Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2007
Forfattere
Elena A. Kasatkina Oleg I. Shumilov Paul E. Aspholm Natalia V. LukinaSammendrag
Among some of the mysteries of the Tunguska meteorite event, is the cause of the accelerated tree growth after 1908 in the catastrophe area (about 2000-2500 km^2). The main explanation of accelerated growth of old trees, was a result of decrease of competition level due to falling of considerable part of neighbour trees. We analyzed all available tree ring records (more than 100) including our own ones collected in the Taymir Region of Northern Siberia (72N; 105E) at a distance of about 1500 km to the North from the Tunguska catastrophe epicentre (61N; 102E). It was found that there were a considerable increase of tree ring growth in 1908 over a vast area of Siberia (60N-75N; 80E-110E) that at much more vast area (10^3 times more) than had been earlier considered. The similar effect was detected after the Chulym bolide explosion in 1984 (57.7N; 85.1E). Of course, the Chulym forest response area was some smaller taking into account incomparable powers of Tunguska and Chulym events). It is obvious that the interpretation mentioned above, of tree growth observed too far from epicentre, could hardly be accepted. A more likely hypothesis is that the growth of the trees became stimulated by the matter from comet that where spread over a large territory of Eurasia. It is generally believed that meteorites and comets delivered large amounts of simple organic composites to the early Earth. Another hypothesis is connected to NO produced during the event analyzed. For example, in time the Tunguska event the comet (probably fragment of the comet Enke) tail started to influence the Earth atmosphere several days before the fall of the meteorite causing optical anomalies observed mainly westwards from the place of TO explosion (Western Siberia, European Russia, Northern Europe). We discuss as well the role of "small signals" in simulation of biological object response. The work was supported by a grant from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant N 05-04-97528), by the Program "Biodiversity and dynamics of gene pool" of the Russian Academy and by the Regional Scientific Program of the Murmansk region.
Forfattere
Mensur Vegara Thor S. Larsen Hans Magnus Gjøen Anders Kiessling Roger K. Abrahamsen Ole Hofstad Lars Helge Frivold Bal Ram Singh Roberto Garcia Geir-Harald Strand dag-ragnar blystad Åsmund AsdalSammendrag
The Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) has been funding an NORWEGIAN SOUTH EASTERN EUROPE (SEE) PROGRAMME IN AGRICULTURE; Competence transfer and institutional contact and co-operation between faculties of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Medicine in South Eastern Europe, (2002 ?2005). The main objectives under this programme were: - To improve organising, content and quality of academic education and research in agriculture, veterinary medicine and forestry to meet with needs for qualified people in ongoing rebuilding after wars and to reach the general European level and standards. - Create functional and sustainable networks of regional institutions and professionals to support each other and cooperate for optimal use of limited available resources in the SEE region in a difficult rebuilding situation. The main activities were: - Research and development projects in the areas of animal sciences, crop and fodder production and use of GIS-methods in forestry and agriculture. - Support to development of staff and institutions in form of study stays, study material, covering of costs for laboratory analysis etc. related to M.Sc. and Ph.D. thesis work, guest lecturing and some equipment. - Support to reorientation of academic education in agriculture, forestry and veterinary medicine. - Support to regional networks, professional meetings, further development and use of the Programme web site and web-based teaching. The most important strategy in this Programme was to facilitate for institutional cooperation and network building between partners in the SEE area. Origin application (05/420-3, 07.12.06) to MFA, for budget of activities for the secon year 2007, was NOK 4.830.000. The MFA reduced applied budget approximately by 18%. Funding of NOK 4.000.000 was granted by the MFA for this program?s second year 2007. See UD bevilgningsbrev, 05/00396-12, from 19. April 2007, Appendix 1, page 48-51. According to the UD bevilgningsbrev budget and activities for the secon year 2007 wear redused, see NORAGRIC?s letter 05/420-3, 07.05.2007, e-mail 07.05.2007, page 45 and UD letter 05/00396-16, from 19 November 2007, page 46. See also e-mail Status report for UD Project nr. 2070061, 25.06.2007, page 47. The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB), through Noragric, UMB?s Department for International Environment and Development Studies, has been responsible for the overall preparations, coordination and implementation of this programme. The programme?s Coordinator has also been part time active with scientific and education in several projects and activities. UMB/Noragric has been responsible for accounting and reporting for the programme. Programme activities include: ? Programme budgets for each projects and activities have been prepared. ? There have been preparations of agreements (54 agreements) between SEE/WB partners and Norwegian partners for the implementation of planned programme activities and transfer of funds for 2007. ? FINAL reports for the second year of the programme activities (2007) have been prepared ? for each of the 9 projects according to MFA?s template for project reporting.
