Hopp til hovedinnholdet

Publikasjoner

NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.

2009

Sammendrag

One of the major concerns for the use of velvet bentgrass (Agrostis canina) in Scandinavia is whether current cultivars have sufficient winter hardiness. To meet this challenge, velvet bentgrass (VB) cultivars were tested for winter hardiness in controlled environments at UMB during 2006/2007. Hardened and unhardened VB cultivars Avalon, Villa, Greenwich and Legendary were compared with creeping bentgrass (CB, Agrostis stolonifera) cv. Penn A-4 (control) for freezing tolerance. There were no differences in freezing tolerance between velvet and creeping bentgrass, but none of the tested cultivars, whether hardened or not, tolerated freezing to - 9 ºC or lower.That became a background for the collaborative project between the Norwegian Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research (Bioforsk), Norwegian University of Life Science, Rutgers University and the University of Massachusetts. The objectives of the project would be: (1) to compare freezing tolerance of VB and CB, (2) to quantify carbohydrate changes during the two consecutive phases of cold acclimation in these species, and (3) to compare one direct and two indirect methods for determination of LT50 in turfgrasses.

Sammendrag

Skar leir innerst i Maridalen ble kjøpt av Oslo kommune fra Staten (Forsvarsbygg) den 1. februar 2008. Et formål med kjøpet er utbygging av eiendommen til barnehage, utleie av eksisterende bygningsmasse til arbeidsplasser eller lag og foreninger, samt å åpne området for allmennheten ved etablering av markastue eller lignende.Utvidet bruk av leirområdet vil kreve tilfredsstillende vannforsyning. Dagens regleverk setter krav til  at et vannforsyningssystem som leverer vann til skole/barnehage eller minst 50 personer skal ha god-kjenning fra Mattilsynet. Søknad om godkjenning skal inneholde dokumentasjon som omfatter alle forhold som kan ha innvirkning på kvalitet og kvantitet av drikkevann. Blant annet skal eier av god-kjenningspliktig vannforsyningssystem, for å sikre hygienisk betryggende drikkevann, gjennom valg av vannkilde, beskyttelse av denne og etablering av vannbehandling, sørge for at det til sammen finnes minimum 2 hygieniske barrierer i vannforsyningssystemet.Eksisterende vannforsyningsanlegg henter råvann fra Skarselva. Et alternativ til å benytte råvann fra Skarselva og oppgradere dagens vannforsyningsanlegg, er å etablere borebrønner og benytte grunnvann som vannforsyningskilde.

Sammendrag

Vegetasjonskart gjev eit bilete av den mosaikken av vegetasjonstypar som det naturlege plantedekket består av. Ein vegetasjonstype er ei karakteristisk samling planteartar som vil gå att på lokalitetar med like veksetilhøve. Ei oversikt over utbreiinga av vegetasjonstypar gjev oss på denne måten informasjon også om variasjonen i økologiske faktorar (klima, næring og vatn i jorda, snødekke og kulturpåverknad) i eit område. I tillegg kan kvar vegetasjonstype tilleggast eigenskapar med omsyn til ulik ressursutnytting og bruk (beite, slitestyrke for ferdsel, artsmangfald m.m.). På oppdrag frå Tolga kommune nord i Hedmark, er det vegetasjonskartlagt det meste av utmarka i bygda Vingelen, i alt 346 km², samt området Pauran - Bjønnkuven (49 km²). Viktigaste målsettinga med kartlegginga er å lage eit grunnlag for planlegging av beitebruk og landskapsskjøtsel. Kartlegginga er gjort etter Skog og landskap sin instruks for vegetasjonskartlegging i M 1:20 000 - 50 000. Det er framstilt vegetasjonskart og avleia temakart for sauebeite, storfebeite og naturtypar. Berggrunnen i Vingelen består mest av fyllitt og glimmerskifer som gjev god tilgang på plantenæring. Utslag i plantedekket får ein likevel først og fremst der det er god vassforsyning i jordsmonnet. Lausmassar har jamn dekning i området. Det meste er veldig finkorna morenemateriale. Berre kring dei høgaste høgdene er morenedekket tynt. Grovare morene ligg i lisidene ned mot Glåma. Området har typisk innlandsklima med låg nedbør, låg vintertemperatur og høg sommartemperatur i høve til høgda over havet.

