Jørgen A.B. Mølmann
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Jørgen A.B. MølmannSammendrag
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Randi Seljåsen Barbara Kusznierewicz Agnieszka Bartoszek Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Ingunn M. VågenSammendrag
Biosynthesis of phytochemicals in leaves of Brassica can be initiated by abiotic factors. The aim of the study was to investigate elicitor treatments to add value to waste of cabbage. A leaf waste fraction from industrial trimming of head cabbage was exposed to UV radiation (250–400 nm, 59 and 99 kJ∙m−2, respectively), photosynthetic active radiation (PAR, 400–700 nm, 497 kJ∙m−2), and ultrasound in water bath (35 kHz, at 15, 30 and 61 kJ∙l−1 water), in order to improve nutraceutical concentration. UV was more effective than PAR to increase the level of flavonols (2 to 3-fold higher) and hydroxycinnamate monosaccharides (1 to 10-fold higher). PAR was three times as effective as UV to increase anthocyanins. Interaction of PAR + UV increased antioxidant activity (30%), the content of five phenolics (1.4 to 10-fold higher), and hydroxycinnamic monosaccharides (compared with PAR or UV alone). Indoles were reduced (40–52%) by UV, but the other glucosinolates (GLS) were unaffected. Ultrasound did not influence any parameters. The results are important for white cabbage by-products by demonstrating that UV + PAR can be successfully used as an effectual tool to increase important phenolics and antioxidant activity of waste fraction leaves without an adverse effect on the main GLS.
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Jørgen A.B. MølmannSammendrag
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Jørgen A.B. MølmannSammendrag
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Jørgen A.B. MølmannSammendrag
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Jørgen A.B. MølmannSammendrag
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Jørgen A.B. MølmannSammendrag
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Jorge Poveda Pablo Velasco Antonio de Haro Tor J. Johansen Alex C. McAlvay Christian Möllers Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Elena Ordiales Víctor M. RodríguezSammendrag
Brassica oleracea var. acephala (kale) is a cruciferous vegetable widely cultivated for its leaves and flower buds in Europe and a food of global interest as a “superfood”. Brassica crops accumulate phytochemicals called glucosinolates (GSLs) which play an important role in plant defense against biotic stresses. Studies carried out to date suggest that GSLs may have a role in the adaptation of plants to different environments, but direct evidence is lacking. We grew two kale populations divergently selected for high and low indol-3-ylmethylGSL (IM) content (H-IM and L-IM, respectively) in different environments and analyzed agronomic parameters, GSL profiles and metabolomic profile. We found a significant increase in fresh and dry foliar weight in H-IM kale populations compared to L-IM in addition to a greater accumulation of total GSLs, indole GSLs and, specifically, IM and 1-methoxyindol-3-ylmethylGSL (1MeOIM). Metabolomic analysis revealed a significant different concentration of 44 metabolites in H-IM kale populations compared to L-IM. According to tentative peak identification from MS interpretation, 80% were phenolics, including flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin and anthocyanin derivates, including acyl flavonoids), chlorogenic acids (esters of hydroxycinnamic acids and quinic acid), hydroxycinnamic acids (ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid) and coumarins. H-IM kale populations could be more tolerant to diverse environmental conditions, possibly due to GSLs and the associated metabolites with predicted antioxidant potential.
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Jørgen A.B. MølmannSammendrag
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Jørgen A.B. MølmannSammendrag
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Jørgen A.B. MølmannSammendrag
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Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Sigridur Dalmannsdottir Anne Linn Hykkerud Timo Hytönen Amos Samkumar Laura JaakolaSammendrag
The natural light conditions above the Arctic Circle are unique in terms of annual variation creating special growth conditions for crop production. These include low solar elevations, very long daily photosynthetic light periods, midnight sun/absence of dark nights, and altered spectral distribution depending on solar elevation. All these factors are known to affect the growth and the metabolism of plants, although their influence on northern crop plants has not yet been reviewed. The ongoing global warming is especially affecting the temperature × light interactions in the Arctic, and understanding the impact on crop production and plant metabolism will be important for an Arctic contribution to global food production. Arctic light conditions have a strong influence on the timing of plant development, which together with temperature limits the number of cultivars suitable for Arctic agriculture. This review compiles information from the reports about the effects of light conditions at high latitudes on growth, biomass production, flowering and quality of the crop plants and discusses the gained knowledge and the key gaps to be addressed.
