmarksbeite, landbruk over hele landet og økt verdiskaping basert på gårdens ressurser.
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Forfattere
Muhammad Azher Bhatti Lars Olav Eik Geir Steinheim Tormod Ådnøy David Laurence Hopkins Leif Jarle AsheimSammendrag
The morphological and productive aspects of Norwegian sheep have developed over time and adapted to the diverse environment of the country. Before 1900, native Norwegian sheep were crossed with UK breeds to attain higher body weight and reproductive efficiency. Subsequent selection programs eventually led to the creation of the heavier (adults often >90 kg) Norwegian White Sheep (NWS), today constituting 70% of the recorded ewes. The modern Norwegian (White) Spæl (NS) sheep, mostly <75 kg and accounting for 10% of the recorded ewe population, originated from the native short-tailed breeds that are smaller and are believed to prefer grazing at higher altitudes than NWS. Other registered breeds of the short-tailed spæl type account for another 12% of the recorded sheep. Rugged Norwegian terrain with rich summer pastures makes the NS a complementary breed to the NWS. Increasing demand for year-round fresh meat requires changes at the farm level. Efficient use of local feed resources by extensive feeding of smaller size ewes is an opportunity for attaining economic gains and for year-round fresh meat production. The NS has a lighter bodyweight, requiring less housing space, is efficient in grazing rangeland and local pastures, and is better suited to outdoor winter grazing in coastal and fjord areas. In this paper, we compare the farm profitability (gross margin) of two Norwegian sheep breeds (NS and NWS) using a linear programming model designed for the coastal and fjord areas. The impact of ewe body weight, housing capacity, and meat produced per unit of concentrate are discussed.
Sammendrag
The open landscapes produced over centuries by small-scale farming in Norwegian coastal and fjord areas are threatened by agricultural abandonment, raising public concern for maintenance of the species-rich and valuable coastal grasslands. Semi-natural grasslands, traditionally grazed in the spring and fall and mown in summer, are most affected. Two linear programming models, one for small-scale sheep and one for small-scale mixed dairy and meat farms, both described in a separate method article, were developed. In the models is studied effects on production, grazing and land utilization, of altering government financial support among leys on arable land, enclosed farm pasture, grazing animals, and altering the (regulated) prices farmers pay for concentrate feed at the farm level. Sheep grazing can be expanded by intensification through increased fertilization and purchase of concentrate feed. Raising steers instead of bulls on dairy and beef farms with a milk quota would result in more mixed grazing by both sheep and steers, which is advantageous for the landscape. Steers are currently quite rare in Norway and their numbers can be increased with more subsidies for grazing, (Grazing Support (GS)) or by increasing the Regional Environmental Support (RES), a policy instrument targeting local projects for more grazing in specific areas. The current Agriculture and Cultural Landscape (ACL) subsidy payment places a higher value on arable land compared to the more biodiverse farm pastures, resulting in weaker incentives for keeping farm pasture in production. Raising the rate for farm pasture relative to that of arable land in the ACL scheme would result in stronger incentives for keeping such farm pasture in production, and likely increase biodiversity and landscape values. Increased GS for sheep might lead to more purchase of concentrate to keep more animals through the winter and eventually needs to be counteracted with higher prices for concentrated feedstuffs.
Forfattere
Alexander Solstad Ringheim Daniel Mushi Ephraim Mtengeti Ismail Saidi Selemani Magnus Åsli Lars Olav Eik Elikira Kimbita Leif Jarle AsheimSammendrag
By 2050, global food consumption is expected to rise by 60% compared to the 2005–2007 level. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the population increase may be as much as 250% by the same period. Hence, there is an urgent need to increase food production and introduce productivity-enhancing measures in SSA agriculture, including the livestock sector, which is the main focus of this article. The current productivity of the Tanzanian livestock sector is low due to seasonal variations in the availability and quality of pasture and other feeds. The cattle gain weight during the rainy season and lose weight in the subsequent dry season. Additionally, pastoralists face challenges due to the conversion of grazing areas into cropland, overgrazing, and the increasingly frequent droughts. Although the optimum age for slaughter is 3.5–4.5 years, farmers in Tanzania slaughter their cows at 5–6 years. This article argues that this may be an unhelpful economical management practice. To study the effects of improved feeding on economic performance, we collected data on on-farm supplementation experiments with indigenous Zebu cattle, in collaboration with pastoral communities and a large-scale commercial wheat farm in Hanang, Tanzania. The study compared the income and costs associated with traditional cattle keeping (TS) for 6 years at slaughter, with that of two levels of concentrate supplementation, low (LSS) and medium (MSS), allowing for slaughtering at 4.5 and 3.5 years, respectively. Adjusted net margins for the three systems were 199, 911 and 978 USD, respectively. Our results strongly suggest that farmers should supplement the feeding of their young stock regularly, in times when the animals cannot sustain themselves on grazing alone. The primary explanations for the recommendation were that supplementation would lead to increased production of meat and reduced variable costs, that is, feeds and drugs. Our study was limited to steers. Future studies should include supplementation of cows to obtain annual calving and use of crop by-products instead of concentrates.