Sammendrag

Et sunnere kosthold er viktig for å forhindre at barn blir overvektige. I denne sammenheng kan økologisk skolemat være en effektiv strategi for å tilby sunn mat til barn. Mål med denne studien var å se nærmere på dagens situasjon av økologisk skolemat i Danmark ved å gjennomføre en case-studie i tre kommuner på Sjælland, der landets mest utviklede modeller for organisert skolemat finnes. Disse kommunene har til felles at salg av økologisk mat ved barneskoler ble introdusert for noen år tilbake, men tilnærmingen er ganske forskjellig. I København ble et stort sentralkjøkken etablert, hvor også økologisk mat tilberedes. Maten blir varmet opp og solgt gjennom kiosker på skolene. I Roskilde er det et samarbeid med en økologisk matleverandør og maten selges i skolekantiner. I Gladsaxe tilbereder og selger deltidsansatte maten i den enkelte skolen. Disse ansatte har fått opplæring om økologisk mat av en kommunal koordinator. Basert på intervjuer med sentrale informanter i de tre kommunene beskriver rapporten de involverte aktørene, barrierer og framtidige planer for å øke forbruk av økologisk mat i skolemåltidene. Likheter og forskjeller mellom kommunene blir diskutert.De største utfordringene for økt forbruk av økologisk mat i skoler er knyttet til manglende infrastruktur i skolene, som kjøkken og spiserom, og at systemene som ble utviklet hittil ikke er særlig forankret blant elevene, lærerne, andre skoleansatte og foreldrene.

Sammendrag

The plant growth regulator Primo MAXX® (trinexapac-ethyl) offers prospects for reduced mowing costs, lower CO2-emissions, better winter survival, and improved playing quality on turfgrass areas used for golf.  As the second in a series of two, this report presents results and recommendations from the final year (2008) of a two year project evaluating Primo MAXX® on Nordic golf courses. The project was funded by the Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environment Research Foundation (STERF) and Syngenta, and carried out by Bioforsk and MTT, the state agricultural research institutes in Norway and Finland, respectively. In addition to the official ‘Good Experimental Practice" (GEP) trials needed for potential registration of Primo MAXX®, unreplicated demonstration trials were carried out on Norwegian Golf Courses under supervision of Bioforsk and with funding from the Norwegian Golf Federation (NGF). GEP trials established in 2007 on greens and fairways at Landvik, Norway (58°34"N, 8°52"E), and Lepaa, Finland (61°08"N, 24°20"E), were followed up by registrations of turfgrass winter damage in spring 2008. While no winter damage was observed at Landvik, monthly applications of Primo MAXX®, with the last application on 4 Oct. 2007, resulted in significantly less snow mold (Microdochium nivale) and tendencies to higher overall turfgrass appearance in both the green and fairway trial at Lepaa.   New GEP trials were established on a creeping bentgrass green at Landvik and a Kentucky bluegrass / red fescue fairway at Lepaa in 2008. Because of the discoloration and post-suppression rebound effects reported in 2007, Primo MAXX®  was applied more frequently and at lower rates than in 2007. In the green trial, weekly or biweekly applications of 0.15, 0.30 and 0.45 L ha-1 (17, 34 or 51 g a.i. trinexapac-ethyl ha-1) were compared with an unsprayed control treatment. On average for rates, frequencies and fifteen to seventeen observation dates, Primo MAXX® resulted in significantly lower clipping yield (-25%), significantly longer ball roll distance (+6%), and a tendency (P=0.07) to lower plant height (-16%) than on unsprayed control plots. Primo MAXX® gave significantly darker color, but had no effect on turfgrass overall appearance or density. Differences between application rates were not significant for any character, and differences between application frequencies were significant only for turfgrass color. In the new fairway trial at Lepaa, biweekly applications of Primo MAXX® resulted in significant reductions is clipping yields varying from 15% at the lowest (0.4 L ha-1) to 34% at the highest (1.2 L ha-1) rate. These reductions were accompanied by smaller, but significant reductions in plant height. The effects on turfgrass overall appearance, color or density were not significant.In demonstration trials on Norwegian golf courses, the average increases in ball roll distance from repeated application of 0.30 L ha-1 Primo MAXX® varied from 3 to 8%. An initial application at this rate resulted in discoloration in one out of three green trials, while initial applications of 0.8 and 1.0 L ha-1 resulted in loss of turfgrass quality in trials on a fairway and a semirough, respectively. These effects were temporary as the turfgrass recovered within 3-4 weeks and sometimes acquired better quality than in the unsprayed control treatment after the second application. In conclusion, we consider the documentation presented in this report to be sufficient to recommend Primo MAXX® being labeled for use on Nordic golf courses. We suggest that the following rates and application frequencies be printed on the label:   Primo MAXX®, rate*Application intervalGreens  (creeping bentgrass)0.2 - 0.4 L ha-1 Every one to two weeks Fairways (Kentucky bluegrass / red fescue)0.6 - 1.2 L ha-1Every two to three weeksRoughs & semi-roughs (Kentucky bluegrass / red fescue)1.0 - 2.0 L ha-1Every three to four weeks*Always use lowest rate for the first seasonal application of Primo MAXX®.

