Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2011
Forfattere
Christer MagnussonSammendrag
In the Nordic countries the total forest area is 67 million hectars, with conifers covering 38 milllion hectars. The Nordic standing crop of conifer wood is about 5 million m3, with an almost equal share of pine (Pinus sylvestris) and spruce (Picea abies). Because of this large and precious forest resource, the recent spread of pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Europe is of great concern to Nordic countries. The expression of pine wilt disease requires summer temperatures higher than normal for Scandinavia. However, in the area of the recent outbreak in Galicia in Spain, temperatures seem modest, with mean values for July and August at or just above 20oC. Climate change may push the Nordic area into warmer conditions. Available models suggest that damage to Nordic forests is expected to be small in a 50 years perspective. Long-term models are scarce, but in view of pine tree production cycles of up to 120 years, mortality may occur more frequently within one or a few forest generations. Since PWN may exist in trees free of wilt symptoms its distribution in Europe becomes unclear. Monitoring of the pest in Nordic forests requires sampling of cutting waste with signs of activity from vector insect in the genus Monochamus. In the Nordic area more than 9000 samples have so far been analyzed from risk areas and risk commodities. A recent simulation PWN spread in Norwegian forests indicates that 14 years may elapse before detection by the present level of 400 samples annually. We are convinced that large sampling volumes and strict import regulations are vital strategies for keeping the Nordic area free from PWN.
Forfattere
Mette Vaarst Christoph Winckler Stephen Roderick Gidi Smolders Silvia Ivemeyer Jan Brinkman Cecilie Marie Mejdell Lindsay k Whistance Pip Nicholas Michael Walkenhorst Christine Leeb Solveig March Britt IF Henriksen Elisabeth Stöger Elisabeth Gratzer Berit Hansen Johann HuberSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Lars Tørres HavstadSammendrag
I engsvingel har avpussing av det isolerende laget av stubb og gjenvekst om høsten vist seg å øke faren for vinterskader, spesielt i områder hvor snødekket gjennom vinteren er ustabilt og det er en del barfrost. Hvis ikke frøenga blir avpussa om høsten, står det imidlertid gjerne igjen skyggende stubb og daugras som kan hemme vekst og utvikling av nye skudd om våren. For å ”renske opp” i frøenga, slik at lysforholda bedres, kan vårbrenning være en rask og effektiv metode. I artikkelen blir det sett nærmere på hvordan vårbrenning utføres i den praktiske frøavlen.
Forfattere
Wendy Marie Waalen Karen K. Tanino Jorunn Elisabeth Olsen Ragnar Eltun Odd Arne Rognli Lawrence V. GustaSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Innføring i forurensningsforskriften kap. 11 og 12EUs vannrammedirektivRisiko og helse i forbindelse med mindre avløpsrenseanleggUlike typer mindre avløpsrenseanleggSøknad om utslippstillatelseDrift og oppfølging av mindre avløpsrenseanlegg
Forfattere
Maria Björkman Ingeborg Klingen ANE Birch Atle M. Bones Toby Bruce Tor J. Johansen Richard Meadow Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Randi Seljåsen Lesley Smart Derek StewartSammendrag
In this review, we provide an overview of the role of glucosinolates and other phytochemical compounds present in the Brassicaceae in relation to plant protection and human health. Current knowledge of the factors that influence phytochemical content and profile in the Brassicaceae is also summarized and multi-factorial approaches are briefly discussed. Variation in agronomic conditions (plant species, cultivar, developmental stage, plant organ, plant competition, fertilization, pH), season, climatic factors, water availability, light (intensity, quality, duration) and CO2 are known to significantly affect content and profile of phytochemicals. Phytochemicals such as the glucosinolates and leaf surface waxes play an important role in interactions with pests and pathogens. Factors that affect production of phytochemicals are important when designing plant protection strategies that exploit these compounds to minimize crop damage caused by plant pests and pathogens. Brassicaceous plants are consumed increasingly for possible health benefits, for example, glucosinolate-derived effects on degenerative diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, factors influencing phytochemical content and profile in the production of brassicaceous plants are worth considering both for plant and human health. Even though it is known that factors that influence phytochemical content and profile may interact, studies of plant compounds were, until recently, restricted by methods allowing only a reductionistic approach. It is now possible to design multi-factorial experiments that simulate their combined effects. This will provide important information to ecologists, plant breeders and agronomists.
Forfattere
Tor LunnanSammendrag
Free-range grazing on mountain pastures is common practice for sheep and cattle farming in southern Norway. Investigations have shown that animal growth and milk production decrease towards the end of the grazing period. This has been explained by the decrease in forage quality and quantity. In two seasons, three grass species and Carex spp. were sampled at four locations early or late in the summer. Forage quality was determined by NIRS with a broad calibration for grasses. The energy value was highest in Agrostis capillaris and Avenella flexuosa, followed by Deschampsia cespitosa and Carex spp. The energy value decreased through the season; however, A. flexuosa kept a high energy value even in early autumn. The protein value declined steadily through the grazing season. Avenella flexuosa was lower in protein than the other species, especially early in the season. This investigation indicates that the decline in energy value is not the main reason for declining animal response at the end of the grazing season. Factors such as low forage intake and low content of protein might be more important. Keywords: quality, grazing, Avenella flexuosa, Deschampsia cespitosa, Agrostis capillaris, Carex
Sammendrag
The northernmost range of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is in southern Norway and consists of two distinct and isolated distributions, a single population at Seim in West Norway and several adjacent populations in Vestfold, East Norway. The modest beech pollen deposits beyond these main distributions suggest that the Norwegian beech distribution has never been an extension of the south Scandinavian range. We used genetic markers and historical sources to trace the ancestor populations for the beech at Seim and Vestfold, hypothesising Denmark as the most likely source. Nuclear inter-simple sequence repeat markers, amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), were applied to estimate genetic distances between beech populations in Norway, England and Denmark. The variation in chloroplast DNA polymorphism was estimated using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The nuclear genetic data indicate Denmark as a source for the beech in Norway, although the data are less certain in the case of Seim than in that of Vestfold. The populations from South England were genetically different from most Scandinavian populations. The genetic variation within Norwegian populations was only slightly lower than that of the English and Danish populations, questioning birds as vectors for dispersal. Thus, the pollen data and our results are in accordance with the intentional introduction and documented human migrations across Skagerrak before and during the Viking Age.
Forfattere
Lars NesheimSammendrag
Farm manures are a major source of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution. Excreta from livestock make a significant contribution to atmospheric ammonia emissions and losses of N and P from agricultural land. In order to reduce nutrient emissions from agriculture, it is important to have reliable N and P output standards for the major categories of farm livestock. In Norway the output standards of livestock excreta have not been updated the last 15 years, and the scientific basis for the figures is even older (about 30 years). During that time there have been considerable changes in the Norwegian agricultural production, e.g. the annual milk yield per cow has increased from about 5 500 kg to 7 200 kg. In a report to Norwegian Agricultural Authority the Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research has presented the prevailing Norwegian output standards and the investigations which these standards are based upon (Nesheim et al., 2011). Also output standards from Denmark, Great Britain, Sweden and Switzerland are presented and discussed.