Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2011
Sammendrag
Rapporten fra forprosjektet "Videreutvikling og komplettering av bokverket Planter og tradisjon" gjennom innsamling av "ny" kunnskap inneholder prosjektskisse for et 4-årig delprosjekt, samt en powerpoint-presentasjon som presenterer hovedpunktene i prosjektskissen. Prosjektet er gjennomført av Bioforsk Midt-Norge på oppdrag av Statens Naturoppsyn (SNO). Rapporten er lukket.
Forfattere
Berit Nordskog Trond Rafoss Ragnhild Nærstad Ingerd Skow Hofgaard Halvard Hole Oleif Elen Guro BrodalSammendrag
Forecasting models for prediction of diseases and pests in crop plants are helpful tools in decision support systems for crop management. Correct use of pesticides may result in optimal effect, increased yield and better quality of the crop, while minimizing the environmental strain and costs. In Norway, a range of decision support systems for diseases, pests and weeds are available through the internet service VIPS (www.vips-landbruk.no). The reliability of disease and pest forecasts depends on robust forecasting models and relevant weather data. Although weather data are collected from a network of 80 weather stations located in agricultural production areas in Norway, many farms are remotely located from a weather station. The accuracy of forecasts relies on distance and geographical variation from the farm site to the nearest weather station. Forecasts for pest or diseases can be tailored to fit the local conditions at a farm site by use of weather forecasts and radar measured rainfall. The use of this system will be of particular interest to farms located far from the nearest weather station. Also, locally adapted forecasts for pest or diseases promote a sense of ownership and personal interest in the forecasting systems provided. The Norwegian Meteorological Institute provide weather forecasts on a 4x4 km spatial resolution in rural areas on a 1 hour timescale, while radar measured rainfall has a 1x1 km spatial resolution on a 15 min time scale. These data are currently connected to the existing weather stations to predict warnings ahead of time. The new approach is to adapt these data to individual farm sites. Previous tests have shown that weather prognosis for rainfall is less accurate than weather prognosis for temperature, wind, air humidity and radiation. Estimated rainfall will therefore be based on radar measurements. As part of a pilot project, the use of farm scale forecasts to predict development of plant diseases were tested at 35 farms in the Solør-Odal district in Norway in 2010 and 2011. Preliminary results show that late-blight forecasts produced on a farm scale often differ from forecasts based on data from the nearest weather station, proving the significance of the local approach in farm scale forecasting. Predictions of DON (deoxynivalenol) concentration in oats at harvest based on farm scale weather data, compared to predictions based on weather data from the nearest weather station will also be studied. Future aspects will be to work towards an improved system where farmers throughout Norway can register their farm and automatically have access to a range of pest and disease forecasts based on site specific weather data.
Forfattere
Helmer BelboSammendrag
The theoretical potential for increased efficiency in early thinning by using accumulating harvester heads was investigated through simulation. Thinning was performed in corridors perpendicular to the strip road in 75 artificially generated stands with varying average tree size and density. The work pattern and work time in the crane work for five sizes of heads, with grapple diameters in the range of 10 to 50 cm, was estimated by the simulation model. The efficiency increased rapidly when the grapple diameter increased from two to four times the average diameter in the harvested stand, reducing the work time per tree by 15 to 50 percent compared to the single tree handling harvester head. Further increases in grapple dimension also increased the efficiency, but not at the same rate. In real work, the efficiency increase by an accumulating harvester head will probably be slightly lower due to less optimal harvesting conditions, operator skills and other non-productive work tasks that are not affected by work method.
Sammendrag
Blueberries belong to the genus Vaccinium, a widespread genus with more than 200 species of woody plants. In Northern Europe, the European blueberry (EB), also called bilberry, is one of the most important wild berries. EB (Vaccinium myrtillus) is very demanded by the processing industry, due to its delicious taste and high dietary value. However, to our knowledge there has been made no efforts of domestication of the species, and it is still harvested in forest fields without any cultivation. The successful management of the sweet lowbush blueberry (V. angustifolium), which in many ways is similar to the EB, suggests that there are opportunities to increase yield and decrease the significant yearly variation in EB yield, by practices including fertilization, irrigation, cutting trees, and weed control. The fruit yield in wild stands of EB is very variable, but the potential is probably close to 2 tons per hectare. Results from literature on growth of the EB, development and ecology are discussed in relation to possibilities for domestication.