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Muhammad Azher Bhatti Lars Olav Eik Geir Steinheim Tormod Ådnøy Reinert Horneland Peter Wynn David L. Hopkins Leif Jarle AsheimSammendrag
Norway has vast rangeland resources (292,361 km2) with an estimated carrying capacity of nearly four million sheep and lambs, twice the current number. However, the intensive production system currently applied has led to more concentrate dependency, resulting in heavier animals in addition to poorer utilization of rangelands and homegrown feed. Intensive feeding systems indirectly influence the sustainability of ecosystems by promoting intensive cropping that can deplete soil fertility and threaten landscape preservation and biodiversity. By contrast, extensive grazing systems can produce environmentally and animal-friendly food products and contribute to regulating soil health, water and nutrient cycling, soil carbon sequestration, and recreational environments. In this paper, the economics of current sheep feeding practices in Norway, using a linear programming model, were compared with more extensive systems which allow for higher usage of on-farm feed resources. Changes in current sheep farming practices have the potential to increase lamb meat production relative to mutton production, in addition to improving the year-round supply of fresh meat. The investigated alternatives, using the Norwegian White Sheep (NWS) breed, suggest that delayed lambing is useful only on farms with abundant pastures available for autumn feeding. Lambs achieve a better market price than hoggets and mature sheep. Therefore, based on the current Norwegian meat market and price offered per kilogram of meat for lamb, an increase in NWS lamb production improves farm profits. On the other hand, when the aim is on greater use of homegrown feed and rangelands, this can be achieved through hogget production, and the quantity of concentrates required can be reduced substantially.
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Leif Jarle Asheim Sjur Spildo Prestegard Ivar Pettersen Anne Kjersti Bakken Klaus MittenzweiSammendrag
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Muhammad Azher Bhatti Thomas Williams David Laurence Hopkins Leif Jarle Asheim Geir Steinheim Michael Campbell Lars Olav Eik Peter Charles Wynn Tormod ÅdnøySammendrag
Norway is the largest sheep meat producer among Nordic countries with more than 1.3 million lambs and sheep slaughtered in 2017. The sheep industry is limited by the need for in-house feeding during the winter months. In summer, Norwegian sheep are mainly kept on rangeland pastures, with sufficient feed for almost double the current sheep population. Lambs are slaughtered over a three- to four-month period from September to December with a peak in September–October, providing a surplus of lamb, much of which is subsequently frozen, followed by eight months during which fresh produce is in limited supply. Norwegian consumers eat an average of 5.4 kg of sheep meat per person per year, much of which is purchased as a frozen product. The Muslim (4.2% of the population) preference for year-round halal meat, with an increased demand on the eve of the Muslim meat festival (Eid al-Adha), has the potential to boost demand, particularly in Oslo. This paper provides an overview of the Norwegian sheep farming system, the current market value chains, and the potential to meet the demand for halal meat in Norway (specifically during the Muslim meat festival—Eid al-Adha) to the advantage of both consumers and sheep farmers.
