Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2011
Sammendrag
Twenty cypress accessions were tested for freezing tolerance. After freezing to −15°C, differences among cypress accessions were tested by measuring electrolyte leakage and chlorophyll fluorescence. Based on these data, cypress accessions showing contrasting freezing tolerance were subjected to transcript profiling of candidate genes upon the development of cold hardening, with the ultimate goal of providing a scientific basis for selecting/breeding cypress genotypes with higher tolerance to low temperature. Nine different cypress genes were selected: a heat shock protein, a putative chaperonin, a chlorophyll-binding protein, a serine/threonine protein kinase, a putative exonuclease, a dehydrin, and three senescenceassociated proteins. Transcript levels of these genes were profiled during cold hardening under controlled conditions using real-time reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction. While the genes showed regulation patterns common to both cypress accessions, in the case of chaperonin, exonuclease, and some senescence-associated proteins, clonal differences in gene regulation were found. The potential relationship of these differences with cold tolerance is discussed.
Forfattere
Eric N. Hansen Erlend Nybakk Lyndall Bull Pablo Crespell Arnaldo Jélvez Chris KnowlesSammendrag
Softwood sawmilling is important to the economy of many nations and huge volumes of softwood lumber are produced annually. Accordingly, the economic success of softwood sawmills, as they compete with substitutes such as steel and concrete, is of interest to various industry stakeholders, especially managers, and researchers. Given the strong connection between innovativeness and firm performance in the literature, this study investigates innovativeness in sawmills in Australia, Canada, Chile, Norway, and the USA. Mail surveys were used in each of the countries to collect data regarding product, process, and business systems innovativeness and firm performance. Findings suggest that sawmills focus equally on product and process innovativeness, firm size positively impacts innovativeness, and that overall, process innovativeness is what drives firm performance in this sector. Findings suggest that managers should focus on being innovative since this positively impacts firm performance.
Forfattere
Tao Zhao Halvor Solheim Bo Langström Anna-Karin Borg-KarlsonSammendrag
Introduction: Windstorm is one of the most destructive environmental disturbance factors on forests, but its influence on conifer defense chemistry and susceptibility to insects and diseases is not well understood. Materials and methods: We selected groups of 10 Norway spruce trees with short leaders, leaning stems, or no apparent damage 17 months after the largest storm ever recorded in Sweden. Trees were mass-inoculated with Ceratocystis polonica, a virulent blue stain fungus associated with the spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) to estimate tree resistance. Terpene and phenolic composition in the bark was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, two-dimensional gas chromatography, and liquid chromatography. Results: In contrast to our hypothesis, the results showed that trees with no apparent damage were more susceptible to C. polonica inoculation than short-leader and leaningstem trees. Chemical composition also differed between trees in different damage classes. (+)-3-carene and two unidentified stilbenes were higher, and taxifolin glycoside was lower in trees without apparent damage than in the others. The relative amount of (−)-α-pinene was negatively correlated, whereas (+)-3-carene, sabinene, (−)-germacrene D, thunbergol and two unidentified stilbenes were positively correlated with fungal performance. Conclusions: These results suggested that wind damage had increased resistance level of short-leader and leaning trees to C. polonica inoculation, and that change in terpene and phenolic composition in the bark could be at least partly responsible for the induced resistance. Different possible explanations for this unexpected finding are discussed.
Forfattere
Ingrid Kvalvik Sigridur Dalmannsdottir Halvor Dannevig Grete K. Hovelsrud Lars Rønning Eivind UlebergSammendrag
As a primary industry, agriculture is directly dependent on natural conditions and therefore potentially vulnerable to the consequences of climate change. In Norway and Northern Norway in particular, the future climatic changes are expected to be overall positive. Still, the consequences for agriculture are not straightforward, but dependent on the interaction between different weather and biological elements, as well as political, economic and social conditions. In this interdisciplinary study we have assessed biological and agronomic effects of climate change, and their interaction with political, economic and social factors, to identify farmers' vulnerability and adaptive capacity to climate change. The assessments are based on downscaled climate change scenarios and interviews with local farmers in the three northernmost counties in Northern Norway (latitude 65.5° to 70°). The study shows that the farmers to a degree are vulnerable to a changing climate, not mainly because of the direct effects of changing growing conditions, but because these changes are an added factor to an already tenuous situation created by Norwegian agricultural policy and socio-economic development in general. We have found that farmers are highly adaptive, to both changing growing conditions and changing agricultural policies. However, changes in policy are currently a greater challenge to farmers than climate change, and such changes are therefore a more salient driver of vulnerability.
Sammendrag
Blueberries belong to the genus Vaccinium, a widespread genus with more than 200 species of woody plants. In Northern Europe, the European blueberry (EB), also called bilberry, is one of the most important wild berries. EB (Vaccinium myrtillus) is very demanded by the processing industry, due to its delicious taste and high dietary value. However, to our knowledge there has been made no efforts of domestication of the species, and it is still harvested in forest fields without any cultivation. The successful management of the sweet lowbush blueberry (V. angustifolium), which in many ways is similar to the EB, suggests that there are opportunities to increase yield and decrease the significant yearly variation in EB yield, by practices including fertilization, irrigation, cutting trees, and weed control. The fruit yield in wild stands of EB is very variable, but the potential is probably close to 2 tons per hectare. Results from literature on growth of the EB, development and ecology are discussed in relation to possibilities for domestication.
