Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2003
Forfattere
J. Holmqvist Anne Falk Øgaard I. Öborn A.C. Edwards L. Mattsson H. SverdrupSammendrag
Negative potassium (K) balances have been reported from grass-dominated organic systems in several European countries, and in these systems delivery of K from soil primary minerals by weathering is probably crucial to sustained productivity. Mass balances and K budgets have been made at eight grass dominated experimental agricultural systems, one each in Scotland and Sweden and six in Norway. Where no fertiliser K was applied the deficits obtained were in the range 37 to 241 kg K ha-1 year-1. An estimate of the weathering rate was determined by the biogeochemical PROFILE model that varied widely between locations (4.2 to 82 kg K ha-1 year-1). This paper is a first attempt to apply the steady state PROFILE model on agricultural soils by using data from experimental sites. The Monte Carlo simulation of the weathering rate calculation showed that differences in specific surface area and soil water content strongly influenced the predicted weathering rate. The results from these weathering rate scenarios were associated with a degree of uncertainty but because all sites had a negative annual K balance, the specific contribution that mineral weathering makes to the long-term replenishment of soil exchangeable K is important. Despite the uncertainties in the weathering rate calculation these preliminary results are still useful in several aspects because the simulations make it possible to compare different agro-ecosystems with different management regimes, climate, soil properties etc. The simulations also indicate which environmental factors are likely to be the most influential on weathering rates. Soil physical properties such as moisture content, bulk density and surface area appeared to be amongst the most important input parameters controlling the weathering rate. There is now a need for improved laboratory experimental data that better describe the kinetics of mineral weathering in order to enhance the accuracy and precision of PROFILE.
Sammendrag
Dyrkingssystemforsøket ble anlagt i 1989 med mål om å utvikle dyrkingsmetoder som gir: minst mulig avrenning av næringssalter og plantevernmidler, sunne produkter med optimal næringsverdi og tilfredsstillende avlinger og økonomi. Avlings- og avrenningsresultater for årene 2000-02 blir her presentert. Avlingsforskjellene mellom økologisk dyrket korn og konvensjonelt dyrket korn var større enn tilsvarende for eng. Økologisk kornproduksjon uten tilgang på husdyrgjødsel ga dårligere avlinger enn tilsvarende med bruk av husdyrgjødsel. · For potet var det ingen forskjell verken på avling eller kvalitet om jordarbeiding var grundig vårharving (OPT0-) eller høstpløying (REF0-). · Samlet produksjon (FEm/daa) var på samme nivå for alle dyrkingssystemene med unntak av ØKO25- som lå omlag 65% lavere. Dette illustrerer først og fremst "kostnaden" ØKO25- har ved å bruke 25% av arealet til produksjon av "grønn gjødsel" (her kløvereng). · Høstpløying etterfulgt av mildvær og regn gir svært stor N-utvasking. I løpet av månedene oktober-desember 2000 ble det målt til sammen 3,9 kg N/daa i grøftevannet fra det høstpløyde referansebruket. Det var en klar sammenheng mellom jorderosjon og tap av total-P. Det ser ut til å være en positiv effekt av redusert jordarbeiding på P-utvasking også i år med lite erosjon. Overvintrende eng øker risikoen for P-tap. For dyrkingssystemene med 50% eng og mer var det en tendens til større tap av total-P, og spesielt fosfattapet var større her enn fra de andre systemene. · OPT50+ og ØKO75+ hadde størst produksjon (FEm) per enhet N tapt via grøfte- og overflatevann. Eng i omløpet var en klar fordel her, siden eng har stor produksjonsevne, og fungerer samtidig som en effektiv fangvekst utover høsten, slik at risikoen for N-utvasking reduseres. ØKO25- hadde dårligst forhold mellom produksjon og målt N-tap. Dette var først og fremst på grunn av betydelig mindre høstet avling, da 25% av arealet er satt av til grønngjødsling.