Forfattere
Leif Jarle Asheim Anne Kjersti Bakken Klaus Mittenzwei Ivar Pettersen Sjur Spildo PrestegardSammendrag
Rapporten tar for seg effekten av redusert kjøttforbruk i fire ulike scenarier i et 10-årsperspektiv fra 2017 til 2027 for forbruk, import og produksjon av kjøtt sammenlignet med uendret kjøttforbruk per innbygger (referansebanen). Vurderingene skulle avgrenses til de fire hovedkjøttslagene storfe, svin, lam/sau og kylling. Deretter har en undersøkt hva det ville ha å si for arealbehovet for norsk fôrproduksjon i 2027 dersom kjøttforbruket per innbygger gikk ned fra nivået i 2017 med a) 10 prosent for alle kjøttslag og med b) 45 prosent for alle kjøttslag med unntak for fjørfekjøtt. Deretter var målet å drøfte hvor i landet areal vil gå ut av fôrproduksjon og hvilken matproduksjon som eventuelt kunne skje på disse arealene. Videre har en sett på konsekvenser av redusert kjøttforbruk for arbeidsforbruk og brukstall i jordbruket i 2027. En har dessuten analysert mulige konsekvenser av redusert kjøttforbruk for omsetning, sysselsetting og antall foretak i kjøttindustrien i 2027.
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Hold av sau på innmarksbeite innenfor ulvesona kan være krevende. Likevel har sauetallet vært økende siste åra. Vi har snakket med sauebønder i Østfold om muligheter og utfordringer ved å drive med sau i fylket.
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Østfold er i ulvesonen, og en stor del av saueholdet er på arealer som er inngjerda med rovdyravvisende gjerder. Dette er ofte ravineområder som har betydelig landskapsverdi. Sau på inngjerda arealer hele sommeren medfører spesielle utfordringer. I dette prosjektet er det samlet og formidlet kunnskap om det å drive med sau på inngjerda arealer. Slik kunnskap kan føre til at sauebøndene lykkes med driftsopplegget, og dette kan dempe konflikter mellom sauehold og rovdyr. I Østfold er det hovedsakelig arealer som er klassifisert som innmarksbeite som er aktuelle for sauehold på inngjerda arealer. Det er noe slikt areal som ikke er i bruk i dag, og det kan derfor være rom for å øke saueholdet noe. Saueholdet foregår ofte på relativt små arealer, og det går mye tid til flytting av dyr. Også snylterbehandling av sauene krever en god del arbeid. Sambeiting mellom flere dyreslag og veksling mellom beiting med sau og andre dyreslag har sine fordeler, men er lite vanlig.
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I denne utredningen har vi søkt å kartlegge omfanget av presisjonsjordbruk (PA) i Norge i dag og beregne potensiell miljømessig gevinst og kost-nytte-verdi ved å implementere slike metoder. PA blir ofte definert som en jordbrukspraksis der en bruker ny teknologi til å tilpasse behandlingen av jord og vekst etter behovet som ofte varierer mye innenfor samme jordet. Dette omfatter bl.a. variabel rate-teknologi (VRT), som innebærer at en kan fordele innsatsfaktorer som bl.a. kalk, gjødsel og plantevernmidler med varierende, stedsspesifikk dosering. PA utgjør dermed et alternativ til vanligste praksis i dag, der innsatsfaktorene tildeles jevnt over hele jordet (ensartet) ut fra gjennomsnittsbetraktninger.
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Leif Jarle AsheimSammendrag
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Alexander Ringheim Daniel E. Mushi Magnus Åsli Lars Olav Eik E.N. Kimbita Leif Jarle AsheimSammendrag
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Leif Jarle AsheimSammendrag
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Leif Jarle Asheim Petter Hopp Gry Marysol Grøneng Ola Nafstad Agnar Hegrenes Synnøve VatnSammendrag
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Prosjektet «Økt storfekjøttproduksjon» er et samarbeid mellom Nortura og NIBIO (tidligere NILF). Nortura er prosjekteier, og Norturas hovedmål for prosjektet er økt storfekjøttproduksjon i Sør-Trøndelag. NIBIO har ansvaret for et delprosjekt som har som hovedmål å kartlegge økonomien på gårdsbruk med storfekjøttproduksjon. Denne rapporten beskriver kun resultater fra NIBIOs delprosjekt på økonomi. Nortura forlenger prosjektet også ut 2017 og kommer med en egen rapport i løpet av 2018 Bakgrunnen for at prosjektet kom i gang i 2014 var at det over mange år har vært en reduksjon i samlet antall på mordyr av storfe. Dette skyldes både strukturutvikling og effektivisering i melkeproduksjonen, men også en svak utvikling i økonomien i storfekjøttproduksjonen (NIBIO 2017). På grunn av at storfekjøttproduksjon kan foregå på svært ulike måter, har vi valgt å dele inn brukene i undersøkelsen i to grupper etter kjøttproduksjon per ammeku. De brukene som produserer mer enn 400 kilo kjøtt per ammeku forutsettes i hovedsak å drive okseoppdrett. Begge gruppene er deretter delt i to etter familiens arbeidsfortjeneste per årsverk (klassifisert som «Høy» eller «Lav» og omtalt i rapporten som «høygruppa» og «lavgruppa»).