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Jørgen A.B. MølmannSammendrag
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Ulrika Carlson-Nilsson Karolina Aloisi Ingunn M. Vågen Ari Rajala Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Søren K. Rasmussen Mari Niemi Ewelina Wojciechowska Pertti Pärssinen Gert Poulsen Matti W LeinoSammendrag
In the Arctic part of the Nordic region, cultivated crops need to specifically adapt to adverse and extreme climate conditions, such as low temperatures, long days, and a short growing season. Under the projected climate change scenarios, higher temperatures and an earlier spring thaw will gradually allow the cultivation of plants that could not be previously cultivated there. For millennia, Pea (Pisum sativum L.) has been a major cultivated protein plant in Nordic countries but is currently limited to the southern parts of the region. However, response and adaptation to the Arctic day length/light spectrum and temperatures are essential for the productivity of the pea germplasm and need to be better understood. This study investigated these factors and identified suitable pea genetic resources for future cultivation and breeding in the Arctic region. Fifty gene bank accessions of peas with a Nordic landrace or cultivar origin were evaluated in 2-year field trials at four Nordic locations in Denmark, Finland, Sweden, and Norway (55° to 69° N). The contrasting environmental conditions of the trial sites revealed differences in expression of phenological, morphological, crop productivity, and quality traits in the accessions. The data showed that light conditions related to a very long photoperiod partly compensated for the lack of accumulated temperature in the far north. A critical factor for cultivation in the Arctic is the use of cultivars with rapid flowering and maturation times combined with early sowing. At the most extreme site (69°N), no accession reached full maturation. Nonetheless several accessions, predominantly landraces of a northern origin, reached a green harvest state. All the cultivars reached full maturation at the sub-Arctic latitude in northern Sweden (63°N) when plants were established early in the season. Seed yield correlated positively with seed number and aboveground biomass, but negatively with flowering time. A high yield potential and protein concentration of dry seed were found in many garden types of pea, confirming their breeding potential for yield. Overall, the results indicated that pea genetic resources are available for breeding or immediate cultivation, thus aiding in the northward expansion of pea cultivation. Predicted climate changes would support this expansion.
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Jørgen A.B. MølmannSammendrag
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BACKGROUND Low growth temperatures and the special light qualities of midnight sun in northern Scandinavia, have both been shown to improve eating quality of swede root bulbs. To study the combined effect of these factors on root development and sensory‐related compounds, plants were grown in phytotron under different 24 h supplemental light‐emitting diode (LED) light colours, at constant 15 °C, or reduced end‐of‐season temperature at 9 °C. RESULTS Far‐red LED (740 nm) light induced longer leaves and produced more roundly shaped bulbs, than the other light quality treatments. At constant 15 °C, supplemental light of far‐red LED also produced a stronger purple crown skin colour than the other LED treatments. This difference between light quality treatments disappeared at 9 °C, as all bulb crowns developed a purple colour. There were no significant effects of LED‐supplements on sugar concentrations, while the reduced temperature on average did increase concentrations of d‐fructose and d‐glucose. Total glucosinolate concentrations were not different among treatments, although the most abundant glucosinolate, progoitrin, on average was present in highest concentration under LEDs containing far‐red light, and in lower concentration at 9 °C compared to 15 °C. CONCLUSION The light quality of 24 h photoperiods in combination with temperature appears primarily important for growth and morphological traits in swede root bulbs. Influence of light quality and low temperature on appearance and sensory‐related compounds may be utilized in marketing of root vegetables with special quality related to growth conditions of high latitude origin. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Intervju – Høstet hodekål, gulrøtter og nepe i mørketiden: – Smakte fortreffelig
Jørgen A.B. Mølmann
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Jørgen A.B. MølmannSammendrag
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De nordnorske produsentene står ovenfor nye utfordringer når dyrkingsteknikken endres til mer bruk av fiberduk. Fordelen er et bedre klima og bedre vekst, samt beskyttelse mot skadegjørere. Prosjektgruppa prøver å forstå mer om hvordan veksten påvirkes av kombinasjonen mellom temperatur og lys på våre breddegrader.
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Midtnattsola er viktig for Nord-Norge, men hvordan påvirker den matproduksjonen? Et nytt forskningsprosjekt skal studere hvordan det arktiske lyset påvirker produksjonen av frukt og grønnsaker i nord på godt og vondt.
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Den nordnorska sommaren med midnattssol och låga temperaturer är en av de saker som lockar tusentals turister till norra Norge varje år. Det speciella klimatet innebär en mer intensiv växtsäsong men även problem med stammar som går sönder och rötter som spricker – en stor utmaning för nordnorska producenter av bär, potatis och grönsaker. Nu vill NIBIO, Norsk Landbruksrådgiving og Tromspotet bättre förstå de nordnorska odlingsförhållandena, så att de kan minska skadorna och öka den gröna produktionen.
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Jørgen A.B. MølmannSammendrag
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Lengst nord er vekstsesongen ofte for kort til å utvikle høstmodne poteter. I disse områdene er det derfor viktig å sørge for at vekstprosessen er godt i gang allerede før settepoteten plantes i jorda.
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Det er ikke bare bare å dyrke potet lengst nord i verden! Prosjektet "Arktisk lys" er et samarbeid mellom NIBIO, Norsk Landbruksrådgivning og Tromspotet AS, hvor målet er å utvikle nye nordnorske gjødselnormer optimalisert for potet- og kålrotproduksjon under fiberduk, og produksjonsklare jordbærplanter i plasttunell. Prosjektet skal også utvikle nye vekstmodeller som spesielt tar hensyn til lysforholdene nord for Polarsirkelen. Landbruk.no på øret har tatt turen til Målselv, litt utenfor Bardufoss, til verdens nordligste kommersielle grøntproduksjon.