Forfattere
Lars Tørres Havstad Peter StantonSammendrag
Hydro N-testeren (HNT) ble i 2001 (5 felt) og 2002 (5 felt) prøvd ut som hjelpemiddel til å vurdere N-behovet ved begynnende strekningsvekst (delgjødsling) i praktisk frøavl av Grindstad timotei. De anbefalt delgjødslingsmengdene, som ble regnet ut ved hjelp av HNT-modellen (tilført N-mengde (kg/daa)= -0.037 x HNT-verdi + 15.641), var basert på 10 forsøksfelt med et relativt stort legdepress i perioden 1998-2000. Ved delgjødsling ble N-mengdene anbefalt ut fra HNT-modellen testet mot tre faste N-nivåer (0, 2.5 og 5.0 kg/daa). Alle feltene var ved tidlig vekststart gjødslet med 4-5 kg N/daa. Hydro N-tester målingene gav god informasjon om plantenes nitrogenstatus ved delgjødsling både i 2001 og 2002. I 2001-sesongen var det imidlertid lite legdepress i vekstsesongen, og de anbefalte N-mengdene ble av den grunn for små til å gi optimale frøavlinger. Best ut avlingsmessig i 2001 kom leddet med største delgjødslingsmengde (5 kg N/daa). I 2002 var legdepresset betydelig større enn i 2001, og det var av den grunn bedre samsvar mellom optimalt avlingsnivå og de anbefalte N-mengdene. I middel av alle feltene i 2002 var frøavlingen på ruter delgjødslet etter HNT-modellen om lag 7, 3 og 8 prosent høyere enn ruter gjødslet med henholdsvis 0, 2.5 og 5.0 kg N/daa. Ut fra en samlet vurdering kan bruk av Hydro N-tester i frøeng av Grindstad timotei gi nyttig informasjon plantenes nitrogenstatus, og dermed behovet for nitrogen ved delgjødsling. Best samsvar mellom anbefalte N-mengder vil det normalt være i år med moderat til stort legdepress i enga. En ny justert HNT-modell: Tilført N-mengde (kg/daa) = -0.0333 x målt HNT-verdi + 14.787, som er korrigert for forsøksfeltene i 2001 og 2002, anbefaler en noe sterkere gjødselpraksis ved delgjødsling. I år med lite legdepress vil nok imidlertid de anbefalte N-mengdene også etter den nye modellen være for små til å oppnå maksimale frøavlinger.
Forfattere
Tor Håkon Sivertsen Trond RafossSammendrag
A small fruit growing area of southern Norway is chosen as a pilot area. This area contains four automated meteorological stations owned by The Norwegian Crop Research Institute. The measurements made at the stations are hourly recordings of precipitation, air temperature, leaf wetness and relative humidity of the air, plus some additional measurements at some stations. The area has a relatively smooth topography with hills and no mountains. The highest point is located about 300 m above the sea level, and the lowest 15 m above sea level. The remote sensing research group at The Norwegian Meteorological Institute is providing the hourly radar measurements of precipitation, from two different weather radars. All the precipitation data used is documented according to a system developed by The Norwegian Crop Research Institute, and for the growing season ahead data will be distributed to the local private extension service, but this year there will be no development of biological models serving the fruit growers (apple scab etc) using all the additional relevant data. The outcome of the use of the operational use of the data in the coming growing season, will be comparing the data from the different sources, and looking closer at the possible significance of the use of a documentation system for the data from different sources. Finally the quality of the data is discussed, as well as the possible steps to be taken for future and extended use of such data.
Forfattere
Mekjell MelandSammendrag
Biennial bearing is a major problem for the Norwegian apple industry. Due to over-cropping one year where fruit size and quality are reduced, the trees are likely to turn into a pattern with high and low yield every second year. This inconsistent yield pattern provides problem for both the growers and the market. Commercial practise is to remove the excessive flowers or fruitlets by chemicals or by handthinning. The only officially registered agents for apple thinning are ethephon and ammoniumthiosulphat. The growers find them unpredictable in use and more knowledge is wanted in order to give more precisely thinning recommendations. Founded by the Norwegian Research Council and The Norwegian Industrial and Regional Developments Funds, a new project started at Ullensvang Research Centre in 2003. This project will focus on optimising the crop load and test different thinning agents under bloom and at different fruitlet stages on commercial important apple cultivars. Different crop levels will be established during and after bloom by hand adjusted by trunk cross sectional area. The experimental trees will be monitored during a 3-year period. Traditional pomological observations will be registered included storage of the fruits where fruit quality will be measured. In addition the response of leaf net photosynthesis to increasing irradiance levels to determine the photosynthetic light saturation using an infrared gas analyser will be registered. Leaf areas per tree will be calculated using an area meter. Percent tree light interception in mid-season will be calculated of above-canopy incident irradiance and of light transmissions measured in a defined grid pattern below the canopy using a lightmeter. In addition different thinning chemicals will be tested according the program to the working group of European Fruit Research Institute Networks. Emphasis will be put on concentration and thinning periods of the agents ethephon, ammoniumthiosulphat and compounds that could be approved for organic growing like colza oil. Similar observations will be recorded like in the crop load study.
Sammendrag
Seven field trials were carried out on loam soil in the period 1999-2001 to assess optimum levels and timing of N application, and to obtain data on critical N% in plants. Measurements of N content were made in both harvested products and crop residues. The results showed no benefit of increasing N supply beyond 150 kg ha-1 in broccoli or white cauliflower, but 250 kg ha- 1 gave highest yield of green cauliflower (Romanesco). The latter crop had a longer growth period, and may have experienced greater leaching. Split application of N fertilizer was beneficial to all three crops, relative to giving all at planting. N recoveries declined with increasing N supply in all crops, and were lowest in green cauliflower. Split application gave only slightly increases in N recovery. Much of the N taken up by plants remained in the crop residues after harvest (normally 50-75%). In these trials the N concentration in the whole plant at harvest was, on fertilized plots, slightly higher than the critical N% for arable crops, but considerably below that which has been proposed specifically for brassica crops (Greenwood et al.1996). In other trials N concentrations measured at frequent intervals in the growing season, were seen to follow the critical N curve for arable crops when fertilizer was applied only at planting, but to be intermediate between the two critical N curves when N application was spread over a six week period. There may be some justification for recommending higher plant N levels in flowering brassicas than in leafy ones such as cabbage, but the topic requires more research. Increasing the N supply reduces its use efficiency under all conditions.
Forfattere
Lars Tørres HavstadSammendrag
Hydro N-testeren (HNT) ble i 2001 (5 felt) og 2002 (5 felt) prøvd ut som hjelpemiddel til å vurdere N-behovet ved begynnende strekningsvekst (delgjødsling) i praktisk frøavl av Grindstad timotei. De anbefalt delgjødslingsmengdene, som ble regnet ut ved hjelp av HNT-modellen (tilført N-mengde (kg/daa)= -0.037 x HNT-verdi + 15.641), var basert på 10 forsøksfelt med et relativt stort legdepress i perioden 1998-2000. Ved delgjødsling ble N-mengdene anbefalt ut fra HNT-modellen testet mot tre faste N-nivåer (0, 2.5 og 5.0 kg/daa). Alle feltene var ved tidlig vekststart gjødslet med 4-5 kg N/daa. Hydro N-tester målingene gav god informasjon om plantenes nitrogenstatus ved delgjødsling både i 2001 og 2002. I 2001-sesongen var det imidlertid lite legdepress i vekstsesongen, og de anbefalte N-mengdene ble av den grunn for små til å gi optimale frøavlinger. Best ut avlingsmessig i 2001 kom leddet med største delgjødslingsmengde (5 kg N/daa). I 2002 var legdepresset betydelig større enn i 2001, og det var av den grunn bedre samsvar mellom optimalt avlingsnivå og de anbefalte N-mengdene. I middel av alle feltene i 2002 var frøavlingen på ruter delgjødslet etter HNT-modellen om lag 7, 3 og 8 prosent høyere enn ruter gjødslet med henholdsvis 0, 2.5 og 5.0 kg N/daa. Ut fra en samlet vurdering kan bruk av Hydro N-tester i frøeng av Grindstad timotei gi nyttig informasjon plantenes nitrogenstatus, og dermed behovet for nitrogen ved delgjødsling. Best samsvar mellom anbefalte N-mengder vil det normalt være i år med moderat til stort legdepress i enga. En ny justert HNT-modell: Tilført N-mengde (kg/daa) = -0.0333 x målt HNT-verdi + 14.787, som er korrigert for forsøksfeltene i 2001 og 2002, anbefaler en noe sterkere gjødselpraksis ved delgjødsling. I år med lite legdepress vil nok imidlertid de anbefalte N-mengdene også etter den nye modellen være for små til å oppnå maksimale frøavlinger.
