Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2010
Forfattere
Ketil HaarstadSammendrag
A literature review shows that more than 500 organic and metallic compounds have been reported occurring in wetlands, and also that wetlands are suitable for removing pollutants. There are, however, obvious pitfalls for treatment wetlands, the most important being the maintenance of the hydraulic capacity and controlling the detention time. Treatment wetlands should have an adapted design to target specific compounds. Aquatic plants and soils are suitable for wastewater treatment because they have a high capacity of removing nutrients and other substances through uptake, sorption and microbiological degradation. The heavy metals Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni and Pb were found to exceed limit values in water. Also these studies revealed high values of phenol and SO4. No samples showed concentrations in sediments exceeding limit values, but fish samples showed concentrations of Hg exceeding the limit for fish sold in the EU. The main route of heavy metal uptake in aquatic plants was through the roots in the case of emergent and surface floating plants, whereas in submerged plants roots as well as leaves take part in removing heavy metals and nutrients. Submerged rooted plants have potential from water as well as sediments, where as rootless plants extracted metals rapidly only from water. Caution is due about the use of SSF CWs for the treatment of metal-contaminated industrial wastewater as metals are shifted to another environmental compartment and moreover stable redox conditions are required to ensure long-term efficiency. Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metals and since wetlands have been shown to be a source of methylmercury. Methyl Hg concentrations are typically approximately 15% of Hgt. In wetland water samples, PAH, bisphenol A, BTEX, hydrocarbons including diesel range organics, glycol, DDT, PCB, cyanide, benzene, chlorophenols and formaldehyde were found to exceed limit values. In sediments only PAH and PCB were found exceeding limit values. In the water phase the pesticides found above limit values were atrazine, simazine, terbutylazine, metolachlor, mecoprop, endosulfan, chlorfenvinphos and diuron. There are few listings of these compounds in the commonly used water quality limit values, except for some well-known endocrine disrupters such as nonylphenol, phtalates etc. The performance of extensive household wastewater treatment systems of removing pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are similar to that obtained in conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plants
Forfattere
Igor A. Yakovlev Carl Gunnar Fossdal Øystein JohnsenSammendrag
The temperature level experienced during zygotic embryogenesis in the conifer Norway spruce effects an epigenetic memory and vital phenological traits in the progeny (Kvaalen & Johnsen, 2008). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small RNAs having large-scale regulatory effects on plant development and could participate in epigenetic regulation of expression in plants. To unravel the possible molecular mechanisms behind this epigenetic phenomenon we prepared two concatemerized small RNA libraries representing smallRNAs expressed in plants from seeds obtained after embryogenesis in cold environment and in a warm environment and made a search of conserved miRNAs found in other plant species. Partial sequencing of the libraries allowed identifying of 199 different small RNAs, with predominant length of 21-nt. Among them were 24 novel candidate miRNAs and 4 conserved. Screening of conserved miRNAs allowed confirming additional 17 miRNAs belonged to 11 miRNA families. Most of the miRNA obtained were related to unknown and “no-hit” genes. The expression of 8 conserved miRNAs (pab-miR156c, 159a, 396a,b, 535, 947, 951 and 858) and 9 predicted miRNAs (miR080, 100, 105, 119, 122, 132, 144a,b and 157) showed significant differences in transcript levels between epigenetically distinct plants. Additionally we confirmed that four selected genes PaLPT4, PaGaMYB, PaMYB10 and PaSPB13 regulated by miRNAs pab-miR100, 858, 159a and 156c, may also be involved in epigenetic memory regulation. Our results suggest that Norway spruce miRNAs are composed of a set of conserved miRNAs and a large proportion of novel non-conserved miRNAs with relatively low expression levels. These findings imply that both kinds of miRNAs might be involved or at least affected by the molecular mechanisms underlying the temperature sensitive epigenetic memory in Norway spruce.