Forfattere
Håvard Kauserud Einar Heegaard Rune Halvorsen Lynne Boddy Klaus Høiland Nils Christian StensethSammendrag
Most basidiomycete fungi produce annual short-lived sexual fruit bodies from which billions of microscopic spores are spread into the air during a short time period. However, little is known about the selective forces that have resulted in some species fruiting early and others later in the fruiting season. This study of relationships between morphological and ecological characteristics, climate factors and time of fruiting are based upon thorough statistical analyses of 66 520 mapped records from Norway, representing 271 species of autumnal fruiting mushroom species. We found a strong relationship between spore size and time of fruiting; on average, a doubling of spore size (volume) corresponded to 3 days earlier fruiting. Small-spored species dominate in the oceanic parts of Norway, whereas large-spored species are typical of more continental parts. In separate analyses, significant relationships were observed between spore size and climate factors. We hypothesize that these relationships are owing to water balance optimization, driven by water storage in spores as a critical factor for successful germination of primary mycelia in the drier micro-environments found earlier in the fruiting season and/or in continental climates.
Forfattere
Eivind Uleberg Theodorus MeuwissenSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Md Hafizur Rahman Trine Lund Ian BrycesonSammendrag
Salinity increase has been one of the major problems for traditional agricultural practices in coastal Bangladesh for several decades, but very few studies have been conducted on effects of salinity on agrobiodiversity in this area. This study investigated the salinity effects on agro-biodiversity in rice (Oryza sativa L.), vegetables, and fruit trees in three coastal, rural villages; Putia (Satkhira district), Srifaltala (Bagerhat district) and Hogolbunia (Khulna district). Information was collected by participatory rural appraisal methods including transect walks, group discussions, key informant interviews, and 121 personal interviews from July to December 2006. The study revealed that increased salinity had significant negative impacts on the overall agro-biodiversity. From 1975 to 2006 the number of indigenous rice varieties declined from seventeen to zero in Putia, from twelve to nine in Hogolbunia and from fifteen to two in Srifaltala. The encroachment of shrimp ponds near the homestead, and cultivation of high yielding, salt-tolerant rice varieties contributed to the decline of indigenous rice varieties. The occurrence of vegetable and fruit tree species declined from 1975 to 1990. The farmers appeared generally unaware of the importance of conservation of seeds and local landraces. This paper highlights factors directly and indirectly influencing farmers’ agricultural practices, and contributes to the discussion as to how environmental changes influence agro-biodiversity conservation and food production. The large reduction in agro-biodiversity, largely induced by increasing salinity, is alarming and threatens the Bangladeshi farmers’ ability to continue crop cultivation and thus their livelihood.
Forfattere
Md Hafizur Rahman Trine Lund Ian BrycesonSammendrag
Since shrimp farming started in Bangladesh in the 1970s, it has spread throughout the coastal region, increasing soil and water salinity levels. The water salinity in 2005 in the coastal districts of Khulna, Bagherat and Satkhira ranged from 0.3 to 20.7, 0.4 to 27.1 and 0.7 to 24.8 dS m(-1), respectively, whereby it was highly saline for several months of the year. Water salinity above 2.5 dS m(-1) is not suitable for irrigation, and may cause animal health problems. Irrigation with saline water may cause ion toxicity and osmotic stress, reducing plant growth and yield. Salinity has reduced the agro-biodiversity in the coastal regions of Bangladesh, and this paper investigates how these changes have impacted human food habits in the three coastal, rural villages Putia (Satkhira district), Srifaltala (Bagerhat district) and Hogolbunia (Khulna district). Fieldwork was conducted from July to December 2006 and Participatory Rural Appraisal methods including transect walks, key informant interviews, group discussions and personal interviews were carried out. In total, 121 respondents were interviewed and historical data from 1975 to 2006 were collected. For historical data, respondents aged above 50 years were sampled, but additional criteria such as socio-economic condition and farm location were applied to assure a sample representative for the population of the coastal areas. The sampled households had characteristics similar to the major part of Bangladeshi households (rural, agrarian based, regarding family size and food habits), and were thus representative of a broader cross-section of households in Bangladesh. As all sampled villages faced increasing salinity and spread of shrimp farming, they were representative of villages in the coastal areas. When salinity increased, the production of vegetables, seasonal fruits, animal species, eggs and milk declined. As the price of the mentioned animal commodities rose, cheaper commodities such as broilers, exotic and marine fish species and exotic oils were introduced. The decision on what to cultivate was also influenced by non-residents converting the farmers' land into shrimp ponds, increasing the salinity in the surroundings and killing the farmers' ducks. These agro-biodiversity changes caused reduced frequency of consumption of beef, goat, native chicken, egg, local freshwater fish, seasonal fruits, vegetables and milk, while broilers, exotic fish, exotic oils and marine fish species were increasingly consumed. Still, the total fish consumption declined. These changed food habits may lead to considerable negative health consequences for the rural, coastal populations.
Forfattere
Arnstein ØvrumSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag