Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2009
Sammendrag
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), also called European blueberry, is one of the most significant wild berries in the Nordic countries. The berries are recognized for their bioactive properties and distinctive aroma and flavor. The effects of climate on production and the quality of bilberries have been studied in a controlled experiment in a phytotrone using clonal material. In the experiment individual plants from two Northern clones and two Southern clones of bilberry have been grown at 12◦ and 18◦ C. At each temperature 3 different light treatments have been tested; 1) 24 hour (h) natural light (long day); 2) 24 h natural light with addition of red light and 3) 12 h light (short day). All plants were kept outside during flowering to ensure pollination by insects. Berries were sampled when ripe, weighed and stored at -80◦C for later analysis of carbohydrates, acids, phenols, anthocyanins and ascorbic acid. At 12◦C the two Northern clones produced the first ripe berries 5 weeks after pollination, while the two Southern clones needed an extra two weeks to ripening. This difference was most evident at the 24 hour day length treatment. At 18◦C both the Northern and Southern clones had ripe berries from 5 weeks after pollination. The results also indicate that the Northern clones produce better at long days, with and without addition of red light, compared to the Southern clones. The levels of fructose, glucose and sucrose are higher in berries developed at 12 than 18◦ C (means of all treatments and all clones). Also the level of citric acid, quinic acid, myo-inositol, gallic acid, cathecin, epigallocatechin, catechin derivates and quercetin are higher at the lowest temperature.
Sammendrag
Colletotrichum acutatum is the causal agent of bitter rot in fruit crops (cherry, plum, apple, pear) and black spot in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa). C. acutatum has also been isolated from a number of other cultivated and non-cultivated plant species; to date the fungus has been found on more than 25 different host species in Norway. The wide host range of C. acutatum necessitates research on the possibility of cross infection between alternative hosts and the potential of isolates of different origin to cause disease in strawberry. Planting healthy strawberry transplants adjacent to infected sweet cherry (Prunus avium) trees resulted in latent C. acutatum infections in the strawberry plants, indicating that cross infections between host species readily occur under field conditions. Molecular analyses (AFLP) have shown that isolates collected in Norway could be separated into three major phylogenetic groups in which isolates collected from either Prunus spp., Malus domestica or Fragaria × ananassa predominated. Two isolates from each of these groups were selected for experiments in vitro and in the field. Preliminary results indicate that isolates from all these groups are able to cause disease in strawberry, but that there may be differences in aggressiveness. In a field trial carried out in 2009 all six isolates caused symptoms in strawberry fruits when spore suspensions were applied three times during fruit development. The isolates from the Prunus group resulted in black spot on 42 and 53% of the strawberry fruits at harvest, while the corresponding numbers were 22 and 54% for the isolates from the Malus group, and 90 and 98% for the isolates from the Fragaria group.
Forfattere
Ricardo Holgado Christer MagnussonSammendrag
The Altiplano is one of the most elevated areas populated in the world. At 3 500 - 4 000 m, low temperature, and other climatic conditions impose severe limitation for vegetable production. The average temperature levels and the daily amplitudes is a function of altitude, so vegetables are mainly produced in rustic greenhouses. NGOs in the Andean region have recommended cultivation of vegetables for consume and commercialization to enhance the well being of farmers. Plant parasitic nematodes or poor management have limited the vegetable production in rustic greenhouse. The Catholic University of Bolivia has a network of rural campuses "Unidades Académicas Campesinas" (UAC) for academic and practical teaching. Bioforsk has been involved in developing and strengthening the scientific basis in Plant Nematology in UAC-Tihauanaco. Farmers in Tiahuanaco experienced decreasing vegetable yields. In 1999 soil and plant samples from potato and other Andean crops were collected from greenhouses. All samples contained plant-parasitic nematodes. Twenty-one genera of plant-parasitic nematodes were found. The most frequent were potato cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and the false root-knot nematode Nacobbus sp. (54 %), followed by lesion nematodes Pratylenchus spp. spiral Helicotylenchus sp. and Tylenchus sensu lato (41 %), ring nematodes Criconemella sp. (34 %), stunt nematodes Tylenchorhynchus spp. (29 %) and root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne sp. (19 %). The study indicated that plant-parasitic nematodes have a large impact on vegetable production. The knowledge of nematode species are of fundamental importance in the design of efficient management strategies, that would allow farmers to keep nematode population densities at levels below the threshold of economic damage. Management with crop rotation and the use of cultivars with resistance are important control measures, but require detailed information on the occurrence and density of nematode species.