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Increased occurrence of drought and dry spells during the growing season have resulted in increased interest in protection of tropical water catchment areas. In Mgeta, a water catchment area in the Uluguru Mountains in Tanzania, water used for vegetable and fruit production is provided through canals from the Uluguru South Forest Reserve. The clearing of forest land for cultivation in the steep slopes in the area is causing severe land degradation, which is threatening the water catchment area, livelihoods, and food security of the local communities, as well as the major population centers in the lowlands. In this paper, the economic performance of a traditional cropping-livestock system with East African (EA)-goats and pigs and extensive vegetable production is compared with a more sustainable and environmentally friendly crop-dairy goat production system. A linear programming (LP) crop-livestock model, maximizing farm income considering the environmental constraints in the area was applied for studying the economic performance of dairy goats in the production system. The model was worked out for the rainy and dry seasons and the analysis was conducted for a basic scenario representing the current situation, based on the variability in the 30 years period from 1982-2012, and in a scenario of both lower crop yields and increased crop variability due to climate change. Data obtained from a sample of 60 farmers that were interviewed using a questionnaire was used to develop and parameterize the model. The study found that in the steep slopes of the area, a crop-dairy goat system with extensive use of grass and multipurpose trees (MPTs) would do better than the traditional vegetable gardening with the EA goat production system. The crop-dairy goat system was superior both in the basic and in a climate change scenario since the yield variation of the grass and MPTs system was less affected compared to vegetable crops due to more tree cover and the use of perennial grasses. However, the goat milk production in the area was constrained by inadequate feeding and lack of an appropriate breeding program. Hence, farmers should enhance goat milk production by supplementing with more concentrate feed and by implementing goat-breeding principles. Moreover, policy measures to promote such a development are briefly discussed.
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Louise C. Ross Gunnar Austrheim Leif Jarle Asheim Gunnar Bjarnason Jon Feilberg Anna Maria Fosaa Alison J. Hester Øystein Holand Ingibjörg S Jónsdóttir Lis E. Mortensen Atle Mysterud Erla Olsen Anders Skonhoft James David Mervyn Speed Geir Steinheim Des B.A. Thompson Anna G. ThorhallsdottirSammendrag
Sheep grazing is an important part of agriculture in the North Atlantic region, defined here as the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Iceland, Norway and Scotland. This process has played a key role in shaping the landscape and biodiversity of the region, sometimes with major environmental consequences, and has also been instrumental in the development of its rural economy and culture. In this review, we present results of the first interdisciplinary study taking a long-term perspective on sheep management, resource economy and the ecological impacts of sheep grazing, showing that sustainability boundaries are most likely to be exceeded in fragile environments where financial support is linked to the number of sheep produced. The sustainability of sheep grazing can be enhanced by a management regime that promotes grazing densities appropriate to the site and supported by area-based subsidy systems, thus minimizing environmental degradation, encouraging biodiversity and preserving the integrity of ecosystem processes.
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Leif Jarle Asheim Julie Føske Johnsen Øystein Havrevoll Cecilie Marie Mejdell Ann Margaret GrøndahlSammendrag
The study examines the economics of different calf rearing systems and considers effects of suckling and milk feeding on production, health and welfare of dairy cows and growth, milk and feed use, health and welfare of calves. The economics of (i) no suckling, (ii) suckling for 3 days, (iii) suckling for 7 weeks, all assuming milk or milk replacer fed until weaning at 13 weeks, was compared with (iv) suckling for 13 weeks and no milk feeding. A linear programming (LP) model, maximizing profit on a dual purpose dairy-beef farm in lowland eastern Norway, was used for the comparison. Details on calf rearing methods, labor, weaning age, intake of milk, and solid feed were gathered for a sample of organic farms and grouped according to the length of the suckling period. The data were coupled with the National Dairy Herd Recording System (NDHRS) using cross-sectional data for the years 2008–2013. The results of the model study showed that suck- ling up to at least 7 weeks and longer than on most farms in the survey, had a positive influence on the farm economics. This was due to the positive influence on calf growth and health as well as lowered costs. Consequently, dual purpose dairy-beef farmers should be careful to sacrifice calf suckling and restrict calf milk feeding. Long suckling until weaning at 13 weeks was, however, unprofitable.
