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Fusarium verticillioides is the most common fungal pathogen of maize in Ethiopia. Many strains of this pathogen produce fumonisin myotoxins that are harmful to human and animal health. This study was conducted to determine the fumonisin-producing ability of isolates of F. verticillioides isolated from maize kernels collected from different maize- growing areas of the country. Eighty F. verticillioides isolates were grown on autoclaved maize cultures for one month, and the fumonisin content was quantified using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). All the 80 isolates evaluated were able to produce detectable levels of total fumonisins in the maize culture with values ranging from 0.25 to 38.01 mg of the toxin per kg of culture material (fungal biomass and maize kernels). The mean levels of total fumonisins produced by the F. verticillioides isolates were not significantly (p>0.05) different among maize growing areas, however, the total fumonisins levels produced by isolates obtained from the same area as well as agroecological zones were wide-ranging. The results indicate that the majority (57.5%) of the F. verticillioides isolates associated with maize grains in Ethiopia produced total fumonisins >4 mg/kg, while 35% of the isolates produced total fumonisins <2 mg/kg. The widespread occurrence of higher fumonisin-producing strains across all maize-growing areas in Ethiopia indicates a possible food safety risk. Thus, efforts should be made to prevent the spread of this fungus with good agronomic practices and to implore all possible ways to avoid maize contamination with fumonisin both in the field and in storage.

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Maize and other cereals are the commodities most contaminated with fumonisins. The maize acreage is increasing in Africa, and the maize harvest provides important foods for humans and feeds for domestic animals throughout the continent. In North Africa, high levels of fumonisins have been reported from Algeria and Morocco, while low levels have been detected in the rather few fumonisin analyses reported from Tunisia and Egypt. The West African countries Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, and Nigeria all report high levels of fumonisin contamination of maize, while the few maize samples analysed in Togo contain low levels. In Eastern Africa, high levels of fumonisin contamination have been reported from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. The samples analysed from Rwanda contained low levels of fumonisins. Analysis of maize from the Southern African countries Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe revealed high fumonisin levels, while low levels of fumonisins were detected in the few analyses of maize from Botswana and Mozambique.

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1. Due to globalisation, trade and transport, the spread of alien species is increasing dramatically. Some alien species become ecologically harmful by threatening native biota. This can lead to irreversible changes in local biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, and, ultimately, to biotic homogenisation. 2. We risk-assessed all alien plants, animals, fungi and algae, within certain delimitations, that are known to reproduce in Norway. Mainland Norway and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard plus Jan Mayen were treated as separate assessment areas. Assessments followed the Generic Ecological Impact Assessment of Alien Species (GEIAA) protocol, which uses a fully quantitative set of criteria. 3. A total of 1519 species were risk-assessed, of which 1183 were species reproducing in mainland Norway. Among these, 9% were assessed to have a severe impact, 7% high impact, 7% potentially high impact, and 49% low impact, whereas 29% had no known impact. In Svalbard, 16 alien species were reproducing, one of which with a severe impact. 4. The impact assessments also covered 319 so-called door-knockers, i.e. species that are likely to establish in Norway within 50 years, and 12 regionally alien species. Of the door-knockers, 8% and 10% were assessed to have a severe and high impact, respectively. 5. The impact category of most species was driven by negative interactions with native species, transformation of threatened ecosystems, or genetic contamination. The proportion of alien species with high or severe impact varied significantly across the different pathways of introduction, taxonomic groups, time of introduction, and the environments colonised, but not across continents of origin. 6. Given the large number of alien species reproducing in Norway and the preponderance of species with low impact, it is neither realistic nor necessary to eradicate all of them. Our results can guide management authorities in two ways. First, the use of quantitative assessment criteria facilitates the prioritisation of management resources across species. Second, the background information collected for each species, such as introduction pathways, area of occupancy and ecosystems affected, helps designing appropriate management measures.

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Background The Siberian moth (Dendrolimus sibiricus) is a serious pest of conifers in Russia, Northern Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China. The western border of the pest’s distribution in Russia is disputed, but it is present west of the 60th meridian east. The pest has the potential to defoliate a wide range of conifers. Results The pest is not present in Norway or other European countries, except Russia. Natural spread and human mediated transport are potential pathways for the pest. Human mediated pathways considered are: Living trees for planting, coniferous wood in the rough and foliage and branches. There has been no import of living trees from Russia to Norway during the past 30 years, and there is currently no import of coniferous wood commodities containing bark from areas, where D. sibiricus occurs. Conclusions The probability of D. sibiricus entry by natural spread is unlikely, mainly because of the geographical distance and the partial sea barriers between Norway and the infested areas. The probability of entry by human mediated pathways is unlikely due to the very limited volume of the import. Should the pest enter Norway, the probability of establishment and spread is unlikely, due to the suboptimal climatic conditions, and the fact that the two dominant conifers in the country, Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), are intermediate and poor hosts, respectively. The potential damage, should D. sibiricus enter Norway, is considered low. Keywords: Lepidoptera, Invasive species, Geographical distribution, Forest pest

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We present the results of an inventory and status assessment of alien species in Norway. The inventory covered all known multicellular neobiota, 2496 in total, 1039 of which were classified as naturalised. The latter constitute c. 3% of all species known to be stably reproducing in Norway. These figures are higher than expected from Norway’s latitude, which may be due a combination of climatic and historical factors, as well as sampling effort. Most of the naturalised neobiota were plants (71%),followed by animals (21%) and fungi (8%). The main habitat types colonised were open lowlands (79%), urban environments (52%) and woodlands (42%). The main areas of origin were Europe (67%), North America (15%) and Asia (13%). For most taxa, the rate of novel introductions seems to have been increasing during recent decades. Within Norway, the number of alien species recorded per county was negatively correlated with latitude and positively correlated with human population density. In the high-Arctic territories under Norwegian sovereignty, i.e. Svalbard and Jan Mayen, 104 alien species were recorded, of which 5 were naturalised.

