Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2009
Forfattere
Ricardo Holgado Kari Anne Oppen Christer MagnussonSammendrag
Soil samples from a growth depression in potato (Solanum tuberosum) cv. Saturna field in Grue, eastern Norway, yielded large numbers of root lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus penetrans. Yield of potato was reduced by 50% in the affected area of the field. Transect-sampling showed plant growth to be negatively correlated with densities of P. penetrans and suggested a damage threshold of potato to the nematode of 100 specimens per 250 g of soil. Common scab (Streptomyces scabies) occurred frequently in the affected area. Pratylenchus penetrans was present in roots, underground stems, stolons and tubers. In tubers, nematodes were detected inside cross-lesions typical of common scab, and occurred also in the outermost 0.5 mm tissue associated with such lesions. On potato cv. Saturna grown in a green-house, P. penetrans alone induced tuber lesions similar to those of common scab. Also, the combined inoculation of the bacterium and the nematode seemed to enhance symptom expression. Pratylenchus penetrans survives storage of potatoes, from which new infections may develop. Hence, potato tubers do appear to be an important means for the spread of P. penetrans to new areas.
Sammendrag
The common European cerambycid Leiopus nebulosus (Linnaeus, 1758) is herein split into two sibling species. The male genitalia characters, as well as spermathecae in females, were examined and found to provide strong support for this separation. A new species, Leiopus linnei sp. nov., is based on specimens mainly from Scandinavia. The establishment of the new species is supported by DNA barcoding of Scandinavian specimens of L. nebulosus, L. linnei sp. nov., and L. punctulatus (Paykull, 1800). There are significant genetic differences between all these species. The geographical distribution and the bionomy of L. nebulosus and L. linnei sp. nov. are described. The type of Cerambyx nebulosus Linnaeus, 1758 is lost. A neotype of Cerambyx nebulosus, currently Leiopus nebulosus (Linnaeus, 1758), is designated and a redescription of L. nebulosus is presented. A key for the identification of L. nebulosus and L. linnei sp. nov. is provided. The varieties L. nebulosus var. dissimilis Pic, 1889, L. nebulosus var. unifasciatus Pic, 1891, and L. nebulosus var. siculus Pic, 1924 are considered as junior synonyms, syn.nov. of L. nebulosus.
Forfattere
Anders Aak Anders AakSammendrag
Blowflies of the species Calliphora vicina are causing severe economic losses in dried fish production in northern Norway. Female flies are attracted to dead animals for both oviposition and foraging. As natural decomposing carcasses are scarce in its distribution and only suitable for the larvae a short time, the odour mediated resource location is expected to be very important. A wind tunnel was used to optimize attraction of female C. vicina and chemicals known to attract blowflies were tested both as single compounds and in blends. A three-component blend of dimethyltrisulphide, mercaptoethanol and o-cresol was found to significantly increase upwind orientation compared to the single attractant dimethyltrisulpide. More than 60% of female flies showed upwind oriented flight to the synthetic blend and this attraction was similar to decomposing liver which is commonly used to trap blowflies. Female attraction to odours from dead animals reached 90%, indicating a large potential for lure improvement. The three-component blend significantly increased field catches compared to dimethyltrisulphide, and the catch consisted of 98.2% females. A large scale mass trapping experiment in Lofoten, northern Norway, has now been ongoing for four years. Damage to stockfish in treated areas has significantly decreased compared to control areas.