Forfattere
Ingerd Skow Hofgaard Heidi Udnes Aamot Sonja Klemsdal Marikka Jestoi Oleif Elen Guro BrodalSammendrag
During the 1980-1990"s Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium poae, Fusarium tricinctum and Fusarium culmorum were reported as the most frequently isolated Fusarium species in Norwegian cereals. Recent years studies indicate a shift in the relative prevalence of Fusarium species. In a 6-year period from 2004-2009, researchers at Bioforsk collected about 500 grain samples of spring wheat and oats from farmers" fields in South East Norway to study the effect of environmental factors on development of Fusarium spp. and mycotoxins. Climate data was collected from the nearest weather station, and information on cultivation practice in the respective fields was registered for each grain sample. All grain samples were analyzed for Fusarium-mycotoxin content by LC-MS/MS at the Finnish Food Safety Authority. The DNA content of selected Fusarium species (F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. poae, F. langsethiae/F. sporotrichioides) was determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Concentrations of deoxynivalenol (DON) above limit of detection (LOD, 50 µg/kg in oats and 45 µg/kg in spring wheat) were registered in more than 90% of the grain samples. Our data shows a trend towards an increased yearly median value of DON and 3-AcDON together with an increased occurrence of F. graminearum (DNA). In general, F. graminearum was detected at much higher levels than F. culmorum (qPCR). Concentrations of HT-2 and T-2 toxin above LOD were mainly registered in oats where more than 70% of the grain samples had a HT-2 concentration exceeding 80µg/kg. Similarly, the DNA content of F. langsethiae/F. sporotrichioides exceeded 0,1 pg per ng plant DNA in more than 70% of the oat samples, whereas this was only true in less than 5% of the spring wheat samples. As F. sporotrichioides is only sporadically found in Norwegian cereals, these results indicate F. langsethiae as the main HT-2/T-2 producer in Norwegian oats. F. avenaceum (DNA) and enniatins were detected in most grain samples indicating F. avenaceum as still being one of the most prevailing Fusarium species in Norwegian cereals. Moniliformin was detected in several of the grain samples, whereas hardly any samples contained nivalenol or diacetoxyscirpenol. Fusarenon-X, neosolaniol, fumonisin B1 and fumonisin B2 were not detected. Bioforsk has during the last 20-30 years been involved in several projects concerning Fusarium spp. and mycotoxins in Norwegian cereals. Prediction models for plant diseases (including Fusarium spp.) in cereals are today operative within the growing season in the Norwegian web-based disease decision support system, VIPS, administrated by Bioforsk http://www.vips-landbruk.no/. In an ongoing project (2010-2014) we focus on the effect of selected cultivation regimes on survival of Fusarium spp. in plant debris and development of mycotoxins in harvested grains of oats and spring wheat. Results will be used as a basis for further development of disease forecasting models, and for the development of guidelines for cultivation practice in Norway.
Forfattere
Knut Magnar Sandland Peder GjerdrumSammendrag
The objective of the research work has been to investigate whether the quality of dried and planed sawn timber can be improved by sorting logs and planks before the drying process. The research material was selected by randomly choosing 30 butt logs and 30 middle logs in a given diameter class at a sawmill. The logs were sawn in a 4 x log pattern, and one inner plank (near pith) and one outer plank (near bark) were chosen from each log. Various properties were measured on the logs and on the sawn timber before and after drying. The material was then planed, and the quality of the panel boards was registered. Based on the results, different models for sorting the timber before drying to optimise the drying process are proposed. One of them is to separate outer and inner planks. An evident improvement is then expected, both due to possibilities for adjusting the drying process to the moisture content before and after drying, and the possibilities for optimising the drying process in accordance with the requirements of the various wood products. In addition to a separation of inner and outer planks, it is also of interest to separate planks from different types of logs (e.g. butt logs and middle logs) to be able to further optimise the drying process according to the wood properties. The project results also show that the best wood quality for production of panel boards is found in the inner planks from middle logs, mainly due to the knot pattern in the stems.