Sammendrag
To obtain information that might help in the use of Neozygites floridana (Zygomycetes: Entomopthorales) in biological control of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), in strawberries and cucumbers we have tried to answer the following questions in a series of studies*): 1) When, and at what infection levels does N. floridana occur in T. urticae populations in field grown strawberries? 2) How does N. floridana survive harsh climatic conditions (i.e winter) in Norway? 3) Where do N. floridana infected T. urticae move and sporulate on a plant? 4) How do commonly used pesticides in strawberries affect N. floridana and T. urticae? 5) How can N. floridana be inoculated in augmentative microbial control of T. urticae? Results show that N. floridana infected and killed T. urticae in 12 out of 12 Norwegian strawberry fields studied. Infection levels up to 90% were observed, and the highest levels were observed late in the season. The infection levels throughout a season varied considerably. N. floridana was observed to over-winter as hyphal bodies in hibernating T. urticae females throughout the winter. Cadavers with resting spores were found from October to the end of January. Cadavers then probably disintegrated, and resting spores were left on leaves, soil, etc. In a bioassay where a Norwegian N. floridana isolate was tested for numbers and distance of spores thrown at three different temperatures (13o, 18o, 23o C), results show that the highest numbers of spores (1886 and 1733 per cadaver) were thrown at 13o and 18o compared to 23o C (1302 per cadaver). Spores were thrown at the same distance (up to about 6 mm) at all three temperatures when cadavers were placed with dorsal side facing up. Cadavers placed with dorsal side down (hanging) threw equal numbers of spores up (on the underside of the leaf in nature) and down (on the leaf below). The effects of pesticides used in strawberries on the N. floridana infection level were studied to evaluate factors that might be important for conservation biological control. The pesticides tested were three fungicides; Euparen (tolylfluanid), Teldor (fenhexamid), Switch (cyprodinil +fludioxonil) and one acaricide/ insecticide: Mesurol (methiocarb). The experiment indicated that all three fungicides affect N. floridana negatively but that Euparen might be the least harmful. Mesurol did not affect N. floridana. Our attempt to inoculate N. floridana artificially in a strawberry field has not yet been successful, but we now work on promising methods for inoculation of N. floridana in T. urticae populations in greenhouse cucumbers. More detailed results from the studies referred to in this abstract will soon be published elsewhere.
Sammendrag
High mortality among chicks, due to fragmentation and changes in habitat caused by commercial forestry, is considered one of the main reasons for the general decline in capercaillie Tetrao urogallus in boreal forests. Using GPS satellite telemetry, we studied the movement patterns of young capercaillie broods: 1) to test if this new technology could be applied to gain more detailed insight into behaviour and habitat selection at a small spatial scale, and if so, 2) to compare the broods' relative use of planted and older, naturally regenerated forests. Hens of four broods with chicks 2-7 days old were captured and fitted with 90-g backpacks containing GPS units and VHF transmitters. The GPS units were programmed to record positions every 15 minutes, the shortest interval possible. With a storage capacity of 450 positions, movements could be monitored for ca 4.5 days. In our study area (Varaldskogen) with moderate topography, the GPS technology performed quite well. A total of 1,277 positions were obtained (84% of potential maximum), of which 77% were within 20 in of the true position of the brood. The movement patterns of the four broods were quite similar, with a mean speed of 83.2 m +/- 9.9 (SE) per hour during the 4.5-day tracking period. Broods moved almost continuously during the 24-hour cycle, presumably foraging, although their speed was slower at night. The two oldest broods whose initial age was seven days moved faster than the two younger broods whose initial age was two and three days, respectively. Strong autocorrelation among successive positions made us examine habitat selection using a binominal choice method for each brood separately. When broods were inside old 'natural' forest, they remained there instead of moving into plantations. When inside plantations, they did not discriminate between remaining there and moving into nearby old forest, but they tended to move faster in plantations than in old forest. Clearly, the new, cost-effective GPS telemetry offers new and better opportunities for studying small-scale brood movement. Very frequent and accurate positions can be obtained without either disturbing the birds or leaving scent marks that may attract predators.
Sammendrag
Kvitkløver egnar seg godt i slåtteng også under norske tilhøve. Avlingsnivået var på høgde med raudkløvereng. Samla over to forsøksår gav kvitkløvergrassurfôr eit høgare dagleg opptak av tørrstoff og råprotein enn raudkløvergrassurfôr, men effekten av kløverart på dei fleste produksjonsparametrane var liten. Raudkløvergrassurfôr gav mjølk med gunstigare feittsyresamansetjing og mjølk med mye høgare innhald av isoflavon ("kløverplanteøstrogen"), uansett kraftfôrnivå, enn kvitkløvergrassurfôr. Særleg var innhaldet av equol høgt. Av planteøstrogena, er det equol ein trur verkar preventivt t.d. mot bryst- og prostatakreft.