Forfattere
Leif Sundheim Maria-Luz Herrero Trond Rafoss Brita Toppe May Bente Brurberg Trond Hofsvang Christer Magnusson Anne Marte Tronsmo Bjørn ØklandSammendrag
Phytophthora ramorum S. Werres, A.W.A.M. de Cook & W.A. Man in‘t Veld is a newly described Phytophthora-species which is considered to be relatively recently introduced to both USA and Europe from an unknown area, or areas, of origin. The pathogen has a wide host range and causes a complexity of disease symptoms generally grouped into three categories: canker, foliage lesion, and dieback. In Europe the pathogen has been reported in 21 countries, Norway included; predominantly on ornamental plants in nurseries, but also outside nurseries in gardens and semi-natural environment, most often on rhododendrons. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority needs a risk assessment of the pest as basis for an evaluation of a future phytosanitary risk management of P. ramorum, including whether the organism should be regulated as a quarantine pest in Norway. On this background the Norwegian Food Safety Authority, in a letter of 22nd August 2008, requested a pest risk assessment of P. ramorum from the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet, VKM). The pest risk assessment was adopted by VKM"s Panel on plant health (Panel 9) on a meeting 24th June 2009. VKM"s Panel 9 gives the following main conclusions of the risk assessment: 1) P. ramorum is present but not widely distributed in Norway, and the pest is under official control. The outdoors surveys of P. ramorum in Norway have not been conducted systematically over the whole country, and some uncertainty therefore still remains regarding the current distribution of P. ramorum in the PRA area. 2) The overall probability of entry of P. ramorum into Norway and the overall probability of establishment of P. ramorum in Norway are both rated as high with low levels of uncertainty; 3) In the absence of statutory control the probability for P. ramorum to be spread quickly in the PRA area by trade of host plants for planting is rated as high. The uncertainty of this assessment is low; 4) The part of the PRA area where presence of P. ramorum might result in economically important losses (the endangered area) is assessed to be most of the country of Norway, except where the climate is predicted to be unfavourable for the pest. However, this area must be regarded as a maximum estimate for the endangered area. On the other hand, a narrow and very conservative estimate for the endangered area can be defined based on the geographical distribution of highly susceptible host plants in Norway. This area is gardens and parks with Rhododendron spp., Viburnum spp. and F. sylvatica and areas in the wild into which Rhododendron spp. has spread and woods with F. sylvatica. Woods with F. sylvatica is limited to the county of Vestfold and some small areas in the counties of Aust-Agder and Hordaland; 5) P. ramorum is likely to have moderate economic impact on the nurseries in the PRA area with current phytosanitary measures. Without any such regulations P. ramorum is likely to have major economic impact on the nursery industry of the PRA area. The levels of uncertainties of these assessments are low; 6) With current phytosanitary measures P. ramorum is likely to have moderate economic impact on parks and private gardens in parts of the PRA area. Without any such regulations P. ramorum is likely to have major economic impact in the best climatic zones of the PRA area. The levels of uncertainties of these assessments are low; 7) The impact of P. ramorum in coniferous and mixed forests of the PRA area is likely to be minor. The level of uncertainty of this assessment is medium. The impact of P. ramorum in natural and planted deciduous broadleaf forests of the PRA area is likely to be minor due to the scattered and limited distribution of the most susceptible species. The level of uncertainty of this assessment is medium; 8) The non-commercial and environmental consequences to natural environments in the PRA area are likely to be moderate. The level of uncertainty ...
Sammendrag
Control of dock species are a true bottleneck in the development of grassland based organic forage production in Norway. Rumex obtusifolius, Rumex crispus and Rumex longifolius are among the most important perennial weeds in grassland areas throughout the world. These dock- species are undesired in grasslands because they decrease yields and reduce forage feeding value. The experiment in our study is carried out as a full-factorial design, including key-factors, which may influence dock behaviour significantly. The first factor, (i) date of grassland establishment, may be important for preventing /decreasing the flush of seedlings from seeds as well as shoots from root fragments. The purpose of the second factor, (ii) black fallow, is both false seedbed preparation and decreasing food reserves in underground plant parts. The third factor, (iii) is the use of equipment for cutting the taproot either (a) before ploughing by using a tractor propelled rotovator, or (b) cutting the dock taproot in the same operation as ploughing by using a prototype ¿two layer dockplough¿. The biological background for cutting the taproot before ploughing is that many studies have shown that new shoots only come from the 5 upper cm of the taproot. Furthermore, our hypothesis is that shoots from highly fragmented regenerative parts (the neck) of the taproot placed deep will not reach the soil surface before their reserves are depleted. Experiments were carried out at 3 and 4 locations in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Weed development were assessed as number of emerging seedlings as well as number of sprouting plants from root fragments, both in the year when the treatments were carried out and the following year. The results are yet not completely analyzed, but preliminary results indicate that plants from seeds frequently are more numerous than plants from roots. At least at some locations and years both the use of rotovator and the ¿dock plough¿, has reduced the number of plants from root fragments with approx. 50%. However, our experiments have shown that ¿dock plough¿ prototype has to be improved, especially because it did not cut the taproot near the open furrow, and did not bury the green parts well enough.