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Jørgen A.B. MølmannSammendrag
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Marit Jørgensen Jakob Geipel Gregory Taff Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Corine Davids Stein Rune Karlsen Francisco Javier Ancin MurguzurSammendrag
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Precipitation has generally increased in Norway during the last century, and climate projections indicate a further increase. The growing season has also become longer with higher temperatures, particularly in autumn. Previous studies have shown negative effects of high temperatures and, depending upon temperature conditions, contrasting effects of waterlogging on hardening capacity of timothy. We studied effects of waterlogging on seedlings of timothy (Phleum pratense, cv. Noreng) under three pre‐acclimation temperatures: 3°C, 7°C, 12°C, and in autumn natural light in a phytotron at Holt, Tromsø (69°N). After temperature treatments, all plants were cold acclimated at 2°C for three weeks under continued waterlogging treatments. Freezing tolerance was determined by intact plants being frozen in pots at incremental temperature decreases in a programmable freezer. Waterlogging resulted in a higher probability of death after freezing, and a significantly reduced regrowth after three weeks at 18°C, 24 hrs light in a greenhouse. Increasing pre‐acclimation temperatures also had a clear negative effect on freezing tolerance, but there was no interaction between temperatures and waterlogging. The results indicate that waterlogging may have negative implications for hardening of timothy and may contribute to reduced winter survival under the projected increase in autumn temperatures and precipitation.
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Marit Jørgensen Corine Davids Francisco Javier Ancin Murguzur Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Gregory TaffSammendrag
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Green-sprouting potato seed tubers in light and elevated temperatures are vital for production in short-season climates. Using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to inhibit sprout elongation during pre-sprouting may represent an energy-efficient alternative to traditional indoor light sources. Sprout growth inhibition and some photomorphogenic responses were therefore examined in potato cultivars exposed to LEDs of different wavelength maxima and irradiance rates. Red LED (660 nm) produced the strongest inhibition of sprout elongation at very low irradiances 10–100 nmol m−2 s−1, while far-red LED (735 nm) produced the strongest inhibition at higher irradiances. This inhibitory pattern was similar in all cultivars, although the degree of inhibition varied. The colour of sprouts and tuber skin remained etiolated under far-red LED, in contrast to LEDs between 380 and 660 nm which developed green colour intensity in an irradiance-dependent manner. Mixtures of red and far-red light, and pulses including red/far-red reversals did not produce stronger inhibition, except in some instances where total fluence was increased. Furthermore, green-sprouting under different LED colours did not seem to affect subsequent emergence and growth after planting. The current results suggest an involvement of multiple phytochromes in de-etiolation and sprout growth inhibition in seed potato tubers, which may be selectively utilised in LED-based green-sprouting in red and far-red wavelengths.
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Francisco Javier Ancin Murguzur Gregory Taff Corine Davids Hans Tømmervik Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Marit JørgensenSammendrag
Ruminant fodder production in agricultural lands in latitudes above the Arctic Circle is constrained by short and hectic growing seasons with a 24-hour photoperiod and low growth temperatures. The use of remote sensing to measure crop production at high latitudes is hindered by intrinsic challenges, such as a low sun elevation angle and a coastal climate with high humidity, which influences the spectral signatures of the sampled vegetation. We used a portable spectrometer (ASD FieldSpec 3) to assess spectra of grass crops and found that when applying multivariate models to the hyperspectral datasets, results show significant predictability of yields (R2 > 0.55, root mean squared error (RMSE) < 180), even when captured under sub-optimal conditions. These results are consistent both in the full spectral range of the spectrometer (350–2500 nm) and in the 350–900 nm spectral range, which is a region more robust against air moisture. Sentinel-2A simulations resulted in moderately robust models that could be used in qualitative assessments of field productivity. In addition, simulation of the upcoming hyperspectral EnMap satellite bands showed its potential applicability to measure yields in northern latitudes both in the full spectral range of the satellite (420–2450 nm) with similar performance as the Sentinel-2A satellite and in the 420–900 nm range with a comparable reliability to the portable spectrometer. The combination of EnMap and Sentinel-2A to detect fields with low productivity and portable spectrometers to identify the fields or specific regions of fields with the lowest production can help optimize the management of fodder production in high latitudes.
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Unike nordlige klimaforhold med lange dager og lave temperaturer, kan påvirke egenskaper hos mat, fôr og beitevekster. En gjennomgang av vitenskapelige studier av slik Arktisk kvalitet viser effekter for både sensorisk kvalitet og ulike innholdsstoffer for flere produkter. Innen kålvekster påvirker klimaet utseende (brokkoli) og reduserer glukosinolatinnhold og bittersmak (brokkoli og kålrot). Gulrot og kålrot får tydeligere søtsmak på grunn av lavere innhold av bitterstoffer, selv om sukkerinnholdet er uendret. På den annen side får gulrot i nord lavere innhold av karoten og lysere farge enn i varmere klima. Resultatene for kålrot, brokkoli og gulrot tyder også på mer sprø og saftig konsistens, og friskere smak, ved lave dyrkingstemperaturer. Ville bær i nordlig klima har litt høyere innhold av enkelte antioksidanter enn i sørligere områder, men lokale forskjeller i vekstforhold (fjell, kyst) kan ha like stor betydning. Hagebær i nordlig klima kan smake søtere (jordbær) eller mindre søte (solbær) på grunn av forskjellige klimaresponser. Jordbær og bringebær får noe svekket rødfarge ved lave dyrkingstemperaturer. Klimatiske og geografiske effekter på kvalitet i potet, urter til mat og krydder, fôrvekster og kjøtt- og melkeprodukter er per idag for lite undersøkt til å gi entydige konklusjoner.....
