Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2012
Forfattere
Erlend NybakkSammendrag
Growing attention is being paid to innovation and creativity and learning as success factors for sustainable competitive advantage and financial performance. This paper examines the relationships between innovation strategy, innovative working climate, learning orientation and financial performance in the context of the Norwegian wood industry. A questionnaire-based survey was sent to CEOs of firms in the wood industry in Norway (241 usable replies, response rate of 49 percent). Innovation strategy embodies four dimensions: the degrees to which innovation in the form of products, processes, and business systems are embedded in the management values and priorities as well as the degree of expenditure in R&D. An innovative working climate is exemplified by team cohesion, supervisory encouragement, resources, autonomy, challenge, and openness to innovation. Both learning orientation and firm innovativeness were conceptualised and analysed as latent second-order constructs using structural equation modelling. The result implied that innovation strategy and an innovative working climate enhanced financial performance in Norwegian wood industry. Furthermore, the findings showed that learning orientation had a positive affect on financial performance positively via firm innovativeness (full mediating effect). Findings suggest that managers in wood industry will not likely benefit financially from a learning orientation without also achieving high levels of firm innovativeness. Moreover, findings suggest that managers should focus on creating an innovative working climate and prioritising an innovation strategy.
Forfattere
Bo Normander Gregor Levin Ari-Pekka Auvinen Harald Bratli Odd Egil Stabbetorp Marcus Hedblom Anders Glimskär Gudmundur A. GudmundssonSammendrag
In 2002, world leaders made a commitment through the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), to achieve a significant reduction in the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010. At the Conference of the Parties of the CBD in Nagoya, Japan in 2010, the target was renewed for 2020. We have developed a Biodiversity Change Index (BCI) to help measure progress towards this target. The BCI is constructed with a twodimensional resolution, allowing for a direct evaluation of the relative importance of changes in quantity and quality, respectively, to the overall change in biodiversity. Quantity is measured as the area of a specified habitat type and quality as the abundance of indicator species and other habitat quality parameters, such as the proportion of old trees or dead wood in forests. The BCI enables easy comparison of changes in biodiversity between different habitat types and between different regions and nations. We illustrate the use of BCI by calculating the index for the Nordic countries for two common habitat types, farmland and forest, and one habitat type of similar importance in the northern hemisphere; mires. In the period 1990–2005 declines in biodiversity of similar magnitudes are seen for farmland and mires across the Nordic countries, while for forest, trends vary considerably. Our results show that the BCI framework can be a useful tool to communicate the complex issue of biodiversity change in a simple manner. However, in accordance with other studies of biodiversity change we conclude that existing monitoring data are too scarce to consistently calculate BCI for all habitat types in all Nordic countries. In order to reasonably evaluate changes in biodiversity, further efforts towards monitoring programmes to obtain reliable and quality assured data on biodiversity at acceptable spatial and temporal resolutions are needed. Moreover, common methods to apply and harmonise data from different monitoring schemes should be developed.
Forfattere
Lone Ross Gobakken Geir Isak VestølSammendrag
Wooden claddings are common in faades in Norway, and Norway spruce (Picea abies) is the most frequently used species. The cladding is a major part of the facade, and it has visual requirements that may define the aesthetic service life. The visual changes that occur during weathering can be colour changes, abrasion or wear, blistering, flaking, and even cracks in the wood or coating, but more often growth of mould and blue stain fungi are the main challenge.A field test with synchronous monitoring of relative humidity, air temperature, material temperature and wood moisture content in Norway spruce claddings has been established in southern Norway as part of the ClimateLife project. Visual evaluation of blue stain and mould growth according to EN 927-3 was performed, and evaluation data after 10 months exposure is presented.The objectives were to study the effect of 1) environment, 2) cardinal direction and 3) colour of the cladding on growth of blue stain and mould fungi, and further study the variation in relative humidity, air temperature in front of a surface and the material temperature due to change in 1) environment, 2) cardinal direction and 3) colour of the cladding.After 10 months exposure, the red coating system had lowest mould ratings and the uncoated claddings had the highest. Claddings facing south tend to have higher mould ratings than those facing north. No difference was found between shaded and open environment.The relative humidity was higher in front of the claddings exposed in a shaded environment compared to an open environment, and in an open environment the relative humidity was lower against south than north. The temperature in front of the red coloured claddings was highest. Except for the red-coated claddings, the air temperature was higher than the material temperature.