Forfattere
Gilbert Kamgan Nkuekam Halvor Solheim Z. Wilhelm De Beer Joha W. Grobbelaar Karin Jacobs Michael J. Wingfield Jolanda RouxSammendrag
Ophiostoma spp. include important pathogens of trees and causal agents of sapstain. These fungi infect wounds on trees and are typically carried by insects, especially bark beetles. Ophiostoma spp. on coniferous hosts in the Northern Hemisphere are well-known. However, other than for the serious pathogens O. ulmi and O. novo-ulmi, very little research has been done on the occurrence of this group of fungi on native broad-leaved trees, especially in the Nordic countries. In this study, surveys were conducted in several areas of Norway to isolate Ophiostoma spp. associated with wounds on native broad-leaved trees belonging to the genera Betula, Fagus, Quercus, Sorbus and Tilia. Morphological studies and comparisons of DNA sequences for the ITS, 5.8S and part of the beta-tubulin gene regions were used to confirm the identity of the fungi collected. Ophiostoma spp., and especially their Pesotum anamorphs, were common on wounds on the trees sampled. In most cases, they were associated with wood stain. Ophiostoma spp. collected included predominantly O. quercus, O. borealis sp. nov., and O. denticiliatum. The results of this study emphasize that the diversity of Ophiostoma spp. on broad-leaved trees is still incompletely understood in Norway and other European countries.
Sammendrag
The model FROSTOL simulates course of frost tolerance in winter wheat on a daily basis from sowing on as affected by soil temperature (2 cm), snow cover, phenological development, and a genotypic maximum level of frost tolerance (LT 50). A series of cultivar trials in Finland was used to evaluate the model's ability to estimate plant survival in natural field environments during winters with differing weather conditions. Recorded survival was compared with number of intersections between the curves of simulated LT50 and the soil temperature curve for each field. A cumulative stress level (CSL) was calculated based both on number of intersections and FROSTOL simulated stress levels. The correlation between CSL and field recordings was quite low. While the field trials characterize a general ability to stand various types of winter stress, FROSTOL estimates damage caused by the soil temperature regime only. However, FROSTOL simulations seemed to correspond reasonably well to field observations when low temperature was the eventual cause of damage.
Forfattere
Ingerd Skow Hofgaard Guro Brodal Heidi Udnes Aamot Oleif Elen Marika Jestoi Sonja KlemsdalSammendrag
In a 6-year period from 2004-2009, about 500 grain samples of spring wheat and oats were collected from farmers" fields in South East Norway. In order to study the effect of environmental factors on development of Fusarium spp. and mycotoxins in cereal grains, climate data was collected from the nearest weather station and information on cultivation practice in the respective fields was registered for each grain sample. All samples were analyzed for 18 different Fusarium-mycotoxins by LC-MS/MS at the Finnish Food Safety Authority, and the DNA content of selected Fusarium species (Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. poae, F. langsethiae/F. sporotrichoides) was determined by quantitative PCR.