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Begrepet «arktisk kvalitet» brukes noen ganger i markedsføringen av nordnorsk mat. Men hva er det egentlig? Nå har forskere prøvd å gjennomgå all dokumentasjon på hvordan natur- og klimaforhold i nord kan påvirke ulike matprodukter. De har funnet at noen grønnsaker faktisk har søtere og friskere smak enn tilsvarende grønnsaker i sør.
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Begrepet «arktisk kvalitet» brukes noen ganger i markedsføringen av nordnorsk mat. Men hva er det egentlig? Nå har forskere prøvd å gjennomgå all dokumentasjon på hvordan natur- og klimaforhold i nord kan påvirke ulike matprodukter. De har funnet at noen grønnsaker faktisk har søtere og friskere smak enn tilsvarende grønnsaker i sør.
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Jørgen A.B. MølmannSammendrag
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Piotr Goliński Marek Czerwiński Marit Jørgensen Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Barbara Golińska Gregory TaffSammendrag
We investigated climatic trends in two contrasting locations in Europe at a regional level and at two specific sites, and we analysed how these trends are associated with the dry matter yield (DMY) of agriculturally improved grasslands. Trends of different meteorological variables were evaluated for Wielkopolska province, central Poland (1985-2014) and Troms county, northern Norway (1989-2015), as well as for two research stations located in these regions. Significant trends of increased mean air temperatures annually, and in April, June, July, August and November were identified both at the regional and site levels in Wielkopolska. In addition, growing degree days were increasing in Wielkopolska. In Troms, the common trends for the region and site studied were increase in mean air temperature in May and decrease in January. Grassland DMY was subsequently regressed against those meteorological variables for which significant trends were detected. In the Wielkopolska region, yields were negatively associated with the increase in air temperature in June, August, and the annual air temperature. The last relationship was also detected at the site level. We did not find any significant effects of climate trends on grassland DMY in the Norwegian study site or region.
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Anne Linn Hykkerud Eivind Uleberg Espen Hansen Marieke Vervoort Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Inger MartinussenSammendrag
Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) is a wild perennial shrub growing on peatland with a circumpolar distribution. The combined berries have a high polyphenol content comprised primarily of ellagitannins. A few commercial cultivars are available, and pre-breeding trials on clonal material from different geographical origins are in progress. The objective of this study was to investigate how the content of polyphenols of four different cloudberry cultivars were affected by harvesting time and climatic variations during a 3-year-period. Plants were grown outside in plots and berries were harvested when mature. Berries were analyzed for total polyphenols and total anthocyanins by spectrophotometer. Total ellagic acid was identified and quantified using HPLC-MS after hydrolysis of the extracts. Results showed that all measured parameters; total anthocyanins, total polyphenols and ellagic acid are strongly influenced by the genetic background. Although low anthocyanin contents were present in all genotypes, they were highly affected by climatic conditions, being highest at low temperatures. However, the content of ellagic acid was less affected by environmental conditions and showed little response to changing temperatures. In conclusion, ellagitannin content was the most dominating polyphenol group observed in this study and was affected by genetics and is therefore a good breeding criterion for increased health benefit of cloudberry.
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In regions with short growth seasons, it is of great importance to use potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) seed tubers with a high growth vigour and a short growth cycle. Such qualities may be obtained by treatments advancing the physiological age of the seed tubers. In this study, we have exposed tubers from four cultivars to various combinations of temperature and light conditions (greensprouting) for 3–7 months in controlled climate. Subsequent sprout quality, seed tuber health and performance were studied in laboratory, greenhouse and field trials. Satisfactory short, sturdy and leafy sprouts were produced even after 7 months storage at 15 °C under light exposure. An assay of black scurf (Rhizoctonia solani) on the tuber skin showed that light exposure significantly reduced the occurrence compared with dark-stored tubers, while the average effect of storage temperatures was insignificant. In general, green-sprouting advanced emergence and plant growth by 1–2 weeks, and showed early tuber initiation and growth, compared to untreated material. Yields, 107 days after planting in the field trial, did not deviate significantly from untreated tubers. However, plant development at harvest was in accordance with general responses to physiological ageing of potato seed tubers, i.e. still tall and immature plants from untreated tubers, and short and mature plants from aged tubers. Results demonstrated the possibility of successful long-term storage of potato seed tubers in light at elevated temperatures and a potential for earlier harvests and higher early yields from such treatments.