Sammendrag
Neozygites floridana is a fungus in the order Entomophthorales that infects and kills the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. The fungus is therefore of interest for the biological control of T. urticae. To obtain information that might help in the use of this fungus under practical conditions in strawberries and cucumbers we have tried to answer the following questions in a series of studies*): 1) When, and at what infection levels does N. floridana occurre in T. urticae populations in fieldgrown strawberries? 2) How and where does N. floridana survive harsh climatic conditions (i.e winter) in Norway? 3) How and where does N. floridana infected T. urticae move and sporulate on a plant? 4) How do commonly used pesticides in strawberries affect N. floridana and T. urticae? 5) How can N. floridana be inoculated in augmentative microbial control of T. urticae? Results show that N. floridana infected and killed T. urticae in 12 out of 12 Norwegian strawberry fields studied. Infection levels up to 90% were observed, and the highest levels were observed late in the season. The infection levels throughout a season varied considerably. N. floridana was observed to overwinter as both hyphal bodies in hibernating T. urticae females from October to at least February at temperatures as low as -20o C. Cadavers with resting spores were found from October to the end of January. Cadavers then probably disintegrated, and resting spores were left on leaves, soil, etc. In a bioassay where a Norwegian N. floridana isolate was tested for numbers and distance of spores thrown at three different temperatures (13o, 18o, 23o C), preliminary results show that high numbers of spores (ca 1300-1900 per cadaver) were thrown at all three temperatures. Further, spores were thrown about the same distance (up to about 6 mm) at all three temperatures. The effects of pesticides used in strawberries on the N. floridana infection level were studied to evaluate factors that might be important for conservation biological control. The pesticides tested were three fungicides; Euparen (tolylfluanid), Teldor (fenhexamid), Switch (cyprodinil +fludioxonil) and one acaricide/ insecticide: Mesurol (methiocarb). The experiment indicated that all three fungicides affect N. floridana negatively but that Euparen might be the least harmful. Mesurol did not affect N. floridana. Our attempts to inoculate N. floridana artificially in a strawberry field has not yet been successful, but we now work on promising methods for inoculation of N. floridana in T. urticae populations in greenhouse cucumbers. More detailed results from the studies referred to in this abstract will soon be published elsewhere.
Sammendrag
Inn på tunet er tilrettelagte tilbud på gårdsbruk, rettet mot enkeltmennesker og/eller grupper. Målsettingen med Inn på tunet er primært å bidra positivt til helse, utvikling og trivsel for den enkelte bruker. Tilbudene bygger på samarbeid med oppvekst-, utdannings-, helse- eller sosialsektoren, og omfatter aktiviteter som bygger på både gårdens og bondens ressurser. Gårdbrukeren er direkte involvert i tilbudet, enten som leder eller i en assisterende rolle. Gårdsmiljøet åpner for mange muligheter for aktiviteter, der stell av dyr og planter, drift av skogen og pleie av kulturlandskapet, vedlikehold av maskiner og bygningsmasse utgjør aktivitetsgrunnlaget. Men det er også en rekke muligheter som ikke nødvendigvis har noe direkte med gårdsdriften å gjøre. Det kan være aktiviteter som snekring, husflid, baking og produksjon av ulike produkter - for eksempel ved. Norsk institutt for landbruksøkonomisk forskning (NILF) har undersøkt Inn på tunet (IPT) gjennom en telefonundersøkelse og økonomiundersøkelse blant tjenesteytere. Telefonundersøkelsen hentet erfaringer fra alle fylker, hvor vi tok for oss omfang og daglig drift av IPT fra Fylkesmannens Landbruksavdeling (FMLA) sin side. Økonomiundersøkelsen av IPT-aktiviteten omfattet åtte gårdsbruk for regnskapsåret 2005. Her kartla vi inntekter, kostnader, investeringer og arbeidsforbruk i forbindelse med IPT. Gårdene ble plukket ut i Møre og Romsdal, Sør- og Nord-Trøndelag Seks av gårdsbrukene ble i tillegg intervjuet om IPT-aktiviteten. Intervjuene omfattet motiver for oppstart, erfaringer fra etablering og drift, og gårdbrukerens egen vurdering av aktiviteten. Gårdene vi har undersøkt har tilbud rettet både mot skole/utdanning og mot psykisk helse. […]
Forfattere
Ingunn Molund Vågen Trygve Aamlid Arne Oddvar SkjelvågSammendrag
The effects of three nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates (0, 120, and 240 kg N ha(-1)) and two planting times (May or late June/July) on yield and N use of the early cultivar 'Milady' and the late cultivar 'Marathon' of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) were investigated on three silty loam soils varying in soil mineral N (Nmin) in the southernmost part of Norway during 1999 and 2001. In all crops receiving fertilizer, rapid uptake of N started about three weeks after planting. The relative yield of broccoli heads increased with increasing soil available N (fertilizer N plus Nmin) at planting to 200-250 kg N ha(-1) and then levelled off. The two lower fertilizer rates were more restrictive to yields in early-planted than in late-planted crops. A general increase in harvest index with increasing N rate reflected a stronger effect of N on the head yield than on the total above ground biomass production. The apparent recovery of fertilizer N decreased with increasing N rate and was on average 74% in total above ground biomass and 25% in broccoli heads. Despite a higher N uptake, the average soil mineral N level at harvest increased from 12 kg N ha(-1) on unfertilized plots to 27 and 78 kg N ha(-1) on plots receiving 120 and 240 kg N ha(-1), respectively; this increase was stronger in early than in late plantings and stronger in 'Milady' than in 'Marathon'. The yield of broccoli heads was similar in the two cultivars, but 'Milady' had a lower total biomass production and thus a higher harvest index, presumably due to earlier head initiation.
