Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2011
Forfattere
Arnold Arnoldussen Svein SkøienSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Eldrid Lein MoltebergSammendrag
I de nye kostrådene fra Nasjonalt råd for ernæring er poteten tatt ut fra anbefalingen om å spise 5 porsjoner daglig med grønnsaker, frukt og bær. Begrunnelsen er manglende dokumentasjon omkring helseeffekt av poteter. Dette har skapt engasjement, blant annet i Fagforum Potet, som ønsker å få frem argumenter for potet som en sunn matvare. Intensjonen med de nye kostrådene har vært å bedre den norske folkehelsen. Fagforum Potet mener at å fjerne poteten fra anbefalingene vil virke mot sin hensikt. Norge har allerede et av Europas laveste potetforbruk samtidig som negativ fokus i media har gjort at mange ikke regner poteten som sunn. Dette kan bli forsterket når potet ikke lenger anbefales inkludert i "5 om dagen". Fagforum Potet mener at den negative omtalen i høyeste grad er ufortjent, og at redusert potetforbruk på sikt kan påvirke folkehelsen negativt. Det er tvert imot mange gode grunner til å anbefale potet som en sunn og næringsrik bestanddel i kostholdet. Poteten tilfredsstiller mange av de generelle kjennetegnene til frukt og grønt, som lav energitetthet og gunstig ernæringsmessig sammensetning, I tillegg gir den lite miljøbelastning i form av CO2. Den er også en viktig kulturbærer i Norge, med sin gode smak og unike variasjonsmuligheter.
Forfattere
Anne-Grete Buseth BlankenbergSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Oil transportation from the Russian part of the Barents Region along the Norwegian coast had insignificant volumes before 2002. However, in 2002 there was a dramatic increase in oil shipment, when 4 million tons was delivered westwards by the Barents Sea. In 2003, the volume reached 8 million tons. The trend continued in 2004, and about 12 million tons of export oil and refined products were transported from the Russian part of the Barents Region to the western market along the Norwegian coast. From 2005 to 2008, the annual shipment volumes were on the levels between 9.5 and 11.5 million tons. In 2009, Russian oil-and-gas export cargoes carried by the Barents Sea rose to 13 million tons, and in 2010, exceeded the level of 15 million tons. Norwegian Snøhvit, the first offshore production in the Barents Sea, added to these volumes 5 million cubic metres of liquefied gases (LNG and LPG) each of two recent years. The terminals loading oil for export in the Russian Western Arctic seas have been continuously developed, and the overall shipping capacity has been enlarged. The changes in oil volumes carried for export through the Barents Sea during the recent years were not so much dependent on the terminals‟ capacities and logistic schemes as on the external factors. The changes in the export taxes by the State and rates for cargo transportation by Russian railways, development of new trunk pipelines and sea terminals in the Baltic Sea and Far East by Transneft, bankruptcy of Volgotanker were a few examples that induced oil transport operators to develop new terminals in the Kola Bay and to focus more on petroleum products than crude oil. The big oil export challenges that occurred in the recent years due to conflicts between Russia and neighbouring transit countries made the Russian Government and Transneft to reorient the Russian oil export routes and increase the capacities of the Baltic Pipeline System (BPS) to 75 million tons in 2007, with the prospects to reach 150 million tons in 2015. Construction of Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean pipeline (ESPO) was launched, the first phase with a branch to China was put on stream in 2010, and a new terminal in the Far East started to ship oil for export. In the south, the project of Burgas-Alexandropoulis pipeline was developed. In the north, Kharyaga-Indiga pipeline project was frozen because a new Varandey terminal came on full scale. The year of 2009 started with an export gas transit conflict between Russia and Ukraine. The Government of Russia and Gazprom highlighted the importance of constructing Nord Stream and South Stream gas pipelines through the Baltic and the Black seas to let Russia export natural gas to Western Europe bypassing its neighbouring countries, the former Soviet sister-republics. In 2009, Russia launched its first LNG plant in Far East in Sakhalin. Three more LNGs are planned in the Arctic, in the Kola Peninsula, in Nenets region, and in Yamal. Those plants can start shipping liquefied gas in 2016-2017. The first oil from offshore production in the Russian Barents should come from Prirazlomnoye oil field. Prirazlomnaya platform left Severodvinsk and came to Murmansk for completion in the fall of 2010. The plan is to deliver the platform on its production destination and put the oil field on stream in 2011. The Prirazlomnaya platform will be the second big offshore installation in the Pechora Sea. The first one, 12 million tons