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Leif Jarle Asheim Gry Marysol Grøneng Petter Hopp Ola Nafstad Agnar Hegrenes Synnøve VatnSammendrag
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Synnøve Rivedal Pål Thorvaldsen Samson Øpstad Odd-Jarle Øvreås Leif Jarle Asheim Torbjørn HaukåsSammendrag
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Leif Jarle Asheim Julie Føske Johnsen Øystein Havrevoll Cecilie Marie Mejdell Ann Margaret GrøndahlSammendrag
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Leif Jarle Asheim Julie Føske Johnsen Øystein Havrevoll Cecilie Marie Mejdell Ann Margaret GrøndahlSammendrag
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Gunvor Elise Nagel-Alne Leif Jarle Asheim J. Brian Hardaker Liv Sølverød Dag Lindheim Paul Steinar ValleSammendrag
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This report deals with results of a survey to 60 farming households in the three villages Magoda, Kichiwa and Ibumila in the Njombe region of Tanzania, about 700 km from Dar es Salaam. The farmers were selected among those that came forward at village meetings and the survey is not representative for farming households in the region. However, it may represent farmers interested in developing their farms and looking for better ways to do farming in the area.
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Dei siste ti åra har det vore ein vesentleg nedgang i talet på storfe både på landsbasis og i fjellbygdene. På landsbasis er nedgangen vel 12 % medan den samla for Telemark, Buskerud, Oppland, Hedmark og Sør-Trøndelag er knapt 9 % (SSB 2010). Størstedelen av storfekjøtet her i landet vert produsert ved oppfôring av overskotskalvar frå mjølkeproduksjon, men færre mjølkekyr og kalvar har ført til mindre beiteopptak. Med høgare beiteopptak per dyr kan utnyttinga av innmarks- og utmarksareal betrast. Spesielt vil overgang til kastratar i staden for oksar gje større produksjon på beite. Artikkelen jamfører økonomien med oksar og kastratar i fjellbygdene og diskuterer føresetnader for lønsam produksjon av beitebasert kjøt.
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Ved jordbruksforhandlingene i 2011 ble partene enige om det skulle gjennomføres en ekstern evaluering av tilskuddsordningene som har som formål å stimulere til beiting. I evalueringen skulle en foreta en gjennomgang av alle tilskuddsordninger som har til siktemål å stimulere til beiting. Evalueringen skulle særlig vurdere måloppnåelse, ressursinnsats, og forvaltning. Dessuten skulle en vurdere utforming av ordningene med sikte på økt målretting og enklere forvaltning, samt vurdere ansvarsfordeling mellom nasjonalt og regionalt nivå. Avtalepartene skulle være referansegruppe for evalueringen. Statens landbruksforvaltning (SLF) var ansvarlig for evalueringen, og SLF valgte å gi oppdraget til Norsk institutt for landbruksøkonomisk forskning (NILF). Dette notatet er sluttrapport fra evalueringen. De ordningene som er inkludert i evalueringen er: (1) tilskudd til dyr på beite, (2) utmarksbeitetilskudd, (3) areal- og kulturlandskapstilskudd til innmarksbeite og (4) beitetilskudd under de regionale miljøprogrammene. Bakgrunn for evalueringen er nærmere omtalt i kapittel 1.
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The study aims to estimate the effects on the sheep farm economy of reducing grazing levels necessitated due to possible overgrazing by sheep on two important mountainous range pastures in southwest Norway. The pasture range in Setesdal Vesthei is grazed by sheep from distant farms located at Jæren (south of Stavanger), while south-western Hardangervidda is grazed by sheep from local farms and distant farms located along the coast. Farmers utilizing the pasture areas combine sheep with dairy cows, off farm work or businesses, while the local farms combine it with orchards. A Linear Programming (LP) model for specialized sheep farms based on farm records has been developed to study effects of reaching various grazing capacity levels. Reducing the number of sheep in Setesdal Vesthei by 10 percent would lower farm income per breeding stock animal with € 15 to € 119 and with € 35 to € 211 for Hardangervidda. The decrease in annual income will range from € 15,00 to € 119,00 in total for the farms using Setesdal Vesthei. The economic effects depend much on meat production per ewe. Replacing unilateral sheep grazing with a mixed system involving suckling goats and heifers is discussed to deal with the problems of encroachment and increasing elevation of the alpine tree-line.