Forfattere
Lars Tørres Havstad Trygve S. AamlidSammendrag
Tiller demography and contribution to seed yield were studied in first year seed crops of Bromus inermis `Løfar" and Festuca pratensis `Salten" planted on different dates and with increasing plant densities (A: 15 or 18 Jun / 11 plants m-2, B: 15 or 30 July / 44 plants m-2, C: 15 August or 10 September /178 plants m-2) in field trials at Landvik, SE Norway, in 1998 and 1999. While the total tiller population in most crops increased until seed harvest, it decreased during panicle elongation in crops of Bromus inermis and Festuca pratensis that had reached 2000 and 3500 tillers m-2 in early spring, respectively. Except for the fact that many of the primary tillers of Bromus inermis died after producing barren stems, tillers formed in August and September had the greatest chance of becoming reproductive and produced the longest culms with the heaviest inflorescences in both species. Most tillers produced in winter or early spring either remained vegetative or died, but spring-emerging tillers contributed up to 30% of the total seed yield in early-established, low-density crops of Festuca pratensis. The results are discussed in relation to former papers suggesting that inter-tiller transfer of flower induction stimuli is possible in some perennial grasses. It is concluded that tillers produced in winter and spring contribute more to seed yield in Festuca pratensis than in Bromus inermis.
Sammendrag
I 2005 var 3,5 % av jordbruksarealene økologiske, og det var registrert 2 496 godkjente, økologiske produsenter i Norge. Andelen økologisk produksjon varierer mellom ulike landsdeler og produksjoner. Produksjonen av økologisk melk var på 25,6 mill. liter, eller om lag 1,7 % av totalproduksjonen av melk i 2005, mens for eksempel innveid mengde storfeslakt bare utgjorde 0,6 % av totalproduksjonen. Det er et klart vekstpotensial for økologisk produksjon i Norge, og for mange økologiske produkter kan det også være mulig å øke andelen som faktisk når markedet som økologisk. Storhusholdningsmarkedet i Norge kan deles inn ifølgende virksomheter: Institusjonsmarkedet som i hovedsak er offentlig, kantine og catering som er både privat og offentlig og hotell- og restaurantmarkedet som i hovedsak er privat. Storkjøkken på institusjoner serverer mat til pasienter, pleietrengende og andre, mens kantinene selger maten til sine kunder. Økologiske varer er noe dyrere enn konvensjonelle. Mens institusjonskjøkken må kompenseres for de økte kostnadene ved å øke andelen økologiske matvarer, kan kantiner velge å hente inn merkostnaden ved økologiske råvarer ved å ta en høyere pris. Hvor mye prisen kan øke ved omlegging til økologiske uten at etterspurt mengde reduseres, er ikke kjent. Hvilken mat som serveres vil ha noe å si for mulighetene til å substituere en eksisterende meny med en annen. Eksempelvis kan det tenkes at en kantine som i hovedsak serverer tørrmat lettere vil kunne oppnå et mål om en viss andel økologiske varer ved å bytte til relativt rimelige leveranser av økologiske bakervarer og økologisk ost og melk; mens et storkjøkken som i hovedsak serverer varmmat vil kunne ha vanskeligheter med å få relativt rimelige leveranser av økologiske poteter, kjøtt, fisk og grønnsaker. […]