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Standardized tools are needed to identify and prioritize the most harmful non-native species (NNS). A plethora of assessment protocols have been developed to evaluate the current and potential impacts of non-native species, but consistency among them has received limited attention. To estimate the consistency across impact assessment protocols, 89 specialists in biological invasions used 11 protocols to screen 57 NNS (2614 assessments). We tested if the consistency in the impact scoring across assessors, quantified as the coefficient of variation (CV), was dependent on the characteristics of the protocol, the taxonomic group and the expertise of the assessor. Mean CV across assessors was 40%, with a maximum of 223%. CV was lower for protocols with a low number of score levels, which demanded high levels of expertise, and when the assessors had greater expertise on the assessed species. The similarity among protocols with respect to the final scores was higher when the protocols considered the same impact types. We conclude that all protocols led to considerable inconsistency among assessors. In order to improve consistency, we highlight the importance of selecting assessors with high expertise, providing clear guidelines and adequate training but also deriving final decisions collaboratively by consensus.

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Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most common mycotoxin in Norwegian cereals, and DON is detected in most samples of crude cereal grain and cereal food commodities such as flour, bran, and oat flakes. The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety assessed the risk for adverse effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) in different age groups of the domestic population. This review presents the main results from the risk assessment, supplemented with some recently published data. Impairment of the immune system together with reduced feed intake and weight gain are the critical effects of DON in experimental animals on which the current tolerable daily intake was established. Based on food consumption and occurrence data, the mean exposure to DON in years with low and high levels of DON in the flour, respectively, were in the range of or up to two times the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) in 1-year-old infants and 2-year-old children. In years with high mean DON concentration, the high (95th-percentile) exposure exceeded the TDI by up to 3.5 times in 1-, 2- , 4-, and 9-year-old children. The assessment concluded that exceeding the TDI in infants and children is of concern. The estimated dietary DON intakes in adolescent and adult populations are in the range of the TDI or below, and are not a health concern. Acute human exposure to DON is not of concern in any age group.

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Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was used to study the genetic variation among 80 F. verticillioides isolates from kernels of Ethiopian maize, collected from 20 different maize growing areas in four geographic regions. A total of 213 polymorphic fragments were obtained using six EcoRI/MseI primer combinations. Analysis of the data based on all 213 polymorphic AFLP fragments revealed high level of genetic variation in the F. verticillioides entities in Ethiopia. About 58% of the fragments generated were polymorphic. The genetic similarity among F. verticillioides isolates varied from 46% to 94% with a mean Dice similarity of 73%. Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Average (UPGMA) analysis revealed two main groups and four subgroups. The principal coordinate analysis (PCO) also displayed two main groups that agreed with the results of UPGMA analysis, and there was no clear pattern of clustering of isolates according to geographic origin. Analysis of molecular variance: (AMOVA) showed that only 1.5% of the total genetic variation was between geographic regions, while 98.5% was among isolates from the same geographic regions of Ethiopia. Eighty distinct haplotypes were recognized among the 80 isolates analyzed. Hence, breeding efforts should concentrate on quantitative resistance that is effective against all genotypes of the pathogen.

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This paper presents peer-reviewed studies comparing the content of deoxynivalenol (DON), HT-2+T-2 toxins, zearalenone (ZEA), nivalenol (NIV), ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisins in cereal grains, and patulin (PAT) in apple and apple-based products, produced in organically and conventionally grown crops in temperate regions. Some of the studies are based on data from controlled field trials, however, most are farm surveys and some are food basket surveys. Almost half of the studies focused on DON in cereals. The majority of these studies found no significant difference in DON content in grain from the two farming systems, but several studies showed lower DON content in organically than in conventionally produced cereals. A number of the investigations reported low DON levels in grain, far below the EU limits for food. Many authors suggested that weather conditions, years, locations, tillage practice and crop rotation are more important for the development of DON than the type of farming. Organically produced oats contained mainly lower levels of HT-2+T-2 toxins than conventionally produced oats. Most studies on ZEA reported no differences between farming systems, or lower concentrations in organically produced grain. For the other mycotoxins in cereals, mainly low levels and no differences between the two farming systems were reported. Some studies showed higher PAT contamination in organically than in conventionally produced apple and apple products. The difference may be due to more efficient disease control in conventional orchards. It cannot be concluded that any of the two farming systems increases the risk of mycotoxin contamination. Despite no use of fungicides, an organic system appears generally able to maintain mycotoxin contamination at low levels. More systematic comparisons from scientifically controlled field trials and surveys are needed to clarify if there are differences in the risk of mycotoxin contamination between organically and conventionally produced crops.

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Fusarium species causing maize kernel rot are major threats to maize production, due to reduction in yield as well as contamination of kernels by mycotoxins that poses a health risk to humans and animals. Two-hundred maize kernel samples, collected from 20 major maize growing areas in Ethiopia were analyzed for the identity, species composition and prevalence of Fusarium species and fumonisin contamination. On average, 38 % (range: 16 to 68 %) of maize kernels were found to be contaminated by different fungal species. Total of eleven Fusarium spp. were identified based on morphological characteristics and by sequencing the partial region of translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α) gene. Fusarium verticillioides was the dominant species associated with maize kernels (42 %), followed by F. graminearum species complex (22.5 %) and F. pseudoanthophilium (13.4 %). The species composition and prevalence of Fusarium species differed among the areas investigated. Fusarium species composition was as many as eight and as few as four in some growing area. The majority of the maize samples (77 %) were found positive for fumonisin, with concentrations ranging from 25 μg kg−1 to 4500 μg kg−1 (mean: 348 μg kg−1 and median: 258 μg kg−1). Slight variation in fumonisin concentration was also observed among areas. Overall results indicate widespread occurrence of several Fusarium species and contamination by fumonisin mycotoxins. These findings are useful for intervention measures to reduce the impact of the main fungal species and their associated mycotoxins, by creating awareness and implementation of good agricultural practices.

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Planthelseforskningen i Norge er 125 år. Det har skjedd en enorm utvikling innen dette forskningsfeltet fra 1891 til 2016. Hvordan står det til med «125 åringen»? Fra en sped begynnelse med en statsentomolog og tilsetting noen år seinere av en statsmykolog og en ugrasbiolog har jubilanten i dag vokst til en stor divisjon i NIBIO med cirka 120 medarbeidere. I Divisjon for bioteknologi og plantehelse i NIBIO har plantehelseforskningen i Norge blitt samlet ved at forskningen innen jord- og hagebruk, og skog foregår i samme institutt. I de to første kapitlene i boka har vi beskrevet disse to områdene separat. Vi skal feire jubileet med å se tilbake på forskningsområdets historie, men også å se framover. Når Plantevernet i Norge fylte 100 år ble det laget en fyldig jubileumsbok med tittelen «Kampen mot skadegjørere». Boka du nå holder i hånda tar i hovedsak for seg historien om de siste 25 åra, men trekker også inn eldre historie på enkelte områder.

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Zambia is one of the major maize producing countries in Africa, and maize production in the country has doubled in the last decade. About 10% of the production was exported in recent years. Zambia has suitable climate for increased maize cultivation. Fumonisin is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp., and maize is the only crop contaminated with high amounts of fumonisin. Health of humans and domestic animals may be adversely affected by intake of fumonisin contaminated products. There are limited data on the fumonisin situation in Zambia, but available results indicate that Zambian maize is moderately contaminated with fumonisin. There are uncertainties involved in predicting the future climate for Zambia and other South and East African countries. It is not possible to predict how climate change during this century will affect the risk for fumonisin contamination of maize in Zambia and neighboring countries.

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Pythium species are fungal-like organisms distributed all over the world. Most Pythium spp. live as saprophytes, but some of them are pathogenic. Here we report on disease incidence in Norway spruce (Picea abies) seedlings caused by Pythium undulatum, and pathogenicity in vitro of Norwegian isolates of P. undulatum and P. anandrum.

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This paper presents powdery mildew species recorded on woody ornamentals, with special emphasis on the latest arrivals; Erysiphe flexuosa on horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), Erysiphe syringae-japonicae on lilac (Syringa vulgaris) and Podosphaera spireae on white spirea (Spiraea betulifolia). The two former were found in 2006, while the latter was first detected in 2008. Chasmothecia (formerly named cleistothecia) were not found on white spirea until 2010. Several locations seemed to have optimal conditions for development of powdery mildew diseases in 2006. That year the long established Sawadaea bicornis on sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus), was found for the first time on tatarian maple (Acer tataricum ssp. ginnala) and one cultivar from hedge maple (Acer campestre "Red Shine"). Also several species and cultivars of Rhododendron had massive attacks of powdery mildew in 2006. In 2010, chasmothecia of E. azaleae were found on severely affected R. "Magnifica" in western Norway. Most powdery mildew species are host specific, but especially Phyllactinia guttata has a wider host range, e.g. hazel (Corylus spp.) and common ash (Fraxinus excelsior).

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  VKMs Panel on Plant Health gives the following main conclusions of the pest risk assessment: 1) The pest of concern is the oomycete Phytohthora fragariae Hickman. The PRA area is Norway. P. fragariae is present in at least five limited regions of the PRA area. These regions are located in the counties of i) Hedmark, ii) Aust-Agder and Vest-Agder, iii) Hordaland and Rogaland, iv) Vestfold, and v) Møre og Romsdal. It is probable that the pathogen is present at some places of production without having been detected yet. The pathogen is regulated as a quarantine pest in the PRA area. 2) With the current import regulations there is a medium probability of introduction of P. fragariae through import of infected Rubus plants for planting and a low probability of introduction through import of other consignments. However, there is little updated information available on the presence of the pathogen in different production systems, and there is only very limited evidence that the pathogen can spread by other means than strawberry plants. The level of uncertainty is therefore high. 3) Without the current import regulations there would be a very high probability of introduction through the import of non-certified strawberry plants. The level of uncertainty of this assessment is low. The probability of introduction through import of certified strawberry plants is considered low, but without detailed information on the presence/absence of the pathogen in such material the level of uncertainty is high. 4) With the current pest management procedures the probability of spread within the PRA area is medium for raspberry plants and machinery, other farm implements, footwear and animals. The probability of spread through other pathways ranges from low (legally traded, non-certified strawberry plants, seed potatoes, surface water, waterways and irrigation systems) to very low (remaining pathways). The level of uncertainty is low for certified strawberry plants and medium for legally traded, non-certified strawberry plants. Due to limited knowledge on the spread and survival of the pathogen, the level of uncertainty is high for all other pathways. 5) Without the current pest management procedures the probability of spread with strawberry plants within the PRA area would be very high. The probability of spread with raspberry plants would be high and the probability of spread with seed potatoes, machinery, other farm implements, footwear, animals, surface water, waterways and irrigation systems would be medium. The probability of spread through other pathways would range from low to very low. The level of uncertainty is low for strawberry plants, but due to limited knowledge on the spread and survival of the pathogen, the level of uncertainty is generally high for all other pathways. 6) All strawberry-growing areas in the whole PRA area are considered endangered areas.