Sammendrag

Background: Anaerobic digestion in a biogas plant (BGP) is an alternative way to handle organic household waste. There is an increasing interest in BGPs using municipal food waste as energy source for producing gas, mainly methane. The waste product from a BGP is digestate, which may be used as a fertiliser in organic agriculture. The digestate can be separated into a solid and a liquid fraction by centrifugation.Objective: To assess the hygienic risk of toxigenic bacteria in the liquid fraction of the digestate (~2 % d.w.) from a BGP using municipal food waste as an energy source, focusing on heat stable toxin producing Bacillus cereus.Method: The digestate was sampled monthly from a BGP from May 2008 to February 2009. The potential for cereulide production in the digestate was measured by quantitative PCR using primers targeted at B. cereus group (Hansen et al. 2001) and the peptide synthetase gene specific for cereulide (cesB gene; Ehling-Schulz et al 2004), and it was searched for cultivable isolates of toxigenic B. cereus.Result: The digestate contained an average of 104 copies of B. cereus genome and 103 to 104 cesB gene copies per ml. The digestate contained 0.5 to 10 × 106 viable bacteria per ml of which 1 % were heat stable spores. Culturable presumptive B. cereus was isolated in 9 out of 10 samples, averaging 102 CFU per ml.Conclusion: 1) Analysis of DNA showed that the raw materials used for the biogas production contained B. cereus. A significant portion of the B. cereus genomes possessed the cesB gene. 2) Approximately 1 % of the heat stable spores represented B. cereus. The content of viable B. cereus in the liquid fraction of the digestate was within the limits acceptable for foods.

Sammendrag

Background: Anaerobic digestion in a biogas plant (BGP) is an alternative way to handle organic household waste. There is an increasing interest in BGPs using municipal food waste as energy source for producing gas, mainly methane. The waste product from a BGP is digestate, which may be used as a fertiliser in organic agriculture. The digestate can be separated into a solid and a liquid fraction by centrifugation. Objective: To assess the hygienic risk of toxigenic bacteria in the liquid fraction of the digestate (~2 % d.w.) from a BGP using municipal food waste as an energy source, focusing on heat stable toxin producing Bacillus cereus. Method: The digestate was sampled monthly from a BGP from May 2008 to February 2009. The potential for cereulide production in the digestate was measured by quantitative PCR using primers targeted at B. cereus group (Hansen et al. 2001) and the peptide synthetase gene specific for cereulide (cesB gene; Ehling-Schulz et al 2004), and it was searched for cultivable isolates of toxigenic B. cereus. Result: The digestate contained an average of 104 copies of B. cereus genome and 103 to 104 cesB gene copies per ml. The digestate contained 0.5 to 10 × 106 viable bacteria per ml of which 1 % were heat stable spores. Culturable presumptive B. cereus was isolated in 9 out of 10 samples, averaging 102 CFU per ml. Conclusion: 1) Analysis of DNA showed that the raw materials used for the biogas production contained B. cereus. A significant portion of the B. cereus genomes possessed the cesB gene. 2) Approximately 1 % of the heat stable spores represented B. cereus. The content of viable B. cereus in the liquid fraction of the digestate was within the limits acceptable for foods.

Sammendrag

Rapporten omhandler de tre nedbørsfeltene vassdragene Ristbekken (27 007 daa), Eggbekken (18 199 daa) og Steindalsbekken (4177 daa) i Trondheim kommune. De dominerende jordtypene i nedbørfeltene består av marine lettleirer og mellomleirer. Karakteriseringen av vassdragene viser, basert på tilgjengelige prøvedata, at vannforekomstene ligger i klassen ”Risiko” for ikke å nå miljømålet innen 2015 (Vann-nett.nve.no, 2009). Overvåkingen av bekker i Trondheim kommune viser at vannkvaliteten mhp. tot-P ligger i klasse ”Meget dårlig for Ristbekken og Eggbekken og i klassen ”Dårlig” i Steindalsbekken. Nedbørfeltene til Eggbekken, Steindalsbekken og Ristbekken har med sine totalt 20 702 daa dyrket mark en betydelig avrenning av næringssalter, og landbruksavrenningen er en vesentlig kilde til klassifiseringsresultatet. Landbruksdriften i nedbørfeltene er dominert av korn- og grasproduksjon. Faktisk arealbruk (vekster og jordarbeiding) er kartlagt for 2008/2009 og inngår i modellen ”AgriCat-P” (AGRIculture run-off in CATchment). Modellen beregner effekter av ulike tiltak; endret jordarbeiding, vegetasjonssoner, fangdammer og redusert gjødsling (jordas fosforstatus - P-AL). Fosforinnholdet i jorda ble hentet fra jordprøver i Jorddatabanken (Bioforsk). Arealveid gjennomsnitt av P-AL i de tre bekkene varierte mellom 9,5 og 9,9. Det ble satt opp totalt 12 scenarioer for tiltaksgjennomføring og disse er effektberegnet i forholdtil dagens tilførsler. Resultatene er presentert i tabell 7 – 17. Effektene som er modellert i AgriCat-P antyder at det er mulig å mer enn halvere partikkel- og tot-P tapet fra jordbruket slik at miljømålene antakelig vil kunne nås. Enda større reduksjoner fra landbruket vil antakelig kreve ytterligere tiltak som for eksempel kan være flere fangdammer/kumdammer, punktvis bredere vegetasjonssoner, utbedring av hydrotekniske anlegg og økt grasproduksjon.

Til dokument

Sammendrag

In the Nordic strawberry industry only single-cropping cultivars are used. Several everbearing cultivars have been tried, but neither yield nor quality has been satisfactory. In 2005, new everbearing cultivars were collected and an experiment was established in a polyethylene tunnel. Yield and runnering capacity were recorded in two seasons. The cultivars were the English 'Flamenco' and 'Everest', the Dutch 'Elan' and the Norwegian 'Rita', 'Rondo', 'Ridder' and 'Rosa'. Plug plants were planted in double rows on low ridges mulched with plastic at a plant density equivalent to 50,000 plants per ha. A block design with 20 plants per plot and four replicates was used. The field was harvested two to three times a week during the whole season from June until the beginning of October in both years. Berry size was recorded at all harvests while taste and general performance were evaluated using a scale 1-9. In the first year, the everbearing cultivars had significantly higher yield than the single-cropping cultivars due to more inflorescences, but this was levelled out the second year. While the cropping season of the single-cropping cultivars is only about four weeks, the everbearing cultivars were picked from late June until beginning of October, in both years. The highest yields were obtained by 'Everest' (729 and 844 g) followed by 'Rita' and 'Ridder'. The cultivars 'Elan' and 'Rondo' scored highest both in taste and general performance. 'Everest' also performed well, but flavour was not acceptable.

Sammendrag

For various reasons the area suitable for growing rape (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera Metzg.) and turnip rape (Brassica rapa L. var. oleifera Sinsk.) is limited in Norway. There are several other oil producing species, both cruciferous plants and others, but only a few of them have previously been investigated under Nordic climatic conditions. As a part of a project called "Opportunities for Norwegian production of bio-diesel from agricultural crops" some alternative oil seed crops were grown on three sites in the years 2007 and 2008. The sites were Apelsvoll and Vollebekk in South-Eastern Norway and Kvithamar in the Central part of Norway. The following species were investigated: Oil flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), Sarepta mustard (Brassica juncea L.), Camelina (Camelina sativa L.), Crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst.) and Blue lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.). Also a cultivar of spring rape was included in the experiments. In the first year the oil seed yield was rather low for all crops on all sites. In 2008 the quality of the experiments was better, and particularly at Vollebekk and Kvithamar the yields were satisfactory. However, for sunflower the growing season was too short at the experimental sites, and for camelina, crambe and sarepta mustard the seed yields were rather low. Oil flax and spring rape produced about 2.4 tons oil seeds per hectare and for blue lupine the yield was about 3.7 tons of seeds. In addition to seed yields, data on oil contents of the seeds will be presented.