Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2008
Forfattere
Harald Kvaalen Øystein JohnsenSammendrag
It has been shown previously that height growth and bud phenology are influenced by the temperature during zygotic embryogenesis in Picea abies.To test whether this phenomenon operates within individual plants, clones produced through somatic embryogenesis were used. Seeds were from a full-sib family produced in both a cold (outdoor) and a warm (inside a glasshouse) environment. Embryogenic clones derived from mature zygotic embryos from both crossing environments were cultured at 18, 23 and 28 during the proliferation and embryo maturation steps.After the second growing season in a glasshouse, plants from the warm seed production environment were taller and had significantly later bud set. For the first time, it is also shown that plants are influenced by the in vitro temperature during somatic embryo development. The warmer the temperature, the later the plants formed terminal buds. The differences were similar to those produced by a provenance separation of 4-6 degrees of latitude.The results indicate that there exists a mechanism in P. abies that operates during embryo development and adjusts the timing of bud set in accordance with the temperature conditions in which the mother tree lives. This in turn counteracts negative effects of gene flow among populations located along altitudinal and latitudinal gradients.
Forfattere
Jan-Ole Skage Åge ØstgårdSammendrag
Norsk institutt for skog og landskap i Bergen plantet våren 1999 ut åtte forsøk med omkring 50.000 barrotsplanter fra 76 provenienser av fjelledelgran (Abies lasiocarpa) og korkedelgran (Abies lasiocarpa var.arizonica). To av forsøkene er imidlertid blitt nedlagt pga gjentatte angrep av rustsopp, vårfrost og for dårlig jordsmonn. I de gjenværende seks forsøkene har plantene etablert seg meget godt og overlevd godt. Etter seks overvintringer og sju vekstsesonger (2005) hadde forsøkene i gjennomsnitt 80 % overlevelse og en middelhøyde på 91 cm. Provenienser fra Oregon hadde i gjennomsnitt høyest overlevelse, mens provenienser fra Arizona hadde lavest overlevelse. Provenienser fra British Columbia hadde størst høydevekst, mens provenienser fra Colorado hadde minst vekst. Provenienser fra British Columbia er vurdert til å gi det høyeste juletreutbyttet, mens provenienser fra Colorado er vurdert til det laveste utbyttet. De beste proveniensene med høyest juletreutbytte er Spring Mt., Cunningham Creek, Grizzly Lake og Inzana Lake, alle fra British Columbia i Canada. Proveniensen Spring Mt., hadde faktisk høyest utbytte i fire av seks forsøk. Etter noen flere vekstsesonger kan imidlertid andre provenienser bli rangerte som bedre provenienser. Resultatene for juletreutbytte må derfor se på som foreløpige etter sju vekstsesonger.
Forfattere
Arne SteffenremSammendrag
Wood based products come from a renewable resource playing an important part of the carbon cycle and are therefore regarded environmentally friendly compared to many other alternatives. We might therefore expect a more intensive use of the timber resource in the future. An increase in the supply and net value of timber products from a given area requires more intensive and cost efficient forest management. However, a faster growth rate in general and an increase in the juvenile wood proportion specifically, might come in conflict with the desirable wood quality. Tree breeding programs for Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) aim to follow up the general demands by providing forestry with plant materials that have superior growth and high wood quality. It is therefore important to establish a better knowledge of the potential of improving wood quality characters in this species through breeding. Characteristics important for structural strength and dimensional stability in conifers are wood density, spiral grain, microfibril angle (MfA) in the S2 layer in the secondary cell wall, branch characteristics and stem straightness. We have studied the genetic variation and correlation patterns for these traits and the direct end-use performance of clearwood samples in terms of stiffness (MOE) and strength (MOR) in four studies of Norway spruce (Paper I-IV). Wood quality traits of defect free wood were studied in Paper I and II. The materials used were 28 and 29 year old progeny trials planted in South East Norway on fertile soils. Significant genetic variation was found for wood density, MfA and spiral grain in both studies (p < 0.05). MOE and MOR, measured by static bending, were studied in one of the materials and the genetic variation was found to be highly significant (p < 0.01). There was also significant genetic variation (p < 0.05) in MOE estimated (MOEest) from wood density and the x-ray diffractometry pattern from the S2 layer obtained by SilviScan®-3. Genetic parameters were estimated in Paper II with large standard errors. The parameters must therefore be used with caution and preferably with support from other studies. We could confirm earlier studies of high genetic variation and low genotype by environment interactions (GxE) for wood density and spiral grain. Parameter estimates for MfA and MOEest, from one site, suggest that these are under moderate to strong genetic control in Norway spruce. Phenotypic correlations between growth traits (height and diameter growth) and wood quality traits were negative for wood density, positive for MfA and negative for MOEest. Genetic relationships showed the same trends for diameter growth, but not for height growth. The genetic and environmental variation in branch characteristics (Paper III and IV) were studied in three sets of progeny trials that were 22, 28 and 29 years old from planting. Stem straightness was studied in the 22-year old trial only. The branch diameter was highly influenced by site index and spacing. Number of branches formed and stem straightness seems to be under stronger genetic control. Individual tree heritabilities for growth traits, branch diameter and stem straightness were estimated in the 22-year old progeny trial planted at two sites. The trials were planted with different spacing, which allowed us to study genotype by spacing interactions. Heritability for growth traits and branch diameter across sites were moderate (0.14 - 0.19) compared to the higher values found for stem straightness (0.28). GxE, and thereby genotype by spacing interactions were not important for any of the traits. Heritability for number of branches, estimated from one of the sites, was 0.24. There was a strong and positive genetic correlation between growth traits and branch diameter. The presence of genetic variation for most wood quality traits suggests that these can be improved by tree breeding. However, genetic correlations with growth traits indicate that selection solely for growth might have adverse effects on wood quality. It is therefore important to balance the gain in growth and wood quality. Implementation of several adversely correlated traits in a breeding program reduces its efficiency. It is therefore essential that tree breeding, silvicultural practices and forest industrial needs interact when developing tree breeding programs to obtain an optimal strategy for selection and utilization of improved plant materials.