Forfattere
Hans Geir Eiken Rune J. Andreassen Alexander Kopatz Siv Grete Bjervamoen Ingvild Wartiainen Camilla Tobiassen Per M. Knappskog Paul Eric Aspholm Martin E. Smith Jouni AspiSammendrag
The development of wildlife genetics combined with non-invasive sampling might be both an economic benefit for the society and a benefit for the survival of the threatened species. The aims of this study are to develop a quality assured approach for DNA profiling of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Northern Europe using material from non-invasive sampling and to generate a population database that can be used for conservation management as well as a reference database for forensic purposes. Non-invasive sampling was performed by the collection of scats in the field and by using sets of hair traps in a grid pattern in specified geographical areas. Genotypes from 12 STR loci were determined for 232 Norwegian bears. Initial analysis of the entire sample indicated a high level of substructure. Thus, the sample was divided into four geographically different populations consisting of 206 individuals for further validation of the markers. Ten STRs (G1D, G10L, Mu05, Mu09, Mu10, Mu15, Mu23, Mu50, Mu51, and Mu59) conformed to Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) expectations with only minor deviations, while the remaining two STR loci (Mu26 and G10B) were excludedfrom our set of putative forensic profiling system markers after revealing significant deviations from HWE in all four sub-populations. The average estimate of population substructure for Norwegian bears using 10 STRs (FST) was determined to be 0.1, while the estimate for inbreeding (FIS) was0.02. Accounting for the FST-value, the average probability of identity (PIave) was 5.67 and the average probability of sibling identity (PIsib) was 1.68. In Norway, this brown bear DNA profiling system has been applied to forensic casework.
Sammendrag
Det finnes i dag rundt 340 000 mindre avløpsrenseanlegg i spredt bolig- og hyttebebyggelse i Norge. Mange kommuner jobber målrettet med opprydding i spredt bebyggelse, og det vil de kommende årene investeres betydelige beløp i mindre avløpsrenseanlegg. Dette for at rensekravene i forurensningsforskriften og miljøkravene i forhold til EU's vanndirektiv skal kunne tilfredsstilles i vannresipientene. Det vil i denne sammenheng bli økt fokus på riktig drift og vedlikehold av mindre avløpsrenseanlegg, slik at de nye kravene til renseeffekt og økologisk status i vannresipientene kan tilfredsstilles. For å sikre at mindre avløpsrenseanlegg har tilfredsstillende renseeffekt til en hver tid, vil det være behov for jevnlig drift og vedlikehold av anleggene. Alle typer mindre avløpsrenseanlegg har behov for et mini-mum av tilsyn og vedlikehold for å fungere som forutsatt. For å sikre god oppfølging av mindre avløpsanlegg, må det inngås serviceavtaler mellom anleggseier og foretak med tilfredsstillende ompetanse i forhold til den aktuelle renseløsningen. Det er viktig at kommunene oppretter gode systemer for registrering og oppfølging av innkomne årsrapporter, slik at dette kan inngå i kommunenes videre forvaltningsarbeid i forbindelse med avløp i spredt bebyggelse. Denne rapporten gir en skissering av behov for oppfølging av de ulike typer mindre avløpsrenseanlegg som benyttes i Norge i dag, samt hva som bør vektlegges videre for å sikre bedre oppfølging og tilfredsstillende drift og vedlikehold av mindre avløpsrenseanlegg. Det er i rapporten gitt punkter som bør inngå i en serviceavtale for de ulike typer av mindre avløpsrenseanlegg, samt gitt en kort beskrivelse av krav til kompetanse og hvilke punkter som bør fremgå av en årsrapport til kommunen.