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Pre-sprouting of potato seed tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.) in light (greensprouting) is an established practice in short growing seasons to speed up plant development. Light exposure secures short and robust sprouts for mechanical planting. In 2014–2015, different pre-sprouting treatments were investigated, including different daily durations of light exposure during 6 to 12 weeks at 10 °C in controlled environments. The effects on sprout growth, early growth vigour and field performance in four cultivars were assessed in the greenhouse and in the field. Results indicated that the light treatments involving 8, 16 and 24 h light exposure per day all strongly inhibited sprout growth, with only minor differences between treatments. Compared to untreated tubers, within all cultivars, emergence and early plant growth was clearly and similarly accelerated by all light treatments. At harvest, cultivars were differently affected by the pre-sprouting treatments with regard to haulm senescence (greenness), tuber DM and total yield, and the latest cultivars seemed to benefit more from green-sprouting than the earliest. Different daily durations of light exposure during green-sprouting had a largely similar impact on seed tuber performance in all cultivars. Dark-sprouted tubers (de-sprouted before planting) performed largely similar to control tubers from 4 °C storage. Results demonstrate a potential for shorter daily light exposure during greensprouting with less energy use and heating problems.
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BACKGROUND Vegetable growers in Arctic areas must increasingly rely on market strategies based on regional origin and product quality. Swede roots (rutabaga) were grown in a phytotron to investigate the effect of high latitude light conditions on sensory quality and some health and sensory-related compounds. Experimental treatments included modifications of 24 h natural day length (69° 39' N) by moving plants at daily intervals to dark chambers with either no light, fluorescent growth light and/or low intensity photoperiod extension. RESULTS Shortening the photosynthetic light period to 12 h produced smaller roots than 15.7 h and 18 h, with highest scores for bitter and sulfur taste, and lowest scores for sweetness, acidic taste and fibrousness. The photoperiod in combination with the photosynthetic light period also had an influence on glucosinolate (GLS) contents, with lowest concentrations in 24 h natural light and highest in 12 h natural light. Concentrations of vitamin C, glucose, fructose and sucrose were not significantly influenced by any of the treatments. CONCLUSION High latitude light conditions, with long photosynthetic light periods and 24 h photoperiod, can enhance sweet/less bitter taste and reduce GLS contents in swede roots, compared to growth under short day conditions. This influence of light conditions on eating quality may benefit marketing of regional products from high latitudes. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
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Forfattere
Tor J. Johansen Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Gunnar Bengtsson Monica Schreiner Pablo Velasco Anne Linn Hykkerud Elena Cartea Per Lea Josefine Skaret Randi SeljåsenSammendrag
BACKGROUND Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) is a popular vegetable grown at a wide range of latitudes. Plants were grown in 2009–2011 in pots with standardized soil, irrigation and nutrient supply under natural temperature and light conditions at four locations (42–70° N). A descriptive sensory analysis of broccoli florets was performed by a trained panel to examine any differences along the latitudinal gradient for 30 attributes within appearance, odour, taste/flavour and texture. RESULTS Average results over three summer seasons in Germany, southern Norway and northern Norway showed that the northernmost location with low temperatures and long days had highest scores for bud coarseness and uniform colour, while broccoli from the German location, with high temperatures and shorter days, had highest intensity of colour hue, whiteness, bitter taste, cabbage flavour, stale flavour and watery flavour. Results from two autumn seasons at the fourth location (42° N, Spain), with low temperatures and short days, tended toward results from the two northernmost locations, with an exception for most texture attributes. CONCLUSION Results clearly demonstrate that temperature and light conditions related to latitude and season affect the sensory quality of broccoli florets. Results may be used in marketing special quality regional or seasonal products. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
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Målselvnepe er en nordnorsk delikatesse med historie tilbake til 1800-tallet. Nå skal forskerne finne metoder for å sikre en jevnere kvalitet på den.
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Målselvnepe er en nordnorsk delikatesse med historie helt tilbake til 1800-tallet. Nå skal forskerne finne metoder for å sikre en jevnere kvalitet på denne gule, friske matplanten.
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Piotr Golinski Marit Jørgensen Marek Czerwiński Barbara Golińska Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Gregory TaffSammendrag
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Piotr Golinski Marit Jørgensen Marek Czerwiński Barbara Golińska Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Gregory TaffSammendrag
The aims of this study were: (1) to assess the trends of climatic variables in two contrasting geographical locations: central Poland and northern Norway; and (2) to evaluate the influence of the detected trends on timothy yields. This grass species was selected for its high importance for forage production in Norway as well as in Poland. For the assessment of climate trends, historical meteorological data, which cover time series from 1985 onwards, were used. Trends of various climate condition indicators were investigated. Data on timothy yields were collected beginning in the 1990s for Brody in Poland from cultivar testing experiments and Holt in Norway by the national cultivar-testing program. The results indicated that in central Poland air temperature in specific months significantly decrease the annual yield of timothy while in northern Norway many climatic variables, such as earlier start and prolonged length of growing season, may have a slightly positive impact on timothy productivity.