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Leif Jarle AsheimSammendrag
This paper describes a stochastic linear programming model for farms with a milk and cattle meat production system. This model documentation is worked out using the farm account records for three family farms in Northern Norway. The model is built in Excel using the addin Simetar to analyze risks. The LP model maximizes farm gross margins but the fixed costs of each farm are subtracted in order to compute farm profit and risk in farm profit. Data for the 15 years from 19912005 from the farms and from the annual editions of the Handbook of farm planning (NILF, 2000) have been used as a basis for developing the stochastic variables. The following variables have been made stochastic: area and yield of green fodder, yields of leys and pastures, yield of milk per cow, meat price, milk price, fuel costs and costs of concentrate feed. The rate of interest is also made stochastic. In the model the rate of interest is affecting the risk in farm profit through the fixed costs. Emphasize has been given to build a flexible model allowing for examining effects of changes in several ways e.g. length of grazing period, calving time, or harvesting method for grass. The milk production is restricted by a farm specific milk quota, but otherwise the farming intensity is varied as farmers may choose selling e.g. small calves or up to two years old castrates with extensive use of pasture. Updating the model with data for another year is facilitated by defining prices for one year at a time and by cell referencing all variables. The records may be replaced with records for family farms with similar production systems in other areas in the country. The production is based on grass and pasture roughage. Dairy farms in more central areas also produce cereals, grain and oilseeds and the model has to be developed further for such farms. The model will be used to carry out different farm economics analysis for Norwegian family farms combining milk and cattle meat production in production systems involving extensive use of pasture.
Forfattere
Agnar Hegrenes Gudbrand Lien Ole Jakob Bergfjord Ola Flaten Ragnar Tveterås Leif Jarle AsheimSammendrag
Denne rapporten er et sammendrag av resultater fra det strategiske forskningsprogrammet «Risikoeksponering og risikohandtering i matproduksjon – sammenligning av havbruk og jordbruk». Hovedmålene for programmet var å: 1 skaffe økt kunnskap om risiko og om strategier og verktøyer for å møte risiko 2 undersøke om havbruks- og jordbruksbedrifter kan ha gjensidig nytte av å sammenligne risikoeksponering og risikohandtering i de to næringene 3 utvikle teorier og metoder som kan brukes til å handtere risiko i matproduksjon. Målene er søkt nådd ved mange delstudier. Resultatene fra disse delstudiene er publisert og formidlet i artikler og foredrag. I denne rapporten oppsummeres resultatene. Gjennom denne rapporten ønsker vi å gi en forenklet framstilling og oversikt over bidrag fra programmet. Vi har valgt å ikke presentere de individuelle arbeider/artikler hver for seg, men belyse temaer som har vært tatt opp i programmet. Rapporten kan også være en veileder for de som ønsker å se nærmere på enkeltbidrag fra programmet. Kapittel 24 dekker hovedmål 1. Kapittel 5 dekker hovedmål 2, mens kapittel 6 dekker hovedmål 3.
Sammendrag
Langs kysten av Vestlandet er tal bruk, jordbruksareal i drift og tal dyr på beite redusert dei siste åra. For om mogeleg å oppretthalde ein større del av dagens opne kulturlandskap startar Samarbeidsrådet for Landbruksorganisasjonane saman med NILF og Bioforsk Vest Fureneset eit prosjekt for å utrede arealekstensive driftssystem tilpassa sauehald og kjøttproduksjon på storfe.
