Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2009
Forfattere
Alhaji Jeng Patson Nalivata Wilkson Makumba Beston MaongaSammendrag
This paper highlights the status of the biofuels industry in Malawi, draws the major players and their role and the environment under which the biofuels activities are being conducted in Malawi. Biofuel activities have started taking shape in Malalwi and that private organizations are the ones taking the lead. Limited knowledge exists at the ADD level on biofuels activities in their area since the biofuel organizations do not operate through the ADD structure. Despite having a huge comparative advantage in factors supporting growth of energy crops (biofuels), Malawi has not embraced biofuels in the national energy policy or national development framework. Consequently, the major setback in the development of the biofuel programs here is the lack of formal government policy. The Government of Malawi is, therefore, encouraged to take initiative and commence the development of a biofuels strategy and regulatory framework to safeguard the interest of the nation and harness the potential economic opportunities from this industry. Furthermore, it is vital to characterize the biophysical conditions for biofuel production in Malawi, to map out the amount of land available and form an opinion of how much the country can realize annually from this venture. This would consolidate our knowledge on the economic benefit for the country and the potential for the smallholder farmers to emerge from the clutches of poverty. Using a structured questionnaire, a national survey was conducted to assess the status of biofuels production and the level of awareness of the stakeholders (farmers and extension in the ADDs and Government) about biofuels production in Malawi.
Forfattere
Ricardo Holgado Stig Andersson Janet Rowe Ian Clark Christer MagnussonSammendrag
Norwegian cereal cyst nematode populations were studied by biochemical, molecular, morphological and bio test techniques. H. avenae occurred in the pathotypes, Ha11, Ha12, and H. avenae Våxtorp. H. filipjevi was recorded as pathotype West. H. avenae (Ha 11) and H. filipjevi West were the most common species. Thirty barley, 23 oat and 6 of summer wheat cultivars on the Norwegian market were tested for their resistance against H. avenae (Ha11), H. avenae Våxtorp and H. filipjevi West. Resistance against Ha11 was found in 5 barley, 3 oat and in 1 wheat cultivar. Resistance against H. avenae Våxtorp was not present in barley, but 4 oat and 1 wheat cultivar were resistant. For H. filipjevi West resistance was not detected in wheat, but in 6 barley and 13 oat cultivars. A management system based on careful nematode identification and knowledge on resistance of cultivars were set in operation in the county of Vestfold. As a result farmers have improved average yields by 1000 kg /ha. By implementing this program in full the county of Vestfold could make an annual gain of 800 000 €. In perspective of increasing damage from CCN world-wide the correct identification of species and the recognition of their genetic variability is instrumental for successful control.
Forfattere
Ricardo Holgado Stig Andersson Janet Rowe Ian Clark Christer MagnussonSammendrag
Cereal cyst nematodes (CCN), Heterodera spp. are well-known world-wide as parasites of cereals. In Scandinavia H. avenae is the most common species and occurs in the pathotypes, Ha11 and Ha12, and the additional pathotypes H. avenae-Knislinge, H. avenae-Ringsåsen and H. avenae-Våxtorp. H. filipjevi, which occurs in the two pathotypes, "East" and "West" is less common than H. avenae. For several years it has been known that resistance to cereal cyst nematodes may be found in some commercial cultivars, although no conscious breeding for resistance has been attempted. In 2004 and 2005 a majority of cereal cultivars on the Norwegian market were tested for susceptibility/resistance towards H. avenae pathotype Ha11, H. avenae pathotype "Våxtorp" and H. filipjevi pathotype "West" The test program included 30 cultivars of barley, 23 cultivars of oats and 6 cultivars of summer wheat. Resistance against Ha11 was found in 5 barley, 3 oat cultivars and in 1 wheat cultivar. Resistance against H. avenae pathotype "Våxtorp" was not present in barley, but 4 oat cultivars and 1 wheat cultivar were resistant. For H. filipjevi "West" resistance was not detected in wheat, but in 6 barley and 13 oat cultivars. Obviously the variability in CCN is larger than generally anticipated. In Norway management systems based on careful nematode identification and good knowledge of suitable resistant cultivars are in operation. Resistant barley is generally recommended when nematode populations are high due to its high tolerance compared to resistant oats. Farmers implementing this program have reported increased cereal yields of in average 1000 kg /ha. It has been calculated that by implementing this program in full the county of Vestfold could make an economic gain of 800 000 € annually. In perspective of increasing damage from CCN world-wide the recognition of its genetic variability is instrumental for successful control.