Forfattere
Erlend Ystrøm Haartveit Per Otto FlæteSammendrag
Wood from different tree species is commonly similar in visual appearance but still have considerable differences in machining and wood properties. Even heartwood and sapwood from the same tree species may be difficult to separate visually, but the wood properties important for the quality of the final products may differ. Hence, within the forest products industry there is a great need to non-destructively evaluate wood quality prior to and during manufacturing in order to ensure effective allocation of raw material, and to obtain consistent and well defined quality of the end products. Near infrared spectroscopy is a promising technique because it requires minimal, if any, sample preparation and provides results rapidly, even when used on intact, opaque biological samples. In this paper we use near infrared spectroscopy combined with multivariate statistical analyses for classification of wood types. Case I considers heartwood and sapwood from Scots pine. On freshly cut wood heartwood and sapwood are visually similar, but the wood properties differ. Case II considers wood from tree different species of spruce, Norway spruce, Sitka spruce and Lutz spruce. The species have differences mechanical and machining properties. NIR spectra were recorded directly on solid wood surfaces. The multivariate statistical analyses were based on partial least squares methodology and resulted in successful classification of wood types in both cases. All models were validated using test set validation. In both cases the result showed that near infrared spectroscopy and multivariate statistics can be used to develop well-performing prediction models for classification of visually similar wood types.
Sammendrag
Tree-killing bark beetles conquer healthy trees by means of pheromone mediated mass-attacks. The initial attackers select trees through a process of random landing and processing of tactile and short-range chemical stimuli. Inside acceptable hosts they produce aggregation pheromones that attract additional attackers. In a recent field experiment we induced defense responses in 60-year-old Norway spruce trees and monitored colonization by the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. Induced stem sections had significantly less beetle colonization than control sections, with shorter parental galleries and fewer eggs deposited. In addition, fewer beetles were attracted to beetles tunnelling in induced bark. This reduced ability to attract conspecifics suggests that induced host defenses interfere with beetle pheromone production or emission. The mechanisms responsible for this are unknown, but may involve emission of volatile terpenes such as (E)-b-farnesene and linalool, which have been shown to increase up to 100-fold in induced Norway spruce trees. These compounds have been reported to attract natural enemies of herbivores or repel herbivores directly in other conifer-insect interactions.