Sammendrag
The report discusses strategies for the utilization of anaerobically treated poultry manure and slaughterhouse waste (ADR) from Lusakert Poultry Plant Production (LPPP) at Lusakert Biogas Plant (LBP), Kotayk Region, Armenia. ADR is currently an untapped resource of nutrients stored in lagoons, while at the same time representing a source of pollution for the Hsradan river. The project"s two goals were to 1) contribute to the reduction in waste disposed in lagoons from LBP and 2) increase recycling of organic wastes in Armenia. Both goals will contribute to sustainable resource management in Armenia. Anaerobically digested residue from LBP represents an untapped source of essential nutrients for crop production in Armenia. Plant nutrients in ADR are readily available. When ADR is used as fertilizer, crop yields similar to those achieved with the use of mineral fertilizers may be obtained. However, distribution of ADR from the biogas plant to the surrounding farms requires transport by tanker trucks, and the transport distances are longer than what is common for transport of liquid organic fertilizers in the Nordic countries. It is also necessary to develop an infrastructure for storing the ADR at the individual recipient or in greater common stock near the farms. An alternative is to store ADR in the lagoons of LBP and pump it on tanker trucks that run directly to the farmer"s fields, where it is spread immediately. However, this option can only be conducted during the growing season. Alternatively, the ADR can be used to produce solid organic fertilizer and soil conditioner, which would facilitate transportation and storage. This can be done by 1) aerobic composting, 2) vermi-composting and 3) concentrating nutrients in ADR to a solid that can be separated from the liquid. All these strategies can produce a valuable fertilizer, but the market for such products needs to be developed in Armenia. ADR or composted ADR can contain contaminants with health and environmental risks, depending on the origin of the raw material used. If mushroom waste is used as a substrate for the composting of ADR, the heavy metal content of the final compost is not expected to be much lower than in ADR because mushroom waste of interest is based on chicken manure. By using straw or other suitable plant material as a substrate, it is likely that the heavy metal content is reduced. The concentrations of organic pollutants in composted ADR from LBP are expected to be low, due to expected low concentrations of organic contaminants in poultry manure and slaughterhouse waste. It is also assumed that veterinary pharmaceuticals do not pose a risk through the use of ADR or composted ADR. There is a risk that pathogenic bacteria are found in the ADR and composted ADR, but these bacteria are not in their natural environment, and it is unknown whether pathogen contamination is a real risk to the public by the use of ADR in agriculture. Armenia has an Agriculture Support Republican Center, which heads the Agriculture Support Regional Centers. The regional centers provide counseling to farmers in Armenia. The Agriculture Support Centers should be strengthened and further developed as a strategy for optimal use of ADR in Armenian agriculture. Collaboration between the biogas plants, farmers, farmer organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), government organizations and scientific institutions should be developed with the common goal of helping to develop good management practices for optimum utilization of ADR as organic fertilizer in Armenia.
Sammendrag
The effect of cows" diets on milk composition is discussed, focusing on those components of particular interest for human health. First dietary sources of fatty acids and their digestion and metabolism are reviewed. Then feeding factors affecting milk fat content and fatty acid composition are discussed, with emphasis on those factors related to forage and fat supplements. The effects of diet on protein content and composition and milk content of minerals and vitamins are reviewed. Feeding strategies for improving the nutritional quality of milk are summarized.
Forfattere
Roberto Spigarolo Valerio Sarti Giulio GiorgiSammendrag
This report describes the political organisation and policies about public organic procurement in Italy, especially within school catering, and how organic products are utilized in this sector. The report is produced within the project “innovative Public Organic food Procurement for Youth”, iPOPY, and is a revised version of a preliminary report published in the same report series in 2008. Organic and otherwise typical and certified food is supported by several Italian regions by regulations and guidelines demanding that municipalities must prioritize such food in their calls for tenders. This has contributed to make Italy a leading public consumer of organic food, serving about 1 million dishes of school food per day with at least some organic ingredients. In total, about 40% of the food consumed in Italian schools is organic, and 36% from otherwise certified agriculture (local speciality, integrated or fair trade). On full length school days, all pupils are served a warm meal with two dishes, commonly also a desert. The average payment is 3.86 Euro. Future challenges for the Italian school meals with their high share of organic food are to reduce the high amounts of food waste, partly incurred by the current system of food serving where all pupils get equal portions, served at a table. Further, non-food costs are a challenge, as they constitute 70 % of the total food costs. Means to ensure that municipalities and caterers follow the regional guidelines are also required, as well as support for the municipalities to design efficient calls for tenders. The communication about organic food in schools, e.g. as a part of the education, should be strengthened to increase the pupil’s understanding of the benefits of this farming practice for the environment.