Varandey terminal, was launched in 2008, and already in 2009 sent more than 7 million tons of crude oil for export. Lukoil plans to increase the terminal oil offloading volumes building 8 million tons pipeline from Kharyaga to Varandey. In the present report on oil transportation in the Barents Region, we have given special attention to the description of the existing and prospective offshore and onshore oil and gas terminals in the northern regions of Russia and Norway, and their connection to hydrocarbon reserves on one hand and to the export routes on the other. We demonstrate that even without a Russian oil trunk pipeline to the Barents Sea coast, that was discussed a few years ago, the overall capacity of the terminals shipping oil and gas for export along the northern coast of Russian and Norway can reach 100 million tons in five years perspective. In Russia, about 50 million tons of crude oil and petroleum products can be delivered by railway to the Murmansk port terminals in the Barents Sea, and Kandalaksha and Arkhangelsk in the White Sea. In addition, up to 20 million tons of oil will come from the northern Timano-Pechora oil fields - 12.5 million via the new Varandey terminal, and 7.5 million from Prirazlomnoye field. Dolginskoye oil field, which is estimated to be three times as big as Prirazlomnoye, will be the next large offshore field in the Pechora Sea put on stream. With port infrastructure developed on Yamal, the terminals in the Kara Sea can ship 3 million tons of Western Siberia crude oil for export. Shtokman in the Barents Sea and Tambey in Yamal gas fields can offload 12.5 million tons of liquefied gas in 2017, when the first phases of both LNG plants are completed. In Norway, in addition to 5 million tons of liquefied gas shipped from Snøhvit, Goliat oil field in the Barents Sea should be put on stream in 2013 and produce 5 million tons of oil in 2014. In 2010, there were made a number of historic voyages by the Northern Sea Route. We will see more cargo vessel passages through this Arctic shipping lane in 2011. In a long term perspective, the Northern Sea Route will give the way for huge Yamal and Kara Sea oil-and-gas resources to the western markets via the Barents Sea; and it will also open possibilities for transit cargo transportation from Europe to Asia Pacific along the Arctic coast. In the European part of Russia there are three possibilities for shipping oil for export - through the Black Sea, the Baltic Sea, and the Barents Sea. Out of these three options, only the northern way can provide the stable cargo shipping directly to major European and North American harbours, avoiding transit challenges through neighbouring countries or heavy traffic in the sea straits. Oil pollution prevention should be the central issue during oil transportation in the Barents Sea. The year 2010 was marked with the Mexican Gulf accident, the largest oil spill ever happened in the sea that put issues of marine environmental protection against oil pollution to a high international political agenda. In this report, we pay attention to the environmental safety matters in oil transportation and Norwegian-Russian co-operation in the oil pollution prevention. We see more advanced and safer terminals and vessels operating in the region. However, the number of accidents with sea vessels was increasing worldwide the last 10 years due to human errors. Traffic control and monitoring are developed both in Norway and Russia. Establishment of an early warning and notification system between two countries should be the next step. The Treaty on a delimitation line in the Barents Sea, that was signed between Norway and Russia in 2010 and ratified in 2011, should put relations between two countries on a new level opening wider possibilities for oil-and-gas, maritime shipping and environmental cooperation.
Forfattere
Bjørn FrantzenSammendrag
In 2004, WWF, the international conservation organization opened an office in Murmansk, and the Barents Ecoregion Program was officially re-launched. The funding for the program comes from mainly two sources, WWF UK and WWF-Norway, granted from the Norwegian Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This report aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Barents program The methodology is mainly based on interviews with cooperating institutions in Murmansk and staff from WWF in Murmansk and Oslo. The WWF conservation strategy for the Barents Sea has been reviewed, together with the yearly reports from the program. Comments from donors are to some extent included. The main conclusion from the interviews and review confirms the author"s impression that WWF has a strong position and contribute considerably to the overall conservation in the Barents region.WWF has regular meetings with the governor environmental administration, deliver documentation to different conservation processes and appear in the media as a critical voice when necessary and a supporter when good decisions are made.