Forfattere
Tor Håkon SivertsenSammendrag
The continuum hypothesis of fluid mechanics is given an interpretation dependent both on the medium ( the air) and the way of measuring parameters describing the dynamics and the thermodynamics of the air. A link is then made to some of the basic ideas of the real number system of pure mathematics. ( This also could be interesting to present for the mathematicans.). Then we get some idea of the scope of the real number system as this tool is used in dynamical meteorology and in micro meteorology (describing the dynamical situation at a reference meteorological station). The Navier-Stokes equations are presented for the most simple stationary case for an incompressible fluid system Then the phenomenon of turbulence is given an interpretation, by using the well known Reynolds method of fluctuations from a mean value of each parameter. Turbulence is then interpreted as fluid dynamical phenomena on smaller scale than the systemof making measurement in the actual operational case. Also the concept of a sub grid model of meteorology is given the following interpretation: All physical phenomena with shorter time scale or a smaller spatial scale than the numerical model considered, and it has to be described in some general, often statistical manner.
Sammendrag
White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is a perennial legume forming nitrogen fixing symbiosis with the soil living bacteria Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii. The species is the most important pasture legume in temperate zones, despite the fact that it grows poorly at low temperatures. The poor growth at low temperatures currently restricts utilization of the species as a natural nitrogen source in northern areas. Both nitrogen fixation and growth of white clover is limited in spring, probably due to low temperatures. This drawback is particularly pronounced under northern climatic conditions where temperatures are low during most of the growing season. Better understanding of the growth and nitrogen dynamics of white clover at low temperatures is vital for successful management of white clover/grass pastures and optimisation of biological nitrogen fixation, especially at northern latitudes. In a research project with field experiments conducted under different climatic conditions, we are studying winter survival, spring growth and nitrogen dynamics of white clover in relation to its physiological condition. We are especially focusing on below ground biomass and the functioning and longevity of roots and nodules. The physiological condition of the plants is manipulated by the use of different defoliation regimes during the growing season. The field experiments are situated at two locations (Apelsvoll at 61°N, and Tromsø, 690N). Preliminary results will be presented.
Forfattere
Heidi Kitti Bruce Forbes Jari Oksanen Christian Uhlig Päivi SoppelaSammendrag
Research on reindeer pastures has mostly concentrated on lichen-dominated winter pastures, while summer pastures have gained less attention. We studied the effect of reindeer grazing on the quality of summer pastures in the Näkkälä reindeer herding district, northern Finland. The study plots on wetlands were established based on reindeer herders" knowledge and are situated on both sides of the border fence that was built between Finland and Norway in the late 1950"s. On the Finnish side the pastures are grazed both in summer and winter but in Norway only in winter. This has resulted in a natural long-term experimental design by which differently managed sites with ostensibly similar vegetation, soils and environmental conditions can be compared. The parameters studied were the composition, cover and structure of vegetation, peak season biomass and soil nutrient-content. In addition, minerals, nitrogen and digestibility of green leaf tissues from Eriophorum angustifolium and Salix lapponum were measured. These were prominent species in the habitats used by animals during summer. The leaves were collected both in the beginning and at the end of growing season. Vegetation composition, cover, structure and species frequencies were measured using standardized protocols and stratified random sampling methods. Biomass was studied by clipping the plants from the same quadrats after counting. Preliminary results indicate that Salix lapponum suffers from grazing. Plant cover, biomass and height of S. lapponum were significant lower on the Finnish side compared to the Norwegian side. While the amount of S. lapponum available as forage has clearly been reduced by long-term summer grazing under the recent stocking rates, ongoing analyses will determine whether or not forage quality has also been affected. In addition, fenced enclosures will illuminate the resilience of this important forage species.