Forfattere
Mette Goul ThomsenSammendrag
Nettverk Rosenrot-møte 2009:Presentasjon av resultater og nytt fra firmaer ved Mette Goul Thomsen.- Preliminære resultater fra gjødslings forsøkene viste nå etter 2,5 år på felt ikke noe utslag for N-gjødsling på morenejord. Dette tilsvarer resultatene presentert av Kwesi i fjor. Konklusjonen hans var at N og P gjødsling ikke hadde noen effekt på Rhodiola som vokste på jord med lavt næringsinnhold. Studier fra Russland har dog konkludert annerledes (se rapporten fra Steinar Dragland 2004), derfor avventer vi endelige resultater etter høstingen i år. Formering ved stiklinger ble diskutert. Tilveksten ved denne formeringsmåte er naturlig nok raskere, men hvordan utvikling i innholdsstoffer er har vi ikke umiddelbart noe informasjon på. Dette skal vi se nærmere på etter hvert. Resultatene på tørketemperatur viste at temperatur under 50 ˚C gir høyest innhold av aktive stoffer. Dette tilsvarer resultater fra Canada, hvor temperatur under 55˚C for rhizomer var funnet optimale. Resultater fra Finland viser at oppbevaring av høstede røtter bør skje på kjøl ca. 5 ˚C og for vaskede og oppdelte røtter på frys. Videre så vi på russiske undersøkelser av morfologiske forskjeller i rosenrot. Variasjonen er meget stor og hvorvidt vi kan relaterer disse til mengde av innholdsstoffer gjenstår å se. I forbindelse med årets møte har vi kontaktet flere firmaer. Firmaene vi har vært i kontakt med er Faun Pharma i Drøbak; Swepharm; Örtmedisinske; Biokraft (alle tre i Sverige) og Pharmaplant i Tyskland. Et par av disse ville ta kontakt hvis det ble behov for å kjøpe inn rosenrot. Det er mulig at man burde lage en oversikt over hva man har å tilby av rosenrot i Norge og finne ut om man vil gå sammen for å tilby større mengder. Prisene er det vanskelig å få opplysninger om men et rask overslag fra Finland antydet en pris på 18 Euro/kg for importert vare og 33 Euro/kg for Finsk.Demonstrasjon av ugras regulering med seksjonsfres og opptak på flat jord med potetopptaker ble demonstrert og ser ut til å fungere bra.
Forfattere
Laura Jaakola Mika Paassilta Marko Suokas Inger Martinussen Kristiina Antonius Andreas Åkerström Asdis Helga Bjarnadottir Úlfur Óskarsson Anja Hohtola Simo Moisio Olavi Junttila Ulla Bång Hely HäggmanSammendrag
Wild berries are characteristic part of the Northern nature and a potential speciality of Nordic countries. Wild berries are also a rich and valuable resource that has not yet been exploited in a satisfactory level. Approximately 90-95 per cent of the whole wild berry crop yield is left unpicked in the Nordic forests every year. The challenges of the wild berry utilization are similar in Nordic countries - the logistics of berry picking including traceability, fragmented sector structure as well as the high share of unprocessed raw material in export. The Nordic project focusing on bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) "Bilberry: Towards functional food markets" (2007-2009) is a part of the New Nordic Food programme funded by the Nordic Innovation Centre. The programme aims to enhance cooperation and innovation among companies that utilize the natural resources in the Nordic countries. The aim of the project is to improve wild berry production and utilization in the Nordic and global market. To achieve this goal a network between the Nordic experts presenting the different fields of the wild berry sector has been established. The project has focused on marketing research, quality issues, biodiversity and traceability of wild berries, especially bilberry. The results of the marketing survey were published in November 2008. The aim of the survey was to generate an overall picture of the companies working with wild berries in Nordic countries and gather information on the existence and willingness of the berry companies to cooperate for instance in wild berry supply, logistics, marketing or research and development. According to the results, a general agreement for the need of increased cooperation at the Nordic level was highlighted
Forfattere