Forfattere
Maria Strandberg Trygve S. AamlidSammendrag
Presentation for foreign visitors
Forfattere
Jan Bartoš Simen Rød Sandve Roland Kölliker David Kopecký Pavla Christelová Štepán Stoces Liv Ostrem Arild Larsen Andrzej Kilian Odd-Arne Rognli Jaroslav DoleželSammendrag
Species belonging to the Festuca-Lolium complex are important forage and turf species and as such have been intensively studied. However, their out-crossing nature and limited availability of molecular markers make genetic studies difficult. Here, we report on saturation of F. pratensis and L. multiflorum genetic maps using Diversity Array Technology (DArT) markers and the DArTFest array. 529 and 148 DArT markers were placed on genetic map of L. multiflorum and F. pratensis, respectively, with overlap of 16 markers mapped in both species. The markers were sequenced and mapped in silico to the sequenced genomes of rice and Brachypodium. The utility of the DArTFest array was then tested on a Festulolium population FuRs0357 in an integrated analysis using the DArT marker map positions to study associations between markers and freezing tolerance. Ninety six markers were significantly associated with freezing tolerance and five of these markers were genetically mapped to chromosomes 2, 4 and 7. Three genomic loci associated with freezing tolerance in the FuRs0357 population co-localized with chromosome segments and QTLs previously implicated in freezing tolerance. The present work clearly confirms the potential of the DArTFest array in genetic studies of the Festuca-Lolium complex. The annotated DArTFest array resources could accelerate further studies and improvement of desired traits in Festuca-Lolium species.
Forfattere
Liv OstremSammendrag
Forsøksserien vart starta i 2005 for å sjå på avling og fôrkvalitet ved ulike slåtte- og beiteregime til aktuelle utanlandske raisvingelsortar (HYKOR og FOJTAN; italiensk raigras x strandsvingel, PERUN og FELOPA; italiensk raigras x engsvingel), ein norsk kandidatsort av raisvingel (FuRs9806; fleirårig raigras x engsvingel), marknadssortar av fleirårig raigras (NAPOLEON og BARISTRA) og ein norsk hybridraigrassort (FENRE; eittårig x fleirårig raigras). Det var etablert felt i Møre og Romsdal, Sogn og Fjordane, Rogaland, Vest-Agder, Akershus, Oppland, Hedmark, Sør-Trøndelag, Nord-Trøndelag og Nordland. Felta hadde to slåtteregime med to gjentak; eit med minst 3 slåttar pr år og eit simulert beiteregime med 4-5 slåttar pr år. I engåra vart felta gjødsla i samsvar med vanleg gjødsling i området. I første engåret vart alle slåttane analyserte med NIRS.Ti felt vart hausta i tre år, og middels tørrstoffavling (kg ts) for treslåttsregimet var 1108 kg ts (1037-1185 kg ts) for tre slåttar i tre år mot 877 kg ts (838-952 kg ts) som snitt for fem slåttar. I begge slåtteregima gav Hykor størst avling. Fojtan, ein annan strandsvingel-type, gav i begge regima 89% av Hykor som snitt over tre år. Perun og Felopa er begge raigrastypar med vekstform som ligg mellom foreldreartane. Avlingsmessig var Perun mest like god som Hykor med store avlingar dei to første åra. På grunn av dårlegare overvintringsevne var det relativ stor reduksjon tredje engåret. Felopa gav i begge regima 94% av Perun som snitt over tre år. Kandidatsorten FuRs9806 hevda seg relativt betre i beiteregimet enn med tre slåttar, og i snitt over tre år gav FuRs9806 94% og 100% i høvesvis slåtte- og beiteregimet samanlikna med Napoleon fleirårig raigras. Dei to sortane av fleirårig raigras, Napoleon og Baristra, gav 93% og ca 90% i høvesvis slåtte- og beiteregimet samanlikna med Hykor. Baristra var i begge regima avlingsmessig den jamnaste sorten over år. Hybridraigrassorten Fenre gav 96% og 93% samanlikna med Hykor for høvesvis slåtte- og beiteregimet.Fôreiningskonsentrasjonen (FEm) varierte mykje mellom dei 14 felta, og sum fôreiningsavling (kg ts x FEm) i første engår vart redusert med mellom 10,1% og 16,4% samanlikna med ts-avlinga når tre slåttar vart justert for FEm. Tilsvarande reduksjon for beiteregimet var frå 2,8% til 9,1%. I treslåttsregimet vart fôreiningsavlinga mest redusert i andre slått (17% i snitt), medan både første- og tredjeslått hadde 10% reduksjon. I beiteregimet var fôreiningsavling lik tørrstoffavling i førsteslåtten men vart redusert med opp mot 10% i dei tre neste slåttane samanlikna med ts-avlinga.Mineralbalansen i fôret er viktig, og forholdet mellom kalium (K) og magnesium (Mg) + kalsium (Ca) bør ikkje vera større enn 2,2. I forsøksserien varierte dette mykje, og berre seks av 14 felt var under 2,2 i førsteslåtten både i slåtte- og beiteregimet. I snitt for dei 14 felta var forholdstalet 2,05 og 2,28 for førsteslåtten i høvesvis slåtte- og beiteregimet. N/S-forholdet bør vera under 14 for at proteinsyntese i vom skal fungera optimalt, og dette var bra i alle felta. I førsteslåtten var forholdstalet 10,4 og 11,3 for høvesvis slåtte- og beiteregimet.Bladgras som raigras og raisvingel har potensiale til å gi god avling med god fôrkvalitet dersom overvintringstilhøva ligg til rette for å nytta sortar av desse artane. Tørrstoffavling i seg sjølv vil dermed ikkje vera avgjerande med mindre denne avlinga har betre fôrkvalitet enn ei vanleg timotei-engsvingelblanding, evt. at areal med raigras eller raisvingel blir nytta til beiting som desse artane toler godt.