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Swede is a root vegetable grown under a range of growth conditions that may influence the product quality. The objective of this controlled climate study was to find the effect of growth temperature on sensory quality and the contents of glucosinolates, vitamin C and soluble sugars. High temperature (21 °C) enhanced the intensities of sensory attributes like pungent odour, bitterness, astringency and fibrousness, while low temperature (9 °C) was associated with acidic odour, sweet taste, crispiness and juiciness. Ten glucosinolates were quantified, with progoitrin as the dominant component followed by glucoberteroin, both with highest content at 21 °C. Vitamin C also had its highest content at 21 °C, while the total sugar content was lowest at this temperature. In conclusion, the study demonstrated clear effects of growth temperature on sensory quality and some chemical properties of swede and indicated a good eating quality of swedes grown at low temperatures.
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Katarzyna Dabrowska-Zielinska Piotr Golinski Marit Jørgensen Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Gregory Taff Stanislaw Twardy Maria Budzynska Marek Czerwinski Marek Kopacz Robert Kurnicki Wanda Kowalik Monika Tomaszewska Alicja Malinska Barbara Golinska Martyna GatkowskaSammendrag
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Katarzyna Dabrowska-Zielinska Piotr Golinski Marit Jørgensen Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Gregory Taff Stanislaw Twardy Monika Tomaszewska Barbara Golińska Maria Budzynska Martyna Gatkowska M KopaczSammendrag
Grasslands are significant as a source of forage for animal production, but are also important in many ecological functions. To be able to analyse changes in environmental conditions of grasslands, monitoring of grassland areas using remote sensing is an important task. Studying changes in environmental condition over time and space in grasslands has been the subject of research at different scales. Such an example is the Polish-Norwegian Research Project FINEGRASS „Effect of climatic changes on grassland growth, its water conditions and biomass’. In situ measured soil-vegetation parameters and satellite observations have been combined and analysed to quantify the spatial and temporal variability of grassland conditions, as reflected in variations of vegetation surface temperature, soil moisture, and biomass. Results show a significant trend of increasing grassland surface temperature in Poland, based on AVHRR satellite data; a positive significant relationship between the (April-September) standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and grass yields in Poland; northern Norway has shown trends towards warmer springs and autumns since 1991, and significant trends towards earlier snowmelt and green-up on test fields in northern Norway.
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Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Anne Linn Hykkerud Gunnar Bengtsson Randi Seljåsen Per Lea Josefine Skaret Tor J. JohansenSammendrag
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Anne Linn Hykkerud Tor J. Johansen Gunnar Bengtsson Sidsel Fiskaa Hagen Jørgen A.B. MølmannSammendrag
BACKGROUND Plants grown at different latitudes experience differences in light spectral composition. Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var italica) plants were grown in climate-controlled chambers under supplemental wavelengths (red, far-red, red + far-red or blue) from light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The light treatments were combined with two cold climate temperatures (12 and 15 °C) during broccoli head formation to investigate the effects on morphology and content of health- and sensory-related compounds: glucosinolates, flavonols, ascorbic acid and soluble sugars. RESULTS Supplemental far-red and red + far-red light led to elongated plants and the lowest total glucosinolate content in broccoli florets. The content of quercetin was highest with supplemental red light. Vitamin C was not significantly affected by the light treatments, but 12 °C gave a higher content than 15 °C. CONCLUSION The effects of supplemental red and far-red light suggest an involvement of phytochromes in the regulation of glucosinolates and flavonols. A shift in red:far-red ratio could cause changes in their content besides altering the morphology. The sugar and vitamin C content appears to be unaffected by these light conditions. Supplemental blue light had little effect on plant morphology and content of the health- and sensory related compounds.
Forfattere
Katarzyna Dabrowska – Zielinska Piotr Goliński Marit Jørgensen Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Gregory Taff Monika Tomaszewska Barbara Golińska Maria Budzynska Martyna GatkowskaSammendrag
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Katarzyna Dąbrowska-Zielińska Piotr Goliński Marit Jørgensen Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Gregory TaffSammendrag
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Håvard Steinshamn Ragnhild Aabøe Inglingstad Dag Ekeberg Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Marit JørgensenSammendrag
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Jørgen A.B. MølmannSammendrag
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Jørgen A.B. MølmannSammendrag
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Jørgen A.B. MølmannSammendrag
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Geitene på utmark på Gibostad i Troms spiste en variert diett med mye halvgras, gras, busker og trær, både tidlig og seint i beiteperioden. På innmarksbeite tok geitene opp mest timotei tidlig i beitesesongen, mens engsvingel og kveke var hoveddiett seint i august. Valget av beiteplanter reflekterte både det som til enhver tid var tilgjengelig, men også næringsverdien til beiteplantene.
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Beiting av planter i vekst er hovedkilde til flerumetta fettsyrer i kjøtt og melk hos drøvtyggere. Lammekjøtt produsert på beiter har et signifikant høyere innhold av omega-3 fettsyren alfa-linolen (ALA), enn lammekjøtt produsert på surfôr/kraftfôr.