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Det er stor sannsynlighet for at det fortsatt blir importert planter angrepet av pseudosoppen Phytophthora ramorum. Rikelig tilgang på vertplanter og gunstig klima gir også en høg sannsynlighet for videre etablering og spredning av skadegjøreren i deler av Norge. Det er hovdekonklusjonene i en risikovurdering som Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet (VKM) avsluttet høsten 2009.

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Field experiments in the high rainfall zone (HRZ) and the medium rainfall zone (MRZ) in Zambia were designed to determine the natural occurrence of fumonisins (FB1-2) in Zambian maize hybrids, accumulation of FB1-2 resulting from artificial inoculation with Fusarium verticillioides and effects of climate and planting time on FB1-2 in maize. Combined FB1-2 concentrations varied from 0 to 13,050 ng/g, with an overall mean of 666 ng/g. Maize from the HRZ had low incidences of FB1-2-positive samples (mean 41%) which contained FB1-2 below 500 ng/g. In the MRZ, higher incidences (mean 97%) and concentrations (40% of samples > 1,000 ng/g) were recorded in two out of three years. There was no correlation between mean location FB1-2 concentrations in individual years and precipitation, number of rain days or monthly precipitation. Postponing the planting time with 10 or 20 days did not significantly affect FB1-2 concentration, but it reduced the yields in some years.

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Antall sjukdommer på planter i grøntanlegg her i landet øker hvert år. Ramorum-greinvisning i rhododendron, askeskotsjuke og flere nye mjøldoggarter er noen av de som har rammet våre hager og parker i det siste.

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Phytophthora ramorum S. Werres, A.W.A.M. de Cook & W.A. Man in‘t Veld is a newly described Phytophthora-species which is considered to be relatively recently introduced to both USA and Europe from an unknown area, or areas, of origin. The pathogen has a wide host range and causes a complexity of disease symptoms generally grouped into three categories: canker, foliage lesion, and dieback. In Europe the pathogen has been reported in 21 countries, Norway included; predominantly on ornamental plants in nurseries, but also outside nurseries in gardens and semi-natural environment, most often on rhododendrons. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority needs a risk assessment of the pest as basis for an evaluation of a future phytosanitary risk management of P. ramorum, including whether the organism should be regulated as a quarantine pest in Norway. On this background the Norwegian Food Safety Authority, in a letter of 22nd August 2008, requested a pest risk assessment of P. ramorum from the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet, VKM). The pest risk assessment was adopted by VKM"s Panel on plant health (Panel 9) on a meeting 24th June 2009. VKM"s Panel 9 gives the following main conclusions of the risk assessment: 1) P. ramorum is present but not widely distributed in Norway, and the pest is under official control. The outdoors surveys of P. ramorum in Norway have not been conducted systematically over the whole country, and some uncertainty therefore still remains regarding the current distribution of P. ramorum in the PRA area. 2) The overall probability of entry of P. ramorum into Norway and the overall probability of establishment of P. ramorum in Norway are both rated as high with low levels of uncertainty; 3) In the absence of statutory control the probability for P. ramorum to be spread quickly in the PRA area by trade of host plants for planting is rated as high. The uncertainty of this assessment is low; 4) The part of the PRA area where presence of P. ramorum might result in economically important losses (the endangered area) is assessed to be most of the country of Norway, except where the climate is predicted to be unfavourable for the pest. However, this area must be regarded as a maximum estimate for the endangered area. On the other hand, a narrow and very conservative estimate for the endangered area can be defined based on the geographical distribution of highly susceptible host plants in Norway. This area is gardens and parks with Rhododendron spp., Viburnum spp. and F. sylvatica and areas in the wild into which Rhododendron spp. has spread and woods with F. sylvatica. Woods with F. sylvatica is limited to the county of Vestfold and some small areas in the counties of Aust-Agder and Hordaland; 5) P. ramorum is likely to have moderate economic impact on the nurseries in the PRA area with current phytosanitary measures. Without any such regulations P. ramorum is likely to have major economic impact on the nursery industry of the PRA area. The levels of uncertainties of these assessments are low; 6) With current phytosanitary measures P. ramorum is likely to have moderate economic impact on parks and private gardens in parts of the PRA area. Without any such regulations P. ramorum is likely to have major economic impact in the best climatic zones of the PRA area. The levels of uncertainties of these assessments are low; 7) The impact of P. ramorum in coniferous and mixed forests of the PRA area is likely to be minor. The level of uncertainty of this assessment is medium. The impact of P. ramorum in natural and planted deciduous broadleaf forests of the PRA area is likely to be minor due to the scattered and limited distribution of the most susceptible species. The level of uncertainty of this assessment is medium; 8) The non-commercial and environmental consequences to natural environments in the PRA area are likely to be moderate. The level of uncertainty ...

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Plantevernleksikonet. Skadegjørere:Flekkskurv  - Ertefotsjuke  - Bærbuskbladflekksopp  - Mjølauke  - Kjevlesopp  - Bladfaksbrunflekk  - Bringebærskuddsjuke  - Filtsopp  - Rotdreper  - Kløverråte  - Kløverskålsopp - Bærbuskbladfallsopp - Greindød - Rosestråleflekk - Erteflekk - Persillebladflekk - Selleribladflekk - Ertemjøldogg - Solbærmjøldogg - Rød tråd - Filtrust - Eplerust - Rapprust - Roserust - Hekseringer - Honningsopp - Rhizoctonia-brunflekk - Hundegrasflekk - Timotei-øyeflekk - Kløverbrann - Grå øyeflekk i gras - Pærebrann - Gras-visnesjuke - Vorteskurv - For hver skadegjører gis en oversikt over symptomer/skadevirkning, vertplanter, overlevelse og spredning og bekjempelse.

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Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is the fifth most important crop in the developing countries after rice, wheat, maize and cassava. The amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) method was used to study the genetic diversity and relationships of sweet potato accessions in the germplasm collection of Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro and Sugarcane Research Institute, Kibaha, Tanzania. AFLP analysis of 97 sweet potato accessions using ten primer combinations gave a total of 202 clear polymorphic bands. Each one of the 97 sweet potato accessions could be distinguished based on these primer combinations. Estimates of genetic similarities were obtained by the Dice coefficient, and a final dendrogram was constructed with the un-weight pair-group method using arithmetic average. AFLP-based genetic similarity varied from 0.388 to 0.941, with a mean of 0.709. Cluster analysis using genetic similarity divided the accessions into two main groups suggesting that there are genetic relationships among the accessions. Principal Coordinate analysis confirmed the pattern of the cluster analysis. Analysis of molecular variance revealed greater variation within regions (96.19%) than among regions (3.81%). The results from the AFLP analysis revealed a relatively low genetic diversity among the germplasm accessions and the genetic distances between regions were low. A maximally diverse subset of 13 accessions capturing 97% of the molecular markers diversity was identified. We were able to detect duplicates accessions in the germplasm collection using the highly polymorphic markers obtained by AFLP, which were found to be an efficient tool to characterize the genetic diversity and relationships of sweet potato accessions in the germplasm collection in Tanzania.

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The main Avena species that are important weeds of cereal and arable crops include A. fatua L., A. sterilis and A. barbata Pott. All three species have an abscission scar on the grains. A risk assessment of A. fatua L. as an indirect pest in Norway is given in a separate document. For both A. sterilis ssp. macrocarpa and ssp. maxima, and for A. barbata Pott, the potential for entry and establishment in Norway is considered as very low. A. sterilis ssp. ludoviciana (winter wild oats) has a moderate potential for establishment in Norway. The suitability of the environment for A. sterilis ssp. ludoviciana was therefore investigated: Our assessment of the probability of establishment indicates that the climate is not favourable for establishment of A. sterilis ssp. ludoviciana in Norway. A. sterilis ssp. ludoviciana is a problem in southern Europe and central southern England and is mainly a weed in winter cereals. While it is highly likely that the probability of establishment of A. sterilis ssp. ludoviciana has increased in Norway in recent years due to climate change and consequent changes in cultural practices, its probability of establishment in Norway is still low and it is therefore not likely that it will become a weed in Norway under current conditions. However, if the future climate of the PRA area changes, so that winter conditions become similar to conditions in southern England, while the acreage of winter cereal continues to grow, A. sterilis ssp. ludoviciana could become a weed in Norway. A. sterilis ssp. ludoviciana is not present in Denmark where winter cereals are much more widely cultivated, and the climate is more favourable than in Norway. One would therefore expect the weed to establish in Denmark before it will become a problem in Norway

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Globalt er potet nå nummer fire blant de viktigste arter i matforsyningen til en stadig voksende befolkning på vår planet. Men dyrking og lagring av potet byr på store utfordringer på grunn av skadegjørere som framkaller sjukdommer i åkeren og råte gjennom lagringssesongen

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Norwegian field production of lettuce has increased considerably since the early 1990s. Disease problems rarely required fungicide applications before 1996, when lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) caused severe losses. From 2002 to 2004, surveys were conducted to identify fungal diseases in Buskerud, Vestfold and Ostfold counties in the south-east and Rogaland County in the south-west, representing the main lettuce production regions of Norway. The distribution and incidence of B. lactucae was highly variable, but this pathogen was the most important due to the destructive nature of uncontrolled epidemics. Septoria lactucae caused severe damage, but was found in only one field. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was the most widespread pathogen, found in 32% of the fields, but usually affecting less than 10% of the plants. Pythium tracheiphilum was reported from 33% of the fields in south-east Norway, but was not found in the south-west. Disease incidence was usually less than 5%, and a disease incidence of more than 10% was reported in one field only. Other pathogens of potential economic importance in Norwegian lettuce fields are Alternaria spp., Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani, although they were sporadically distributed in relatively few fields in this survey.

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Mjøldogg er ein av dei viktigaste soppsjukdomane i norske grøntanlegg. Denne artikkelen presenterar først litt generell informasjon om mjøldogg og deretter ein alfabetisk oversikt over buskar og tre det er funne mjøldogg på her i landet. Det er ikkje med biletmateriale frå alle planteartane.

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Commercial products sold as "Jumping beans" are seed capsules of the scrubs Sebastiana paovniana, S. palmeri or  S. bolcularis containing larvae of Cydia deshaisiana. The larva makes the capsule move when heated. The risk assessment concluded that the larvae depend on a host not present in Norway to complete its life cycle. As the host plants only grow under extreme hot, desert conditions the expected climatic changes in the foreseable future will not lead to establishment and spread of the pest.

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In 2007, after many years of absence, Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus (CGMMV) reoccurred in Norwegian cucumber production. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority is considering to regulate CGMMV as a quarantine pest and commissioned a Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) of the virus. The Panel of Plant Health gives the following conclusions: Both recent and previous presence of CGMMV indicate that the pest is able to establish in the PRA area. The most probable pathway for long distance spread into the PRA area is seed transmission. Infected seedlings, people, water and soil are probable pathways for short distance spread. The probability of further spread is from location to location is high. Dry heat treatment has probably been the most effective measure to prevent the spread of CGMMV. There is a moderate level of uncertainty regarding the pathway for entry of CGMMV into the PRA area. There is a low degree of uncertainty regarding the pathogen survival and possibilty for transmission, establishment and spread in Norwegian greenhouse cucumber production.