Forfattere
Lars Tørres HavstadSammendrag
Different procedures for managing stubble and regrowth in meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) seed crops were examined in two experimental series in southeast Norway. The first series investigated cutting and removal of stubble shortly after seed harvest in late July/early August, combined with cutting of regrowth (forage harvest) in September or October or burning of the wilted aftermath in early spring. Except for one crop with more than 30-cm stubble, stubble removal shortly after seed harvest did not improve seed yield in the following year. On average for plots with and without stubble removal in seven seed crops, forage harvest on 5 September or 1 October reduced seed yield by 9 and 12%, respectively. The reductions were due to smaller inflorescences, probably reflecting lower carbohydrates reserves. In most trials, the highest seed yield, on average 9% above that of the uncut and unburned control, was found after burning in spring. The second experimental series investigated flail-chopping in spring as an alternative to burning, and the effect of delaying either of the two treatments. On average for four trials, burning and flail-chopping before growth initiation increased seed yield by, in turn, 20 and 12% compared with the untreated control. A two-to-three-week delay in fail-chopping had no negative impact, but a two-week delay in burning reduced seed yield back to the uncut/unburned control level. Based on these trials, growers are recommended to burn meadow fescue seed crops in early spring rather than removing stubble and regrowth in autumn. If burning in early spring is not possible, flail-chopping is recommended within two weeks after growth initiation.
Rapport/avhandling – Jordpakking - Konsekvenser for avling og miljø i et endret klima
Trond Børresen
Forfattere
Trond BørresenSammendrag
Våre jordbruksarealer har lenge vært utsatt for jordpakking, men størrelse og vekt på jordbruksmaskiner har økt mye de siste ti årene og det er lite som tyder på at denne utviklingen vil stanse. I europeisk jordbruk har mange husdyrgjødselspredere, tilhengere og skurtreskere i dag akseltrykk på mellom 10-15 tonn. Dette er belastinger som langt overstiger det som skal til for å gi jorda varige pakkingsskader. Pakking reduserer jordkvaliteten i forhold til plantedyrking direkte, men like viktig er at pakking vil føre til større avrenning av vann på overflata og dermed øke risikoen for erosjon. Dette reduserer jordkvaliteten ytterligere fordi jordvariasjonen øker og mye av de beste bestanddelene i jorda føres ut i elver og vassdrag. Dette skaper nye problemer med forurensing og dårlig vannkvalitet, og i tillegg blir jorda enda mer utsatt for pakking. Et annet negativt miljøelement av jordpakking er tap av nitrogen i gassform til lufta. Både forsøk med kunstgjødsel og med husdyrgjødsel har vist at disse tapene kan bli betydelige. Det er pakking av matjorda eller ploglaget som gir størst reduksjon i avlingene. Virkningen her er imidlertid relativt kortvarig (1-5 år) hvis vi ikke påfører jorda nye skader. Hvor stort avlingstapet blir, avhenger av mange forhold og vil variere mye. Mellom fem og ti prosent er ikke usannsynelig. Det er heller ikke så enkelt å si at dette bare skyldes større maskiner. Bruk av større maskiner gir mindre kjøring på jordet både på grunn av større arbeidsbredder og mer effektive redskap. Dessuten kan noe av vektøkningen kompenseres med større dekk og lavere luftrykk, men tyngre maskiner vil uansett øke risikoen for skader av jorda i dybden. I tillegg kommer endringene mot et fuktigere klima som også vil gi økt risiko for skadelig jordpakking. Last ned pdf av artikkel og presentasjon under "Les mer" til høyre.