Mekjell MelandSammendrag
The performance of 26 different cherry rootstocks (‘Hexaploid Colt"," Damil", ‘Tabel® Edabriz", ‘Gisela® (Gi) 3", ‘4", ‘5", ‘6", ‘7", ‘11", ‘Giessen (GI) 107/1", ‘148/13", ‘154/7" , ‘195/20", ‘318/17", ‘497/8", ‘523/02", ‘Weiroot (W) 10", ‘53", ‘158", ‘Maxma 14", ‘Maxma 60", ‘Maxma 97", ‘PHL-A", ‘PHL-B", ‘Piku®1"and ‘Piku® 3"), compared with ‘Colt" as a standard, for the cultivar ‘Lapins" (Prunus avium L), was assessed in a field trial in western Norway at 60° North. Trees, one-year-old whips, were planted in spring 1999; at 2.0 x 4.5 m spacing and trained to central leader as free spindle. Tree vigour, yield, fruit size, fruit quality and yield efficiency were evaluated for eight subsequent years. Tree sizes were significantly affected by the rootstocks after eight years growth. ‘Tabel®Edabriz", ‘Gi 3" and ‘Gi 4" produced the smallest and ‘Piku®3", ‘Colt"," Damil" and ‘Maxma 60" the largest trees as measured by trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA). The most vigourus rootstock had five times larger TCSA than the dwarfest rootstocks. ‘Piku®1" was the most productive rootstock for this cultivar with highest cumulative yield followed by ‘Colt", ‘Piku®3" and ‘Gi 523/02". Average yield per tree and per year during the first seven cropping years was 12 kg for ‘Piku®1". ‘Piku®1" and ‘Gi 5" induced early bearing. Trees on ‘Gi 5" and ‘Gi 6"were the most yield efficient. Fruit size became significantly affected by the different rootstocks. In average for the different cropping years many of the Gi number selections, ‘Colt", ‘Damil" and ‘Piku®1"all had a average fruit weight larger than 10 g per fruit. Fruit quality characterized by the content of soluble solids was in an average of 17.5 %. It was not influenced by crop load and did not differ much between trees on the various rootstocks. In conclusion, for high density production systems the most productive semi-vigorous rootstocks were ‘Colt"," Piku®3" and ‘Damil" and the semi-dwarf Piku®1", ‘Gi 5" and "Gi 6".
Forfattere
Anna-Karin Borg-Karlsson Anna-Karin Borg-Karlsson Jerry Cross Lene SigsgaardSammendrag
Introduction: The strawberry blossom weevil, Anthonomus rubi, is a major pest insect of cultivated strawberry in northern part of Europe. The weevils deposit eggs in the flower buds before it sever the buds from their stalks, leading to a direct loss of crop. The aim of this project is to develop an effective plant protection method without insecticides, to be used in both conventional and organic agriculture.Methods: Volatiles emitted by the strawberry plants were collected using SPME and identified by GC/MS. In field studies which took place in Norway, Denmark and UK funnel traps bated with different plant volatile compounds and the pheromone blend Grandlure were tested. The volatiles were tested separately and in mixtures. On the background of the results from the first two years optimisation of the mixture were carried out during the third year of field trails. This process included adding more test compounds and testing the most potent compound at different concentrations. In addition, modified traps were tested for improving insect catch rates. Results: The chemical analysis of the host volatiles identified several compounds present in different quantities. At some study sites traps baited with one of the identified plant compound and Grandlure showed significant increased attraction compared to traps bated with the single plant compound or only Grandelure. The results from the optimisation process showed different catch rates of weevils according to composition of the volatile mixture and the trap design.Conclusions: The result shows that there may be is a synergistic effect between one of the plant volatile compounds and the pheromone blend Grandlure when used as bait for trapping strawberry blossom weevils. However, this attraction can be reduced by adding more compounds. Hopefully, the result from this study will generate knowledge important for developing a new plant protection method for strawberry.