Sammendrag
NILF utfører årlege «Driftsgranskingar i jord- og skogbruk». Formålet med desse er å vise resultat og utvikling i økonomiske tilhøve for gardsbruk der inntekter frå jordbruket har eit vesentleg omfang. Driftsgranskingane skal vise økonomiske resultat for brukarfamilien og for ulike grupper av bruk med omsyn til storleik, driftsform og geografisk plassering. Resultat vert publiserte i ein landsdekkande publikasjon og fleire regionale publikasjonar. I dette notatet er lønsemda i jordbruket i 2009 for Agder-fylka og Rogaland presentert. Notatet inneheld også trendar og økonomisk utvikling siste tiåret og tabellsamling for de siste fem åra. I tillegg vert verknadene av jordbruksfrådraget grundig gjennomgått. Elles er det med eit kapittel om resultat frå ei spesialgransking der ein har samanlikna økonomien på bruk som har investert i driftsbygningar eller maskinar, med bruk som ikkje har investert. Det var 52 bruk frå Agder-fylka og 76 bruk frå Rogaland som var med i driftsgranskingane i 2009. Dei 128 bruka er fordelte på to regionar, Jæren med 48 bruk og Agder og Rogaland andre bygder med 80 bruk. Resultata for 2009 viste at bøndene frå Jæren hadde det høgaste inntektsnivået i 2009, som i 2008 og 2007. Jæren hadde også ein solid auke i nettoinvesteringar frå 2008 til 2009 på 50 prosent, målt i faste 2009-kroner.
Sammendrag
The main goal of this study was to develop an alternative bedding material for cattle and sheep based on locally produced woodchips from birch trees and Sphagnum peat in Northern Norway. Four litter mixtures; 2.5 and 5.0 cm woodchips, with and without 20 % peat of total volume were studied in A) Four pens sized 20.4 m2 with two cattle each, ie one pen per treatment; B) Eight pens sized 21.2 m2 with seven ewes each, ie two pens per treatment, and two similar sheep pens with deep straw (barley) as controls. The number of lying animals was counted in 10 minutes’ intervals from 6 pm to 6 am for two consecutive days and the mean number of animals lying simultaneously per pen and hour, was calculated. The cleanliness of the animals was assessed within three separate body sections (legs, side, rear) using a scale from 0-2 points for each body part (0 p=clean, 6 p=dirty). The proportion of animals lying simultaneously per pen and hour and individual cleanliness scores were analysed by GLM. No differences in lying behaviour and cleanliness between the four woodchips mixtures were found, neither for sheep nor cattle. However, straw bedding resulted in the least dirty ewes (P
Forfattere
Robin Engler Christophe E. Randin Wilfred Thuiller Stefan Dullinger Niklaus E Zimmermann Miguel B. Araujo Peter B. Pearman Gwenaëlle Le Lay Christian Piedallu Cécile H. Albert Philippe Choler Georghe Coldea Xavier De Lamo Thomas Dirnböck Jean-Claude Gegout Daniel Gómez-García John-Arvid Grytnes Einar Heegaard Fride Høistad Schei David Nogues-Bravo Signe Normand Mihai Puscas Maria Teresa Sebastia Angela Stanisci Jean-Philippe Theurillat Mandar R. Trivedi Pascal Vittoz Antoine GuisanSammendrag
Continental-scale assessments of 21st century global impacts of climate change on biodiversity have forecasted range contractions for many species. These coarse resolution studies are, however, of limited relevance for projecting risks to biodiversity in mountain systems, where pronounced microclimatic variation could allow species to persist locally, and are ill-suited for assessment of species-specific threat in particular regions. Here, we assess the impacts of climate change on 2632 plant species across all major European mountain ranges, using high-resolution (ca. 100 m) species samples and data expressing four future climate scenarios. Projected habitat loss is greater for species distributed at higher elevations; depending on the climate scenario, we find 36–55% of alpine species, 31–51% of subalpine species and 19–46% of montane species lose more than 80% of their suitable habitat by 2070–2100. While our high-resolution analyses consistently indicate marked levels of threat to cold-adapted mountain florae across Europe, they also reveal unequal distribution of this threat across the various mountain ranges. Impacts on florae from regions projected to undergo increased warming accompanied by decreased precipitation, such as the Pyrenees and the Eastern Austrian Alps, will likely be greater than on florae in regions where the increase in temperature is less pronounced and rainfall increases concomitantly, such as in the Norwegian Scandes and the Scottish Highlands. This suggests that change in precipitation, not only warming, plays an important role in determining the potential impacts of climate change on vegetation.