Forfattere
Jan-Ole Skage Åge Østgård Odd Ragnar JohnskåsSammendrag
En enkel ettertest av fem tidligere utvalgte parkrysninger i vanlig gran fra Stange frøplantasje har vist meget høyt juletreutbytte og alle planta trær overlevde på Fana i Bergen. Juletreandelen varierte mellom krysningene fra 60 til hele 100 % utbytte. To av parkrysningene hadde 100 % utbytte og faktisk ingen feil eller skader etter seks vekstsesonger. Ved Norsk institutt for skog og landskaps regionkontor i Fana har det blitt drevet med juletreforsøk siden tidlig på åttitallet, men et så høyt utbytte har aldri tidligere vært oppnådd i noen av våre undersøkelser i Midt- og Sør-Norge. Dette er resultat av et meget langsiktig foredlingsarbeid på skogstrær i Norden som startet så langt tilbake som i 1938.Plantemateriale fra helsøsken og halvsøsken fra Stange frøplantsje er et betydelig fremskritt i forhold til bruk av tilfeldige provenienser og handelsfrø. Juletrenæringen har dermed oppnådd en god gevinst som et biprodukt av dette arbeidet. Skogfrøverket produserte nytt frø i 2006 fra de beste foreldreklonene og juletredyrkerne har nå gode muligheter til å dyrke frem grantrær som gir høyt juletreutbytte.
Forfattere
Carl Einar AmundsenSammendrag
The use of AFFFs containing perfluoroctansulphonate (PFOS) was banned in Norway in 2007, but the knowledge on how these compounds are spread in the environment during the last 20-30 years are very limited. To investigate if the terrestrial and aquatic environments at previous and active training facilities are affected by PFOS and other, Norwegian State Pollution Control Authorities SFT has taken the initiative of carrying out environmental screening at four selected fire training facilities in Norway.The concentrations of PFCs found in most soils in the vicinity of the investigated training facilities exceed the proposed Norwegian guideline value for PFOS in soil (100 ng/g). Exposing earthworms to soils from the four fire training facilities in this project resulted in mean bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for 6:2 FTS, PFOS and PFOA of 2.4 (0.76-6.7), 2.6 (0.49-6.4) and 5.9 (0.31-14.0), respectively.This investigation shows that continued fire training over years locally has resulted in quite severe contamination with PFOS, in particular, but also with other PFCs in the environment. High mobility in some soils (sandy soils), high bioaccumulation potential of some PFCs, make these contaminants an environmental risk that should be further assessed
Forfattere
Aksel DøvingSammendrag
Global climate is supposed to get warmer the next decades. In Western Norway the average temperatures are suggested to increase about 1.0 ºC until 2050 and about 2.6 ºC until 2100, compared to 1980-2000. Data on strawberry yield were obtained from commercial strawberry growing in open field in the valley of Valldal in the fjord district of Norway for the years 1970-2000. These long time series were used for developing regression models to explain the effect of changing climate on harvest time for the strawberry cultivar ‘Senga Sengana". The mean temperatures per month for May, June, and July were crucial for the time of ripening. If the start of the harvest season was defined as the day of 5 % accumulated yield, the average date for the start of the season was about July 18 in this district for the last 40 years. According to the predicted climate change and the regression models the strawberry season will start on average 6 days earlier in 2050 and 22 days earlier in 2100 compared to the average of 1970-2000, provided that the cultivars are similar to ‘Senga Sengana" and that the cultural techniques are about the same as now. The harvest season was predicted to be on average about 4 days shorter in 2100 than in 1970-2000.