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Marit Jørgensen Rebekka M.L. Helgesen Margrete Eknæs Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Håvard SteinshamnSammendrag
Norwegian goat milk production is based on summer grazing on diverse forest or alpine rangeland, and the quality of these pastures is important for milk quantity and quality. We used n-alkanes and long chained alcohols found in plant wax as markers to estimate diet composition in goats grazing on a heterogeneous rangeland during two periods in summer; early (beginning of July) and late (end of August). The goats were fitted with GPS collars that recorded their position. Preliminary results show a diverse diet, where ferns, sedges, blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillis) and birch were preferred in early summer. In late summer the diet was particularly diverse, coinciding with a general decline in plant quality.
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Geiter på utmark produserte mindre mjølk med lavere innhold av protein enn geit på innmarksbeite, men utmarksbeite gav ellers ikke redusert mjølkekvalitet. Beite gav mjølk med høyere innhold av fett, protein og tørrstoff, og lavere innhold av urea og frie fettsyrer sammenligna med høyfôring. Utmarksbeite fører ikke nødvendigvis til mjølk med høyt innhold av frie fettsyrer eller til økt innhold av frie fettsyrer utover i beitesesongen.
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Marit Jørgensen Rebekka M L Helgesen Margrete Eknæs Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Håvard SteinshamnSammendrag
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Forfattere
Marit Jørgensen Rebekka M L Helgesen Margrete Eknæs Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Håvard SteinshamnSammendrag
Norwegian goat milk production is based on summer grazing on diverse forest or alpine rangeland, and the quality of these pastures is important for milk quantity and quality. We used n-alkanes and long chained alcohols found in plant waxes as markers to estimate diet composition in goats grazing on a heterogeneous rangeland during two periods in summer; early (beginning of July) and late (end of August). Some of the goats were fitted with GPS collars that recorded their position. Preliminary results show a diverse diet, where ferns, sedges, blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillis) and birch (Betula pubescens) were preferred in early summer. In late summer the diet was particularly diverse, coinciding with a general decline in plant quality.
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Gunnar Bengtsson Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Tor J. Johansen Sidsel Fiskaa Hagen Gesine Schmidt Grethe Iren Andersen Borge Randi SeljåsenSammendrag
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Gunnar Bengtsson Pablo Velasco Pazos M Schreiner Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Tor J. Johansen Anne Linn Hykkerud Elena Cartea González Angelika Krumbein Per Lea Josefine Skaret Gesine Schmidt Sidsel Fiskaa Hagen Silje Johansen J Glazowska Elin godager Aasen Ane Meisland Randi SeljåsenSammendrag
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Maria Björkman Ingeborg Klingen ANE Birch Atle M. Bones Toby Bruce Tor J. Johansen Richard Meadow Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Randi Seljåsen Lesley Smart Derek StewartSammendrag
In this review, we provide an overview of the role of glucosinolates and other phytochemical compounds present in the Brassicaceae in relation to plant protection and human health. Current knowledge of the factors that influence phytochemical content and profile in the Brassicaceae is also summarized and multi-factorial approaches are briefly discussed. Variation in agronomic conditions (plant species, cultivar, developmental stage, plant organ, plant competition, fertilization, pH), season, climatic factors, water availability, light (intensity, quality, duration) and CO2 are known to significantly affect content and profile of phytochemicals. Phytochemicals such as the glucosinolates and leaf surface waxes play an important role in interactions with pests and pathogens. Factors that affect production of phytochemicals are important when designing plant protection strategies that exploit these compounds to minimize crop damage caused by plant pests and pathogens. Brassicaceous plants are consumed increasingly for possible health benefits, for example, glucosinolate-derived effects on degenerative diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, factors influencing phytochemical content and profile in the production of brassicaceous plants are worth considering both for plant and human health. Even though it is known that factors that influence phytochemical content and profile may interact, studies of plant compounds were, until recently, restricted by methods allowing only a reductionistic approach. It is now possible to design multi-factorial experiments that simulate their combined effects. This will provide important information to ecologists, plant breeders and agronomists.
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Anne Linn Hykkerud Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Tor J. Johansen Urho Olavi Junttila Gunnar BengtssonSammendrag
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Anne Linn Hykkerud Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Tor J. Johansen Randi Seljåsen Josefine Skaret Gunnar BengtssonSammendrag
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Vibeke Lind Jan Berg Lars Olav Eik Svein Eilertsen Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Margrethe Hersleth Nils Kristian Afseth Espen HauglandSammendrag
With the objective of studying the effects of production systems on meat quality, 75 Norwegian White Sheep lambs were subjected to one of the following treatments: continuous grazing on a semi-natural lowland pasture until slaughtering (Control); continuous grazing followed by either stall-feeding on concentrate and grass silage or grazing ryegrass pasture for 44 or 24 days before slaughtering (Conc44, Conc24, Rye44, Rye24). Loin samples of M. longissimus dorsi including the subcutaneous fat were analysed for sensory attributes and fatty acid composition. Compared with the control group, a lower intensity of acid taste (P<0.05) and a lower content of C18:3n-6 fatty acids (P<0.001) were observed in the Conc44 group. The n-6/n-3 ratio was higher (P<0.001) in meat tested from the concentrate treatments compared to the ryegrass treatments. These findings indicate that the fattening of lambs on improved pastures or a concentrate-based diet prior to slaughter may alter meat characteristics.