Sammendrag
The study aims to estimate the effects on the sheep farm economy of reducing grazing levels necessitated due to possible overgrazing by sheep on two important mountainous range pastures in southwest Norway. The pasture range in Setesdal Vesthei is grazed by sheep from distant farms located at Jæren (south of Stavanger), while south-western Hardangervidda is grazed by sheep from local farms and distant farms located along the coast. Farmers utilizing the pasture areas combine sheep with dairy cows, off farm work or businesses, while the local farms combine it with orchards. A Linear Programming (LP) model for specialized sheep farms based on farm records has been developed to study effects of reaching various grazing capacity levels. Reducing the number of sheep in Setesdal Vesthei by 10 percent would lower farm income per breeding stock animal with € 15 to € 119 and with € 35 to € 211 for Hardangervidda. The decrease in annual income will range from € 15,00 to € 119,00 in total for the farms using Setesdal Vesthei. The economic effects depend much on meat production per ewe. Replacing unilateral sheep grazing with a mixed system involving suckling goats and heifers is discussed to deal with the problems of encroachment and increasing elevation of the alpine tree-line.
Sammendrag
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Forfattere
Leif Jarle AsheimSammendrag
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Sammendrag
The paper analyses and discusses possible impacts on Norwegian agriculture of an EU membership based on the regionalized agricultural sector model CAPRI. Norwegian agriculture is characterized by a small-scale farming structure and high levels of support. Previous analyses have shown that Norwegian agriculture is expected to undergo dramatic changes because of EU membership in terms of farm income, production and structural change. Our study indicates that a substantial share of the agricultural production can be maintained at the national level. Milk and crop production may remain largely unaffected, while meat production decreases in the range of 10–20% compared to a reference run without membership. However, a reduction in total farm income by about 40% indicates that structural adjustments will follow EU accession. The results are discussed in view of the pattern of adjustments observed in Finland and Austria after EU accession in 1995. The need for the dairy industry to take advantage of the improved market access is stressed. Attention is also called to some strengths and limitations of the CAPRI model to analyse large-scale policy changes and to identify model improvements as an area of future research.
Sammendrag
Utmark har lenge vore og er viktig for mange gardsbruk. Skogen gir tømmer og ved til sal og eige bruk. I tillegg betyr jakt og fiske mykje for mange. Mange husdyr beiter i utmarka. I eldre tider var utmarka ein viktig ressurs for å skaffe vinterfôr (utslått, lauv, beit, skav, mose m.m.). Dei seinare åra har det vorte lagt større vekt på andre verdiar ved utmarka enn mat og tømmer, m.a. rekreasjon, kulturlandskap og artsmangfald (biodiversitet). Verdien av rekreasjon i utmarka er utan tvil stor, men det kan vere svært utfordrande å få fram sikre tal for verdien av kulturlandskap og biodiversitet som fylgjer av beitinga i utmark. Dette notatet fokuserer på utmarksbeite for husdyr. Formålet med notatet er å svare på følgjande spørsmål: • Kor mange husdyr av ymse slag beiter i utmark? • Kor mykje fôr tek desse dyra opp på utmarksbeite? • Kva er verdien av dette fôret? • Kor stor er arbeidsinnsatsen i beitebaserte næringar? […]
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Sammendrag
Economic externalities of mitigating measures to reduce sheep losses to carnivores are not sufficiently addressed in Norwegian nature management. Evaluating such measures involves a "scale” problem: outfield (i.e. open range) grazing sheep have quite small home ranges, large carnivores from hundred to several thousand km2. Because these ranges are a different order of magnitude, exposure to mitigating measures taken in any sheep home range area might influence predatory behaviour outside that area. These external effects impact on society, the environment and other farmers and could outweigh any advantages. Scale consideration is of crucial importance in designing field research projects to explore such issues.
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Sammendrag
Sheep and goat farming systems in this part of Europe are based on extensive use of non-fertilised natural pastures and a long barn-feeding period. One million ewes are kept for the production of meat and wool while 60,000 goats are kept mainly for themilk. The local demand for organic meat and milk is increasing gradually and 10 percent of the agricultural area is projected to be managed according to organic principles by 2010. This paper discusses the feasibility of introducing cashmere goats in an organic sheep farming production system, based on economical calculations in a Linear Programming model. Significant movements from sheep to cashmere goats production are entirely as slaughtering of eight months old kids (11 kg) is unprofitable, assuming equal labour input of goats and sheep. Yields of meat and cashmere could be improved by feeding the kids until 20 months (19 kg) so possibly making goats as profitable as sheep. The benefits of high value cashmere production and controlling bush encroachment by goats favour a mixed farming system. If yield-levels of roughage can be maintained at 75% without artificial fertilizers and challenges in housing of small ruminants are solved, a shift away from conventional farming is profitable given the current support for organic farming.