Sammendrag

Bursaphelenchus xyliphilus, the Pine Wood Nematode (PWN) is not known to occur in Norway. With the present trade pattern the probability of entry of PWN into Norway is high. The most probable pathway is wood packing material. The probability that PWN will establish and spread in Norway is high. The beetle Monochamus sutor is regarded as a potential vector, but this has not been established in nature. The currently low density may retard PWN, but it will probably not stop establishement in a longer perspective.

Sammendrag

Pine Wood Nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) is the causal organism of Pine Wilt Disease (PWD), the worst forest pest of Japan. In Europe PWN is known to exist in Portugal. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority (Mattilsynet) is concerned about the plant health risks and the consequences to the society if PWN should establish in Norway. Mattilsynet needs a scientific assessment of the proposed measures in a contingency plan for PWN. Mattilsynet also needs the risks connected with recent spread of PWN in Portugal to be evaluated before possible changes can be made in the current phytosanitary policy of Norway. On this background Mattilsynet requested a pest risk assessment of PWN from the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet, VKM). To answer the request, VKM commissioned a draft pest risk assessment report from the Norwegian Institute for Agricultural Sciences and Environmental Research (Bioforsk). A working group appointed by VKM’s Panel on Plant Health (Panel 9) has been involved during Bioforsk’s work on the report. VKM’s Panel 9 has used the report as a basis for VKM’s opinion. The current document answers Part 1 of Mattilsynet’s request, and was adopted by Panel 9 on a meeting 3rd September 2008. VKM’s Panel 9 gives the following main conclusions of the risk assessment: The PRA area of this assessment is Norway. PWN is not known to occur in Norway. With present trade pattern the probability of entry of PWN into Norway is expected to be high. The most probable pathway for entry of PWN into Norway would be wood packaging material (WPM). The probability that PWN will establish and spread in Norway is considered as high. With regard to the so-called Pest Free Areas (PFAs) of Portugal, the criteria given in ISPM No. 4 (FAO 1995) for establishing and maintaining PFAs have not been met, and the data available is not sufficient to confirm the existence of PFAs. Acceptance of untreated conifer wood from all parts of Portugal will result in a very high probability of entry and a high probability of establishment and spread of PWN and its vector to Norway. Uncertainty factors: To the best of our knowledge PWN is absent from the PRA area. The beetle M. sutor is regarded as a potential vector or PWN, but this has so far not been demonstrated in nature. The currently low vector densities may retard establishment of the PWN and PWD, but it will probably not stop establishment in a longer perspective. Lack of information on the dynamics of PWN populations in cool climates complicates estimates of the spread of the nematode and PWD. Custom routines may fail in their detection of PWN. Import of a seemingly harmless material might therefore pose an unknown risk. WPM follows consignments of all kinds and is a good example of a hazardous material, which often escapes plant health inspections. Detailed assessments of economic consequences of a possible establishment and spread of PWN in Norway, the effects of global warming and other climate changes on the probability for PWD outbreaks, and the effect of possible phytosanitary measures, will be given in Part 2.

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Wild oats (A. fatua) is present in 155 out of 431 Norwegian municipalities. It is widely distributed in all municipalities in the main agricultural areas in south-east and central-east Norway, and in the municipalities close to the Trondheim fjord. Otherwise wild oats is present in only a few scattered municipalities not geographically connected to these main areas. Endangered area, not yet infested by A. fatua, is estimated to 228858 ha. This area is spread over the cereal growing part of Norway. The counties of North- and South -Trøndelag have a higher portion of endangered area not yet infested than south and central part of East Norway. The probability of entry of A. fatua from outside the PRA area (Norway) is very low. The probability of spread within Norway is high. In areas with low infestation, like in Trøndelag, the probability of spread is lower than in heavily infested areas. However, in areas with high level of infestation there are few new farms left to be infested. The official wild oats register is a valuable tool in regulations aiming to limit spread. The register also provides a tool to follow up infested farms. The register would be even more useful if inspection for infestation on new farms had been more systematic. Wild oats is no longer devastating even in cereal monocropping, due to cost efficient herbicides. However, in Norway an increasing area is infested with wild oats. The infestation may vary from only a few plants to total coverage of the field. In cereal monocropping chemical treatment with and without hand roguing is the only feasible control methods. Hand roguing alone is expensive and ineffective even on modest infestation. The structural changes in cereal farming result in more farms being managed by entrepreneurs. Field managed by entrepreneurs promotes use of herbicide even on small infestations since this is a cost effective measure to control the weed. Less official control of cereal fields can also be expected. The economical consequences are thus expected to be high. The economical consequences can be even higher in organic farming if the most profitable rotation has to be changed to a less profitable one because of wild oats infestation.

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Visual assessment of maize ears and Fusarium spp. isolation from kernels were compared to determine resistance in 20 Zambian maize hybrids. The mean percentage Fusarium spp. isolations in non-inoculated field experiments varied between years (12-62%). Symptomless infection by Fusarium spp. had domination over symptomatic. More than 95% of the Fusarium species isolated were F. vertcillioides. A disease severity index and the percentage of visibly diseased, discoloured and damaged kernels did not differentiate hybrids with respect to Fusarium spp. ear rot under natural conditions. Artificial inoculation provided a good estimate of Fusarium spp. resistance based on visual symptoms in a year of moderate disease pressure, but not in a year of high disease pressure. The percentage Fusarium spp. isolations showed significant differences between hybrids after inoculation, and it was significantly negatively correlated with the number of days from planting to midsilk. Parental line L5522 contributed to hybrid resistance to Fusarium. The hybrids MM 701-1 and MM 752 were the most resistant among the 20 hybrids.