Sammendrag
In South-east Norway, several scattered observations of reduced growth and dieback symptoms were observed over the last 20 years in 40-60 years old Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees. Typical symptoms start with yellowing in the top and subsequent dieback downwards from the top. These symptoms are often combined with bark beetle (Ips typographus), honey fungus (Armillaria spp.) infections, and a sudden decrease in diameter and height growth. After about 1-5 years, most of the symptomatic trees are dead.We selected 11 representative stands in six counties. In each stand all trees in ten 250 m2 plots were evaluated, in total about 4000 trees. In each of these 110 plots, one symptomatic and one non-symptomatic tree were investigated in more detail. We measured tree diameter, height, took increment cores and assessed crown condition, wounds, resin flow, stem cracks, bark beetle infection and Armillaria presence. In addition, internode lengths of the last 20 years were measured in two of the stands.Preliminary results of internode lengths and increment cores showed a sudden decrease of height and diameter growth in the symptomatic trees. Many of these trees had a secondary infection of bark beetles and Armillaria. Some years appear to be typical problem years for many of the trees. These years also correspond with summer drought, i.e. negative Palmer drought severity indexes which were estimated for each stand. In comparison, the non-symptomatic trees, growing close to the symptomatic ones, showed none or minor growth reductions and discolouration.Climate change and increased summer drought may worsen spruce dieback problems. Management adaptions are uncertain. We conclude that Norway spruce is sensitive to drought, which reduce the growth and weaken the health, and probably reduce the defence against secondary infections.
Forfattere
Kjell Andreassen Volkmar Timmermann Nicholas Clarke Erik Framstad Per Arild Aarrestad Vegar Bakkestuen Tonje Økland Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Ingvald Røsberg Inga E. Bruteig Marianne Evju John Atle Kålås Torgeir NygårdSammendrag
The report presents results for 2011 from three national monitoring programmes on long-range transboundary air pollution.
Forfattere
Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
This report presents preliminary results from investigations on changes in soil water chemistry after stem-only and whole-tree harvesting at a site in eastern Norway, with emphasis on major nutrients, pH and dissolved organic carbon. For stem-only harvesting (SOH) and whole-tree harvesting where slash had been piled (WTH pile), concentrations of nitrate, calcium, magnesium, and potassium peaked in the second year after harvesting and again, but lower, in the third. Ammonium concentrations peaked in the year after harvesting. There was slight acidification after harvesting. No increased concentrations of dissolved organic carbon were observed. In general, trends were similar between SOH and WTH piles, compared to where slash had been removed to form the piles. Peaks in concentrations were higher for WTH piles compared to SOH. The results agree well with results from other field measurements reported in the scientific literature.
Forfattere
Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
This report aims to summarise briefly the findings in the scientific literature concerning the effect of both stem-only and whole-tree harvesting on soil carbon stocks. Although the findings reported by previous authors vary, it is possible to draw some general conclusions about the effect of harvesting on soil carbon, and on whether whole-tree harvesting has a greater effect than stem-only harvesting. In general it appears that the organic C content in the soil’s organic layer is reduced after stem-only harvesting, sometimes by as much as 50%. This reduction has been explained in several ways. After a period of maybe 20 years, the carbon content of the organic layer starts to increase again. In the mineral soil a reduction is not always apparent and the C content can even increase, probably because of the incorporation of residues into the soil. Some studies have shown that this increase is short-lived, while others have found a longer-term increase. Unsurprisingly, thinning appears to affect the soil carbon content much less than clear-cutting; the effect tends to be proportional to the thinning intensity. The soil carbon content appears to be higher after selection cutting than after clear-cutting. Studies comparing effects of whole-tree harvest with those of stem-only harvest have tended to show smaller carbon contents in the mineral soil after whole-tree harvest than after stem-only harvest, although once again results vary greatly. There are many factors affecting soil C content and thus accounting for the observed differences, including temperature, moisture content, and harvesting type. Variation in the results obtained may depend on site-specific factors such as site nutrient status, especially with regard to the most common limiting nutrient nitrogen, which will affect growth in the next rotation. Making sure there are enough nutrients available, if necessary by compensatory fertilisation, will improve carbon sequestration in both trees and soil.
Sammendrag
A proposal for a web-based platform for scientific exchange of test data in the field of wood durability and wood protection has been made. The overall aim of the durability data base is to improve the usability of existing test data and to create an added value for durability research and service life prediction. The database allows for test results from standardized and non-standardized laboratory and field tests. Natural durable timber, preservative and water-repellent treated timber, chemically and thermally modified timber as well as composites have been considered. Finally all types of decay organisms and other degrading agents are regarded.
Forfattere
Lars Sandved DalenSammendrag
Skogbunnplanter reagerer raskt på endringer i hogst. Store mengder hogstavfall på ett sted gjør at mange plantearter forsvinner nokså raskt.
Sammendrag
During the last decade wood modification has become a recognized method for delivery of enhanced timber. Hence, a range of studies have been performed to evaluate the decay resistance of modified wood. High resistance of modified wood against fungal decay is assumed to be due to changes in the wood properties rather than a toxic effect on fungal physiology. This is an advantage due to the concern from the European Union, national movements and society in general about the environmental impact of wood protection is increasing. In this paper we aimed to quantitatively summarise the performance of the different types of modified wood. However, this turned out only to be possible for acetylation. This was due to the format of the published data, variation in treatment processes and wood species used for the other treatments. For acetylated wood statistical analyses based on previously published data were performed to quantify what factors contribute most to the performance (calculated as test sample/control). The results showed that WPG can explain approximately 50 % of the performance, measured as test sample/control (T/C), for acetic anhydride treated wood. Other of the applied variables, like wood species or type of fungus can reduce the variance in T/C by additional 15 %. In addition, the paper highlight future research opportunities related to fungal deterioration of modified wood.