Sammendrag
This report looks at the special measures for agriculture within the field of taxation and social security. Chapter 1 and 2 deal with general overview of taxes and taxation principles. Chapter 3 give more detailed information of the tax system in the selected countries, US, Canada, Australia, Germany, UK, France, Ireland, Italy and Switzerland. Chapter four deals with notifications to the Committee on Agriculture in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) concerning tax measures. In chapter 5 we have tried to systematize the different tax schemes in the selected countries.
Sammendrag
I rapporten er studert effekten av forskjellige tilpasninger ved store avlingsvariasjoner på eng i Nord-Norge på grunn av overvintringsskader og andre årsaker. Bakgrunnen for undersøkelsen er det låge og ustabile avlingsnivået for grovfôr i Nord-Norge i forhold til områder med gunstigere vilkår for dyrking av gras og grønnfôr. De problemstillinger som fokuseres er: Hvilke økonomiske konsekvenser har utgang av en større eller mindre del av enga? Hvilken økonomisk betydning har det generelle avlingsnivået på eng i Nord-Norge? Til å analysere problemstillingen er det utarbeidet en LP-modell. I modellen beregnes familiens arbeidsfortjeneste som mål for lønnsomheten. Lønnsomheten i en basisløsning uten avlingsskade sammenlignes med lønnsomheten ved forskjellige forutsetninger for avlinger og overvintringsskade. I modellen er det lagt vekt på å utforme relativt detaljerte forutsetninger for avlinger ved dyrking av grovfôr, fôrkjøp og husdyrproduksjon med skranker for areal, arbeidskraft og fôring. Modellen bygger på NILFs regnskapsmateriale for 72 bruk med mjølkeproduksjon i Nord-Norge for årene 1997 og 1998, forsøksresultater og data fra forskjellige andre kilder. Den består av 30 prosesser og 28 skranker og er dokumentert i vedlegg A. Modellen er utarbeidet i prisnivået for år 2000 og familiens arbeidsfortjeneste i basisløsningen (kr 192 700) er sammenlignet med resultater for de aktuelle regnskapsbruk som er framskrevet. Resultatet var 1,1 % høyere i basisalternativet enn i regnskapa når avlingene av eng og beite er kalibrerte til om lag samme nivå (0,7 % høyere) som i regnskapene. Forbruket av kraftfôr er noenlunde på linje, det var 1,8 % lavere i modellen enn i regnskapene. Samlet fôrforbruk var 0,4 % lavere i modellen enn i regnskapene. Modellen synes alt i alt tilstrekkelig representativ for bruk med mjølkeproduksjon i landsdelen. [...]
Sammendrag
The study examines the economics of combined milk and meat production as an alternative to the current specialised milk production on Norwegian goat. The reasons for the study are 1) to increase goat farm incomes,2) to improve the annual distribution pattern of goat milk and 3) to reduce negative publicity of farmers killing surplus goat kids just after birth. The most promising management practice would be to change the time of kidding from February to late April or May, combined with suckling the kids during the daytime until August. The kids are to be slaughtered in August in order to utilise the summer grazing period and market the kids the month before start of the lamb slaughter season. While the kids are being suckled, the does are milked once per day and after weaning the does are milked twice a day, thereby increasing milk deliveries during autumn and winter when milk prices are higher. A discussion of how the natural conditions and the Norwegian agricultural policy contribute to the results increases the value of the study.
Sammendrag
The seasonal variations in volume of the milk in Norwegian goat dairyfarming, complicate production of brand goat cheeses. In the specialised goat dairy farming system most kids are culled shortly after birth without utilising the meat. In this paper the farm economics of an alternative system with altered period of kidding (currently in theperiod from January to March) combined with production of meat and cashmere fibre, is examined. May kidding combined with raising the kids for 8 or 20 months yielded the m ost promising economical return. Raising the kids one year is also profitable when kidding takes place in February while December kidding seems to perform best with thepresent system of culling the kids right after birth. Cashmere fibre production seems to be profitable on Norwegian dairy goat farms and fibre and meat could become an optio n in countries seeking to improve incomes on dairy goat farms. Compared to the present system the changes also would be favourable from an animal welfare point of view.
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Sammendrag
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