Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2013
Forfattere
Karl Henrik Haugholt Matthieu Jean P Lacolle Marion O'Farrell Atle Honne Kari Anne Hestnes Bakke Aina Lundon RussenesSammendrag
A low-cost Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) instrument was developed where the traditional He–Ne reference laser was replaced by a low-cost linear encoder. An RMS sampling error of less than 20 nm was achieved by oversampling both the interferogram and the encoder signal and then resampling the interferogram using a correction table for the encoder. A gas calibration model was developed for the system, which was chosen to have a stroke length of 21 mm and, thereby, a resolution of 0.4 cm −1 after apodization. The instrument was mounted on a vehicle and employed in an agricultural field test for measuring soil emissions, in particular nitrous oxide (N 2 O ). The concentration of N 2 O was measured with a root mean squared error of 6 ppb. The results compared well with lab-based gas chromatography measurements.
Sammendrag
Driftsgranskingane er ei årleg rekneskapsgransking som omfattar om lag 860 bruk over heile landet. Dette notatet inneheld lokale data frå Vestlandet. I tillegg har vi valt å ta med resultat frå samdrifter i mjølkeproduksjonen. På grunn av at materialet for Vestlandet er lite til eigen analyse, presenterer vi resultat på landsbasis. Notatet er basert på driftsgranskingsdata frå dei tre vestlandsfylka Hordaland, Sogn og Fjordane og Møre og Romsdal. Av dei 857 bruka i driftsgranskingane i 2011, kom 170 bruk frå Vestlandet, 60 frå Hordaland, 58 frå Sogn og Fjordane og 52 frå Møre og Romsdal. Dette notatet tar for seg økonomien i landbruket på Vestlandet i 2011 og viser økonomiske utvikling dei siste 10 åra. Kapittel to inneheld den årlege pressemeldinga for Vestlandet som omhandlar driftsresultatet i jordbruket for året 2011. Kapittel tre viser utviklinga i økonomien i jordbruket, soliditeten og totaløkonomien til brukarfamilien dei siste ti åra. Trendane i denne perioden er presenterte i figurar, og alle bakgrunnsdata er deflaterte etter konsumprisindeksen. I kapittel fire viser vi resultat frå samdrifter i mjølkeproduksjonen. Det er samdrifter med to eller fleire aktive medlemmer. Kapittel fem er sjølve tabellsamlinga som inneheld tal frå driftsgranskingane for Vestlandet for dei siste fem åra. Tabellane er delte inn slik at ein kan finne tal for landsdelen, fylka, ulike storleiksgrupper og ulike produksjonar. Utvalet av bruk i driftsgranskingane skal ikkje vere representativt for jordbruket i kvart fylke, men for regionen. Alle dei økonomiske data i kapittel fem (tabellane) er nominelle tal for åra, og dermed ikkje inflasjonsjusterte.
Forfattere
Samson Øpstad Atle Hauge Anders HovdeSammendrag
Ved planlegging av dreneringstiltak på myr, både tradisjonelle tiltak som kanalar og grøfter, men òg tiltak som profilering og omgraving eller ein kombinasjon av desse, krevst det førebuande arbeid på feltet. For å sikra tilfredsstillande avlaup for vatnet, må ein berekna sannsynleg myrsøkking og ta omsyn til det. Vellukka drift av myrjord på lengre sikt krev særskild omtanke. Eigne gjerningar verkar sterkt inn på jordfysisk tilstand og avlingsnivå.
Forfattere
Erlend Nybakk Anders LunnanSammendrag
Many technical studies related to the development of biomass energy have been conducted. However, for technical solutions to contribute to economic development, they must be accepted in the market. Furthermore, improved knowledge on biomass supply and policy effects is critical in facilitating an increased flow from source to end user. The special issue “Bioenergy markets” contains ten articles which give new insight into the importance of the behaviour of market agents, the function of markets, and biomass supply. It also sheds light on the challenges of both competition between fuel-related and other uses of biomass and competition between biomass and other energy solutions. Moreover, it illustrates the importance of environmental factors and the role of policy in this area.
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Over the past 40 years, a new multidisciplinary field of study has emerged which is characterised by at least two major changes in the way some scientists treat systems. First, it is increasingly accepted that we cannot fully understand the laws that govern a system simply by studying its parts, nor can we fully understand the behaviour of the parts without placing them in the context of the larger system in which they are embedded. This realization, which has arisen as we face the limits of reductionist science, has given rise to the development of new models and methods that facilitate the study of systems across multiple scales of organization. Second, the notions of equilibrium and predictability in natural systems, developed in the 19th Century and continuously pursued until far into the 20th Century, are being rejected in favour of models that embrace variability, diversity, continual change and adaptation as the status quo. Traditional analytical models that assume a stable equilibrium are being replaced by new approaches that facilitate the exploration of a system’s natural range of variation and its possible emergent responses to changing external conditions. The implications of this new field, now known as complexity science, are manifest across disciplines, fundamentally changing the way we study, analyze and perceive natural systems. We provide an overview of complexity science in the context of forest management.
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Shoot dieback disease of European ash caused by the ascomycete Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus threatens ash on a continental scale. A spore sampler placed in a diseased ash forest in Southern Norway, coupled with microscopy and DNA-based fungal species-specific real-time PCR assays, was employed to profile diurnal and within-season variation in infection pressure by ascospores of H. pseudoalbidus and the potentially co-existing non-pathogenic Hymenoscyphusalbidus. Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus was found to be predominant in the stand. Massive simultaneous liberation, by active discharge of pathogen ascospores in the morning, peaked in mid-Jul. to mid-Aug. Accumulation of pathogen DNA on leaflets of current-year leaves reached a high level plateau phase before appearance of autumn coloration, suggesting that pathogen establishment in leaves is terminated before the onset of leaf senescence.
Forfattere
Jan Čermák Pavel Cudlin Roman Gebauer Isabella Børja Milena Martinková Zdeněk Stanĕk Jan Koller Jindřich Neruda Nadezhda NadezhdinaSammendrag
Estimates of root absorption magnitude are needed for the balanced management of forest ecosystems, but no methods able to work on the whole tree and stand level were available. Modified earth impedance method was developed recently and here it was tested, by comparing the results with those obtained by combination of several classical methods. Methods We used direct (soil cores, scanning and microscopy) and indirect (sap flow patterns and modified earth impedance) methods in an attempt to estimate the absorptive root area indexes (RAI) at two sites of about 25 and 40-years-old Norway spruce. We considered the geometric surfaces of all scanned fine roots to be equal to the fine root absorptive area (RAIscan). To estimate the potentially physically permeable area of fine roots, we microscopically evaluated the point of secondary xylem appearance and calculated the geometric area of root portions with primary structure (RAImicro). We termed the area of electrically conductive root surface as the active (ion) absorptive area (RAImei) and measured its extent by the modified earth impedance (MEI) method. Results The highest values for absorptive root areas at the two experimental sites we obtained with the scanning method (RAIscan was considered to be 100%), followed by the RAImicro (51%) and RAImei (32%). RAImei reached about 2/3 of RAImicro. The surface area of the ectomycorrhizal hyphae was an order of magnitude larger than that of all fine roots, but the MEI did not measure such increase. Conclusions We showed that the absorptive root area, indirectly estimated by the MEI, provides consistent results that approach the values obtained for fine roots with a primary structure estimated by traditional direct methods. The similar range of the values for the absorptive root surface area obtained by microscopy and by the MEI method indicates that this method is feasible and that it could be used to determine the extent of active absorptive root surface areas in forests.