Sammendrag
Wood is a traditional building material but in general it underlies restrictions in outdoor applications due to its respective durability against microbiological decay. To face this problem, different impregnation systems are applied to enhance the materials\" servicelife. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) is the most widely distributed pine in Eurasia and hence easily available. Despite of the previously defined good treatability of Scots pine sapwood, large differences in treatment performance are reported from industry. As process parameters are always adjusted to the material most difficult to treat, permeability variations in wood material are an economical problem. Therefore, it is important to understand the material in order to make a more reasonable material selection possible.....
Forfattere
Alhaji Jeng Wilkson Makumba Jeremiah OkeyoSammendrag
The project addresses key constraints to agricultural production and soil productivity in Chitekwere, located in a relatively dry region of Malawi. The project laid strong emphasis on participatory approaches to technology development and adoption. At the Extension Planning Area (EPA) level interaction between farmers, researchers and extension resulted in the choice of 5 technologies which were to be on-station and on-farm tested. One hundred farmers were involved, each picking up a technology or two of her/his choice. Plots of 10 X 10 m were used for the trials, which were conducted during the rainy season. Yield data of Year 1 have shown promise for some of the technologies, but were not enough to draw conclusions. The trials are being repeated in Year 2. Project ends in September 2010.
Forfattere
Håvard SteinshamnSammendrag
The review confirms that feeding legume silage leads to higher DMI and milk production than grass. White clover is superior to red clover and red clover to lucerne in milk yield relative to intake. Milk fat content is lower on red clover than on grass diets and red clover yield milk with lower protein content than white clover and lucerne. Red clover yields milk with higher proportion of the fatty acids C18:2n-5 and C18:3n-3 than grass and higher content of equol than grass and white clover.
Forfattere
Anne Kjersti Bakken Tor Lunnan Mats HøglindSammendrag
Det har tradisjonelt vore sterkast fokus på kvaliteten i førsteslåtten. For dei som ønskjer grovfôr med høg potensiell næringsverdi, har oppskrifta vore å hauste denne tidleg. Ein skal samtidig planlegge utfrå at tidleg førsteslått gjer at ein stor andel av årsavlinga må takast i seinare slåttar. Det er ikkje gitt at alt grovfôret ein haustar i sesongen må halde høg eller like høg kvalitet, men nokre husdyrprodusentar kan ha dette som mål. Det vil da vere viktig å gjere ei totaltilpassing når det gjeld tal haustingar og haustetider. Vi presenterer her resultat som viser at det er viktig å hauste også andre- og tredjeslåttar tidleg dersom ein vil ha høg kvalitet i heile årsavlinga.
Forfattere
Jarl-Gunnar Salin Peder GjerdrumSammendrag
Wooden poles are frequently used for power and telecommunication lines. After creosote preservation the durability is secured for many decades. This study is related to a Norwegian plant where such poles are produced using Scots pine. Prior to the preservation process the poles have to be dried to a moisture content below the fibre saturation point everywhere in the pole. This is done outdoors in open stacks of poles, i.e. as air-drying. A problem is caused by the difficulties to determine when the target moisture content has been reached. The inventory of drying poles represents considerable value in a company\"s balance sheet and risk of downgrading. Knowledge of drying times during the annual seasons has been insufficient, and no efficient method is known for accurately observing the MC through the various parts of the poles.....