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Sammendrag

Norge var eit av dei første land med operativ tørråtevarsling " historisk tilbakeblikk på utviklinga fra 1957 - 2007, med fokus på grunnarbeidet Erling Førsund la ned i starten. Det er ei overordna målsetting i arbeidet for norsk plantehelse å redusere risikoen ved bruk av kjemiske plantevernmiddel. Dyrking av kvalitetspotet krev sprøyting i periodar med fare for spreiing av tørråte, den farlegaste sjukdommen i potet. Presise varslar om når dyrkarane treng å sprøyte og når sprøyting ikkje er naudsynt er eit viktig bidrag til å nå målet.

Sammendrag

This Pest Risk Assessment (PRA) of the fire blight bacterium Erwinia amylovora was initiated by a review or revision of a policy by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority. Fire blight was detected in Norway for the first time in 1986. The focus of infection was in and around the city of Stavanger in Rogaland county on the south west coast of the country. Mainly Cotoneaster bullatus and C. salicifolius were attacked.  The disease was contained and finally eradicated from the area in 1992. However, in 2000 fire blight re-emerged, in the same county, on the island Karmøy, separated from the first outbreak by 25 km open sea. A new containment and eradication programme was started. Nevertheless the disease continued to spread to the north, mainly due to the movement of beehives contaminated with E. amylovora, from areas with diseased plants to areas free from fire blight with warm and humid weather conditions, favorable for the development of the disease. Fire blight has been detected in private gardens, around public buildings, in recreation grounds, along roads, and in rural areas in the coastal areas of the counties of Rogaland, Hordaland and Sogn og Fjordane. It has not been detected in nurseries, in fruit-growing areas, or in other parts of the country. The main hosts are still C. bullatus and C. salicifolius and some other Cotoneaster spp. Occasionally diseased Sorbus aria, Pyrachanta and apple and pear have been detected. Recently a very limited outbreak on C. bullatus and C. salicifolius was detected in the city of Kristiansand in Vest-Agder county. The endangered area, where presence of fire blight will result in economically important loss is the commercial fruit growing areas of Norway. If E. amylovora is introduced into the main fruit growing districts, it is expected that the damage and losses to commercial fruit production and nurseries will be minor, under the current phytosanitary regime in Norway. Relaxation of the regulations in force for fighting fire blight in Norway will increase the expected damage and losses to commercial fruit production and nurseries to a moderate level. Importation of fruit trees and fruit tree propagation material from countries where fire blight is established is not expected to increase the risk of fire blight in Norway significantly, given that appropriate phytosanitary requirements and quarantine are followed.

Sammendrag

Med dagens fytosanitære regelverk og praksis for bekjemping av pærebrann i Noreg er det låg sannsynlegheit for introduksjon av pærebrann til fruktdistrikt og planteskular. Lemping på noverande regelverk og praksis vil føre til moderat risiko for introduksjon

Sammendrag

Med dagens fytosanitære regelverk og praksis for bekjemping av pærebrann i Noreg er det låg sannsynlegheit for introduksjon av pærebrann til fruktdistrikt og planteskular. Lemping på noverande regelverk og praksis vil føre til moderat risiko for introduksjon

Sammendrag

Pærebrann er en alvorlig sjukdom på eple, pære og prydplanter i rosefamilien. De siste femti år har sjukdommen vært under spredning i Europa. Bakterien som forårsaker pærebrann er en fremmed art under spredning i Norge.

Sammendrag

Klimaendringer og menneskelige inngrep fører til at noen arter blir utkonkurrert mens andre utvider sitt område. Invaderende arter er også en trussel mot vårt biologiske mangfold

Sammendrag

Kortfattet oppslagsbok for bønder, skoleelever og andre, gjennomillustrert med korte tekster på alle de viktigste ugras, plantesjukdommer, skadedyr og næringsmangelprolemer i korn, potet, oljevekster og fôrvekster

Sammendrag

Antagonistiske sopper har fått økt betydning som alternativ til kjemiske midler mot plantesjukdommer. Antall markedsførte sopper til bruk i biologisk bekjempelse øker fra år til år. Indudstriell produksjon av uten genetiske endringer og tap av effekt i biokontroll er en utfordring. Regelverket for godkjenning av biologiske preparater varierer fra land til land. Molekylære metoder er nyttige i registrering og markedsføring av sopper til biologisk bekjempelse.

Sammendrag

Globalt øker arealet av genmodifiserte planter (GM planter) med 20 %  årlig. Sorter med herbicid- og insekticidresistens har dominert det første tiåret, mens neste generasjon er GM planter med bedre næringsinnhold og som råvare for farmasøytisk og annen industri

Sammendrag

The Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-acDON) were determined in grain samples from naturally infected and Fusarium culmorum inoculated plants in field experiments in Norway during 1992-1996. The mean DON content in trials with inoculated plants was 11.8 mg/g in spring oats, 11.3mg/g in winter wheat, 28.9 mg/g in spring wheat and 31.4 mg/g in spring barley. In the natural infection trials the mean DON content was 0.32 mg/g in spring oats, 0.22mg/g in winter wheat, 1.48mg/g in spring wheat and 0.54 mg/g in spring barley. Only small differences in DON content were observed among cultivars, and significant differences were found only in winter wheat in the inoculation trials, and in spring wheat in the natural infection trials. A significant correlation was observed between the 3-acDON and DON contents in the inoculated trials in all grain species, the mean ratio of 3-acDON to DON ranging from 0.011 in wheat to 0.071 in oats.

Sammendrag

Serratia marcescens is one of the most effective bacteria for degradation of chitin, a 1,4-"-linked polymer of N-acetyl-"-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc). Chitinolysis by S. marcescens involves at least four enzymes and a chitin-binding protein. Studies of the enzymology and the structures of the enzymes provide insight in how a natural set of chitinolytic enzymes may be built up. S. marcescens chitinases may find applications as biocontrol agents against fungi and insects.

Sammendrag

Årsrapporten inneholder faktaopplysninger om Plantevernet i årene 1999 og 2000. Av innholdet kan nevnes adminstrasjon, forekomst av skadegjørere, forskning og utvikling, informasjon og kunnskapsformidling, internasjonalt samarbeid, undervisning og videreutdanning og eksterne råd og utvalg

Sammendrag

Infection by Mycocentrospora acerina on carrots were examined in the period 1985 to 1995 in monoculture plots at four sites with crop rotation experiments in Norway. At two of the locations, with the most variable climate, the incidence and severity of M. acerina infections on leaves and roots varied most through the different years. At these locations M. acerina attack on the roots was positively correlated with  precipitation in July. At one location the incidence of leaf infection corresponded significantly with the incidence on the roots. At one site the length of the storage period was correlated with the incidence and severity of liquorice rot in storage.

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Damping av jord er en gammel metode for bekjempelse av ugras, sopp, nematoder og virus. Desinfeksjon ved hjelp av damp ble tatt i bruk allerede i begynnelsen av forrige århundre, men det var først i begynnelsen av dette århundre metoden ble benyttet i større omfang, og da spesielt i veksthus. I motsetning til de kjemiske desinfeksjonsmidlene, hadde damping en mer universell virkning ved sin effekt både på ugrasfrø, nematoder, sopp og virus. Damping ble derfor av mange sett på som den beste metoden for desinfeksjon av jord (Newhall et al., 1931, og Baker, 1950). Etter hvert overtok imidlertid de kjemiske midlene markedet, og utviklingen av dampingsteknikken stoppet opp. Det er derfor relativt lite nyere litteratur og forsøksresultater fra bruk av jorddamping

Sammendrag

Boka inneholder en liste over godkjente plantevernmidler per 1. februar 1999. Det finnes også en egen liste over hobbypreparater. Det er en egen omtale av de nytteorganismene som er i handelen. Det finnes oversikter over aktuelle midler til bekjemping av ugras, skadedyr og sjukdommer i ulike kulturer innen jordbruk, gartneri og skogbruk.

Sammendrag

Som et ledd i arbeidet med å skaffe frø av flerårige urter til norske blomsterenger sammenliknet vi arbeidsforbruk, frøavling, frøkvalitet og lønnsomhet ved fire ulike metoder for frøhøsting og ti ulike metoder for etablering av frøavlsfelt av prestekrage. Forsøka viste at selv om mye av frøavlinga gikk tapt ved dryssing, var arbeidsvederlaget pr time større ved frøhøsting med "En gangs sams nedklipping" enn ved "Bankehøsting/støvsuging", "Flere gangers plukkhøsting" og "Direkte skurtresking med innleid forsøksskurtresker". De mest lønnsomme etableringsmetodene var "Direkte såing i kjemisk brakka såbed i august", "Utplanting på svart plast i juni" og "Planting med propaklorsprøyting i august". Ved etableringsmetoden "Utplanting på svart plast i juni" og høstemetoden "Sams nedklipping" var total frøavling av prestekrage i etableringsåret pluss de to etterfølgende år ca 70 kg daa-1.

Sammendrag

Dyrking av belvgekster er en nødvendig del av vekstskiftet ved økologisk jordbruk. Rødkløver i eng er imidlertid lite varig. Det observeres vanligvis som dårlig plantebestand om våren. Fagseksjon i økologisk landbruk på Helgeland (FØLH) har hatt spesielle problemer med overvintring av kløver i flerårig eng hos sine dyrkerene. Det kan være biotiske og biotiske årsaker til at kløveren dør ut. En viktig årsak til utgang av kløver i SørNorge er kløverråte. Målsettingen med dette arbeidet var å avklare om plantepatogene sopp er årsaken til utgang av kløver i flerårig eng ved økologisk dyrking. Det ble lagt vekt på å avklare om kløverråte var årsaken til skaden, eller om andre biotiske skadegjørere var viktige. For å nå denne målsettingen var det nødvendig å diagnostisere skadegjørere på kløver fra FØLH prosjekt. De identifiserte potensielle skadegjørere fra kløver ble så testet for evne til å forårsake sjukdom på friske kløverplanter.

Sammendrag

Stortinget vedtok i 1994 å slå sammen Statens plantevern og Statens forskingsstasjoner i landbruk til Norsk institutt for planteforsking, Planteforsk, fra 01.01.95. Styret for Planteforsk utarbeidet i 1994 en strategisk plan for den nye organisasjonen. Plantevernet ble ett av 6 forskingssentra i Planteforsk. Apelsvoll, Holt, Kvithamar, Særheim og Ullensvang ble de fem andre forskingssentra, Løken og Vågønes ble forskingsstasjoner, og Furuneset, Svanhovd, Sæter og Vågønes ble til fagsentra. Forskningen i Planteforsk er organisert i åtte innsatsområder. Fem innsatsområder arbeider med vekstgrupper: grovfôr, korn og oljevekster, grønnsaker og potet, frukt og bær, veksthuskulturer og grøntarealer. Plantevern, planteforedling og frøavlsforskning og landbruk i de nordligste områder er tre innsatsområder som arbeider med forskningsoppgaver på tvers av vekstgrupper. Årsmeldingene fra Statens plantevern ble tidligere trykket i Landbruksdirektørens årsmelding. Siden 1971 har det annethvert år kommet ut årsmeldinger fra Statens plantevern med informasjoner om forekomst av skadegjørere, forskning, publikasjoner, forvaltning, formidling og undervisning gjennom de siste to år. Opplysningene i disse årsmeldingene utgjør et verdifullt kildemateriale. Derfor ønsker resultatenheten Plantevernet i Planteforsk å fortsette tradisjonen med å publisere sammendrag av aktiviteten gjennom de to siste år.