Forfattere
Haiying Liu Tonje Økland Rune Halvorsen Jixi Gao Quanru Liu Odd Eilertsen Harald BratliSammendrag
Monitoring of ground vegetation and environmental variables in subtropical forests in China was initiated in 1999 as part of the “Integrated Monitoring Programme of Acidification of Chinese Terrestrial Systems”. The study areas were selected to span regional gradients, in deposition of airborne pollutants and climatic conditions. All five study areas are located in the southern and south-western parts of China and consist of subtropical forests. In each study area 50 1-m2 plots were randomly chosen within each of ten 10×10 m macro plots, each in turn positioned in the centre of 30×30 m extended macro plot. All 250 1-m2 plots were subjected to vegetation analysis, using frequency in subplots as measure of species abundance. A total of 33 environmental variables were recorded for 1-m2 plots as well as 10×10 m macro plots. A major objective of this study is to identify the environ¬mental variables that are most strongly related to the species composition of ground vegetation in S and SW Chinese subtropical forests, as a basis for future monitoring. Comparison among DCA, LNMDS and GNMDS ordination methods, an additional objective of the study, was achieved by using a set of different techniques: calculation of pair-wise correlation coefficients between corresponding ordination axes, Procrustes comparison, assessment of outlier influence, and split-plot GLM analysis between environmental variables and ordination axes. LNMDS and GNMDS consistently produce very similar ordinations. GNMDS ordinations are generally more similar to DCA than LNMDS to DCA. In most cases DCA, LNMDS and GNMDS extract the same main ground vegetation compositional gradients and the choice of LNMDS or GNMDS is therefore hardly decisive for the results. GNMDS was chosen for interpretation and presentation of vegetation-environment relationships. The dimensionality of GNMDS (number of reliable axes) was decided by demanding high correspondence of all axes with DCA and LNMDS axes. Three dimensions were needed to describe the variation in vegetation in two of the areas (TSP and LXH), two dimensions in the other three areas (LCG, LGS and CJT). Environmental interpretation of ordinations (identification of ecoclines; gradients in species composition and the environment) was made by split-plot GLM analysis and non-parametric cor¬relation analysis. Plexus diagrams and PCA ordination were used to visualize correlations between environmental variables. Several graphical means were used to aid interpretation. Complex gradients in litter-layer depth, topography, soil pH/soil nutrient, and tree density/crown cover were found to be most strongly related to vegetation gradients. However, the five study areas differed somewhat with respect to which of the environmental variables that were most strongly related to the vegetation gradients (ordination axes). Litter-layer depth was related to vegetation gradients in four areas (TSP, LCG, CJT and LXH); topography in four study areas (TSP, LGS, CJT and LXH); soil pH in three areas (LCG, LGS and CJT); soil nutrients in one area (LGS); and tree density/crown cover in one area (LCG). The ecological processes involved in relationships between vegetation and main complex-gradi¬ents in litter-layer depth, topography, soil pH/soil nutrient, and tree density/crown cover, in subtropical forests, are discussed. We find that gradient relationships of subtropical forests are complex, and that heavy pollution may increase this complexity. Furthermore, our results suggest that better knowledge of vegetation-environment relationships has potential for enhancing our understanding of subtropical forests that occupy vast areas of the S and SW China.
Forfattere
Erlend Nybakk Terje Birkeland Per Otto Flæte Knut FinstadSammendrag
A bucking-to-value optimization system has traditionally been used by applying price matrices in bucking control to maximize the value of single stems and thereby the income of Norwegian forest owners. This system improved the possibilities of customization of sawlog supply, but the differences between the demand and the output sawlog distribution are still significant. Hence, a new bucking system, called bucking-to-demand, was developed in Sweden in the late 80s and was also introduced in Finland. To better meet the demand of single sawmills, the harvesters use a new demand matrix in addition to the price matrix. The main objective of this case study was to evaluate the potential of achieving a more market-oriented sawlog production in Norway by utilizing the bucking-to-demand system in bucking optimization. The results showed that a bucking-to-demand system gave a higher apportionment degree than a traditional bucking-to-value system. Bucking-to-demand had a larger effect (apportionment degree) than bucking-to-value in forests with high site indexes compared with forests with low site indexes. Additionally, the value discrepancy between the two bucking systems tended to be smaller on low-productivity forest sites than on highproductivity sites. The results imply that the bucking-to-demand system can be an effective tool for achieving a more customized log production in Norway, which in turn will increase the added value in the Norwegian forest products value chain.
Forfattere
Bernt-Håvard Øyen Per Holm NygaardSammendrag
From the first plantings and experiences in the afforestation areas in West and North Norway it became evident that there was a large potential for increasing the yield by changing tree species, especially from mismanaged broadleaves and pine to dense spruce plantations. The focal point in this chapter will therefore be the experience in Norway, with some examplesfrom other countries.....
Forfattere
Asrun Elmarsdottir Arne Fjellberg Gudmundur Halldórsson Maria Ingimarsdottir Olafur K. Nielsen Per Holm Nygaard Bjarni D. SigurdssonSammendrag
Recently, there has been increased emphasis on conserving biodiversity, threatened habitats and ecosystems in the Nordic countries. The Nordic countries have signed the Convention on Biological Diversity, thus embracing the target of halting the decline in biodiversity by the year 2010. Therefore it is important to identify the effects that afforestation has on biodiversity and the functioning of ecosystems......
Forfattere
Olafur Eggertsson Per Holm Nygaard Jens Peter SkovsgaardSammendrag
The last late glacial from 22,000 up until just before 13,000 years ago was very cold and dry throughout Europe. Large ice sheets were present over much of northern Europe, and ice caps covered the Alps and the Pyrenees. Forest and woodland were almost non-existent, except for isolated areas of woodland vegetation and close to the mountain ranges of southern Europe. Instead, a sparse grassland or semi-desert covered most of southern Europe, at the same time as a mixture of the dry, open steppe tundra and polar desert covered the parts of northern Europe not occupied by ice sheets (Figure 1). Ice-wedge geomorphological features suggest that permafrost extended across most of Europe, down to about the latitude of central France. At this time drifting sand and wind erosion were common in north and central Europe.