Redaktører
Arne Hermansen Merete Wiken DeesSammendrag
Bioforsk had the pleasure of hosting the Nordic Baltic Potato Tuber-Disease Workshop 2011 (PTDW 2011) at Hamar, Norway 16-18 November 2011. The workshop was mainly aimed at potato advisors, including the potato industry, and scientists from the Nordic and Baltic countries. In addition, we also had participants that are plant breeders, students, and and other people interested in potato quality. In total there were about 60 participants at the workshop from the Nordic countries, UK, Switzerland, USA and China. This Workshop was an activity in Bioforsk project: “Improved potato quality by reduced skin blemish diseases (scab and scurf) in Norwegian potato production” (2008-2012). This project was financed by grants from the Research Council of Norway, the Foundation for Research Levy on Agricultural Products, the Agricultural Agreement Research Fund, and Norwegian potato growers and food industries; Gartnerhallen, Bama, ICA-Norge, NF-Grønt, KiMs and Maarud. The foreign experts attached to this project, Alison Lees (UK), Leslie Wanner (USA) and Jari Valkonen (Finland), were contributors in the workshop. In addition invited speakers were Lv Dianqiu from China and Ueli Merz from Switzerland. The workshop had 5 different sections, in which the 3 first had presentations from the project: 1. Occurrence of skin blemish diseases in the Nordic and Baltic countries 2. Diagnosis and biology of different skin blemish pathogens 3. Control of skin blemish diseases 4. Research activities on other potato tuber diseases in Nordic and Baltic countries 5. Future challenges In the table of contents, the abstracts are presented in the same order as found in the program. The scientific workshop committee consisted of Jari Valkonen (Finland), Björn Andersson (Sweden), Bent J. Nielsen (Denmark) and Arne Hermansen (Norway).
Forfattere
Daniele Castagneri Ken Olaf StoraunetSammendrag
A long-term increase in radial tree growth has been reported in tropical (Lloyd & Farquhar 2008), temperate (Spiecker 1996, Voelker et al. 2006), alpine (Rolland et al. 1998) and boreal forests (Hofgaard et al. 1999) over the last decades. Variations in forest growth patterns have been ascribed to different causes, such as longer growing seasons due to climate warming (Hu et al. 2010), changes in land management practices (Hunter & Shuck, 2002), nitrogen deposition (Magnani et al. 2007), and atmospheric CO2 enhancement (Voelker et al. 2006). Tree-ring analyses provide detailed information on the past growth of forests. In order to assess the effect of climate change on forest growth, non-climatic variation should be removed from treering series. The effect of endogenous (inter-tree competition) and exogenous (insects attacks, fires, storms, human influence, etc.) disturbances on tree-ring series can be detected and reduced by considering trees from different sites. Furthermore, as tree-ring width generally decreases as trees grow older and larger, age-related growth trend should be removed, to preserve climatic lowfrequency variability of chronologies. Different detrending methods used to remove non-climatic variations need to be adapted to the objectives of a particular study....
Forfattere
Bente Kirkhus Britt I.F. Henriksen Aina Lundon G.I. Borge J-E Haugen G. VogtSammendrag
Camelina is an underexploited oilseed crop that may be well suitable for cropping innorthern areas. The oil is particularly high in the omega-3 fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential for secure production of high quality edible oil from organically grown camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz), focusing on the effects ofenvironmental parameters on oil content, fatty acid composition and contents of phytosterols and tocopherols. Field experiments with pre-crop barley were conducted in the growing seasons 2007, 2008 and 2009. Trials were fully randomized with two levels of Nitrogen (N) fertilization, 0 and 120 kg total Nha-1, and two levels of Sulphur (S) fertilization, 0 and 20 kg total S ha-1. Additional experiments were performed in 2009 in order to evaluate the effects of replacing pre-crop barley with pre-crop pea. Crude oils were obtained by usinga pilot press and the fatty acid composition and contents of phytosterols and tocopherols were analyzed by GC-MS and LC-MS. The results showed significantseasonal variations in the contents of fatty acids, tocopherols andphytosterols. Furthermore, significant effects of N-fertilization were observed, with increased contents of C18:3n-3, erucic acid (C22:1) and γ-tocopherol at the highest level of N-fertilization. Pea compared to barley as pre-crop also increased the content of C18:3n-3. There were no effects of S-fertilization. Principal component analysis revealed positive correlations between the contents of C18:3, C22:1, γ-tocopherol and phytosterols, in particular brassicasterol. In conclusion, camelina seems to be well suitable for organic cropping. The oil quality was influenced by season and N-fertilization, still, the variation in nutrient content was small.