Sammendrag
SUMMARY: Tracers should be used to monitor emissions of leachate from landfills, in order to evaluate environmental pollution. We investigated a selection of parameters commonly found in leachate, in addition to isotopic and radioactive tracers, and their efficiency in tracing leachate in the environment, with emphasis on groundwater. A study at 6 landfills focused on the occurrence of the isotopes 13C and 3H in leachate, surface and groundwater, in relation to the water balance at the sites. The content of heavy carbon (δ13C) in leachate varied between 5.5 to 25.5, in groundwater it reached 4.7 when polluted, and varied between -11.8 to -24.2 when unpolluted, and in surface water from -13.1 to -19.7. Measurements of tritium did not show any systematic trend in the leachate and groundwater samples. Also the elements Fe, B and Cr, and to a minor degree Mn and Zn, showed higher contrasts in leachate/groundwater concentrations. A comparison of the concentrations of tracer compounds with detailed estimation of the water balance at 3 landfills showed that 13C seems to be the most reliable tracer and the factor correlating best with estimates of diffuse losses of leachate to groundwater.
Sammendrag
Food quality labels linked to landscape, climate and geographical origin are favorable tools for rural development. Our project will link the benefits of farm animals grazing on mountain pasture to quality of local artisan food products. Then the French word "terroir" meaning the sense of place and defined as the impact of the soil, the climatic condition and the vegetation on the products could be used in marketing. Today"s consumers are looking for more than nutrition from their food; it should contribute to their health, they are looking for enjoyment, and they require a high ethical standard in the food production. Unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants like carotenoids and polyphenols are considered important nutraceuticals according to many health benefits.These compounds are also used in traceability of animal feeding diet in the meat and milk products. Plant biomarkers are compounds that are not synthesized by animals, but occur in the food products due to the animals diet. Carotenoids and polyphenols are examples of such direct plant biomarkers, while fatty acids are metabolic markers deriving from animal metabolism and are called indirect markers. The objectives of the project are to document "terroir-effects" and high food quality that may give added values to the products and a better price in the market.The study is carried out in two representative summer-farming areas in Central Norway. Two summer-farms in Budalen (Forollhogna and Teijavollen) and one in Østerdalen (Gjermundshaug) participated in the study. Subalpine/alpine pastures are the main fodder source in the summer farming period, but all farmers use supplementary feeding consisting of concentrates in different quantities (3 kg - 7.5 kg per day). The analyzed local food was sour creams produced at the summer farms by the farmers. The reference product was an industrially produced (TINE) sour cream, based on different types of pastures, mostly high productive species, less species rich lowland pastures or silage and supplementary feeding by concentrates. In the last week before milk samples (for production of the test products) were taken in middle of August, herbs and grass samples from pastures belonging to the different summer farms were collected. The plants were frozen (dry ice) and transported together with samples of sour cream from each summer farm to the laboratory. Sour creams were analysed for composition and content of a range of fatty acids, carotenoids and content of total polyphenols. In addition a sensory preferencetest of the three summer-farm sour creams together with that from TINE was performed.Results showed that sour cream from mountain pastures in Teijavollen and Forollhogna has the same amount of a-linolenic acid (C18:3) in the pasture, 56.7 and 56.0 %, respectively. The sour cream from Forollhogna has significantly more of the healthy polyunsaturated fatty acid (C18:3) even if tless water content is taken into account. Probably these results could be explained by differences in metabolism in the two herds (low yielding Norwegian dairy breed versus the modern, moderate yielding dairy breed Norwegian Red (NRF), but also by differences in use of supplementary feeding of concentrates. Only small amounts of CLA are generally found in the pasture while sour cream from Forollhogna has nearly the double amount as the industrial produced sour cream from Tine. The amounts of polyphenols and carotenoids in sour cream and pastures from the mountains were also compared. The more polyphenols and carotenoids in the grazing areas the more were found in the sour creams. Two mountain sour creams and Tine factory sour cream were analysed in a sensory ranking test. No significant differences (P