Forfattere
Kathrine Høybakk Bent Hellum Anita Tøsse Kathrine Høybakk Jens Rohloff Odd Georg NilsenSammendrag
AbstractSix clones of Rhodiola rosea, obtained from plants originating from widely different areas in Norway, were investigated for their in vitro inhibitory potential of CYP3A4 mediated metabolism and P-gp efflux transport activity. Presumed active constituents in ethanol extracts of the different clones were quantified. C-DNA baculovirus expressed CYP3A4 and Caco-2 cells were used for inhibitory assays, and as positive control inhibitors ketoconazole and verapamil were applied, respectively. A validated HPLC methodology was used to quantify the formation of 6-β-OH-testosterone and scintillation counting was used to quantify the transport of 3H-digoxin in Caco-2 cells. All clones showed potent inhibition of CYP3A4 and P-gp activities, with IC50 values ranging from 1.7 to 3.1 µg/mL and from 16.7 to 51.7 µg/mL, respectively, being below that reported for other herbs and some known classic drug inhibitors, such as St. John"s wort and fluoxetine. Rhodiola rosea might thus be a candidate for clinically relevant drug interactions. The concentration of presumed biologically active constituents in the different clones varied considerably, but this variation was not related to the clones" inhibitory potential of CYP3A4 or P-gp activities. Other constituents might thus be responsible for the observed inhibitory properties. The place of origin seemed to be of minor importance for CYP3A4 or P-gp inhibition.
Forfattere
Lars NesheimSammendrag
For various reasons the area suitable for growing rape (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera Metzg.) and turnip rape (Brassica rapa L. var. oleifera Sinsk.) is limited in Norway. There are several other oil producing species, both cruciferous plants and others, but only a few of them have previously been investigated under Nordic climatic conditions. As a part of a project called "Opportunities for Norwegian production of bio-diesel from agricultural crops" some alternative oil seed crops were grown on three sites in the years 2007 and 2008. The sites were Apelsvoll and Vollebekk in South-Eastern Norway and Kvithamar in the Central part of Norway. The following species were investigated: Oil flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), Sarepta mustard (Brassica juncea L.), Camelina (Camelina sativa L.), Crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst.) and Blue lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.). Also a cultivar of spring rape was included in the experiments. In the first year the oil seed yield was rather low for all crops on all sites. In 2008 the quality of the experiments was better, and particularly at Vollebekk and Kvithamar the yields were satisfactory. However, for sunflower the growing season was too short at the experimental sites, and for camelina, crambe and sarepta mustard the seed yields were rather low. Oil flax and spring rape produced about 2.4 tons oil seeds per hectare and for blue lupine the yield was about 3.7 tons of seeds. In addition to seed yields, data on oil contents of the seeds will be presented.
Forfattere
Carola Strassner Anne-Kristin Løes Niels Heine Kristensen Roberto SpigaroloSammendrag
All contributions that are included in these proceedings were part of the 16thIFOAM Organic World Congress “Cultivate the future” that was held in Modena, Italy, from 16-20 June 2008 and its satellite activities. Embedded in this Organic World Congress as scientific component was the Second Scientific Conference of the International Society of Organic Agriculture Research (ISOFAR), also held in Modena from 18th-20th June 2008. This compilation should be seen as a complement to the Book of Abstracts of the IFOAM Organic World Congress 2008 and the Proceedings of the ISOFAR 2nd Scientific Conference, both of which can also be found on the CD-ROM with the complete set of the Proceedings.It was our great fortune as iPOPY research team that the IFOAM Organic World Congress Steering Committee agreed to let us host an afternoon session on public organic catering. This was integrated into the Organic World Congress programme on Thursday, 19th June, scheduled for 17:00-20:30. The organisers gave us their full support and we were able to bring together a truly international panel of speakers (presentations) and contributors (posters) which prove that the topic of public organic food for youth is currently enjoying worldwide attention. The purpose of the iPOPY project is to study how strategies and instruments for public procurement of organic food in serving outlets for young people may increase the consumption of organic food.In the workshop that we arranged during the Organic World Congress, the focus was set on organic school meals.