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Grønt plantevev i vekst inneholder den ernæringsmessig gunstige omega-3-fettsyren α-linolen. Beiteplanten smyle i et nordlig fjellbeite hadde ikke forskjeller i konsentrasjon av α-linolensyre med hensyn til høstetidspunkt eller nord/sørhelling, men planter ved høyere lokaliteter ble funnet å ha lavere konsentrasjon av spesielt α-linolensyre.
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Vibeke Lind Jan Berg Lars Olav Eik Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Espen Haugland Marit Jørgensen Margrethe HerslethSammendrag
Many consumers perceive lamb meat from mountain pastures to be of superior quality, a quality that may be altered if lambs are kept for a longer period on cultivated pastures before slaughtering. The objective of this experiment was to compare sensory profile and fatty acid composition in meat from lambs slaughtered directly from unimproved mountain pastures with meat from lambs raised on unimproved mountain pastures and fattened on biodiverse cultivated pastures for 26, 39 and 42 days before slaughtering. The experiment was conducted at two different locations in Norway in 2006 and 2007, with a total of 124 Norwegian Crossbred Sheep lambs. Loin samples of M. Longissimus dorsi from lambs above a body weight of 40 kg were selected and analysed for sensory attributes. Fatty acid composition was determined in the subcutaneous fat over the Longissimus dorsi. Small but significant differences were found in hardness, tenderness, fattiness, metallic and rancid flavour, and in polyunsaturated fatty acids. This indicates that to a small extent pre-slaughter fattening on cultivated pastures alters meat characteristics. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Smak og ulike kvalitetsdimensjoner hos grønnsaker påvirkes av flere abiotiske vekstfaktorer som lys og temperatur. Disse vekstbetingelsene er særegne i nord på grunn av forholdsvis lave dyrkningstemperaturer og lange dager. I dette prosjektet sees det nærmere på ulike helsegode innholdsstoffer i tillegg til smak i brokkoli for å dokumentere den nordlige kvaliteten.
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Jørgen A.B. MølmannSammendrag
Lammekjøtt produsert ved grasbeite i tempererte klima er påvist å ha relativ høy andel flerumetta omega- 3 fettsyre. Denne ernæringsgunstige fettsyretypen dominerer i andel hos planter og er viktig for fotosyntesen ved lave temperaturer. Ved Bioforsk Nord Holt undersøkes temperaturprofilen for fettsyrer i nordlige beiteplanter, for å undersøke om nordlig klima gir en spesielt gunstig fettsyresammensetning.
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De spesielle kvalitetene som nordlig klima representerer kan gi internasjonale konkurransefortrinn. Det er viktig at man studerer både målbare indre egenskaper i produktene og mindre målbare funksjonelle egenskaper når man skal dokumentere virkninger av nordlig klima og natur.
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Øystein Johnsen Carl Gunnar Fossdal Nina Elisabeth Nagy Jørgen A.B. Mølmann OG Dæhlen Tore SkrøppaSammendrag
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Forfattere
Carl Gunnar Fossdal Øystein Johnsen Nina Elisabeth Nagy R Baumann Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Tore SkrøppaSammendrag
Introduction: Survival and competitive successes of boreal forest trees depend on a balance between exploiting the full growing season and minimising frost injury through proper timing of hardening in autumn and dehardening in spring. Our research indicates that the female parents of Norway spruce adjust these timing events in their progeny according to the prevailing temperature conditions during sexual reproduction. Reproduction in a cold environment advances bud-set and cold acclimation in the autumn and dehardening and flushing in spring, whereas a warm reproductive environment delays these progeny traits by an unknown non-Mendelian mechanism. We are now looking for molecular mechanisms that can explain this “epigenetic” phenomenon. Material and methods: We have performed identical crosses with the same Norway spruce (Picea abies) parent, as discussed by Skrøppa & Johnsen (1994) and Johnsen et al. (1995), in combination with timed temperature treatments during shorter and longer periods from female meiosis, pollen tube growth, syngamy and embryogenesis and tested the progenies for bud-set and frost hardiness. We have followed the transcription of the spruce phytochromes PHYO, PHYP and PHYN and the class IV chitinase PaChi4 using Quantitative Multiplex Real-Time PCR. Results and conclusions: The effect of temperature on Adaptive properties is most likely a response to accumulated heat during embryogenesis and seed maturation. Our first attempt to look for a molecular mechanism has revealed that transcription of PHYO, PHYP and PHYN and the class IV chitinase PaChi4 (relative to alphaTubulin) all show higher transcription levels in progenies born under cold conditions than their full-sibs born under warmer conditions. This result is consistent with preliminary findings that methylation of cytosine in total DNA is higher in progenies reproduce under warm conditions than their colder full-sib counterparts. If these observations are related to methylation or other epigenetic effects, we may explain why progenies with a memory of a past time cold embryogenesis are more sensitive to short days than their full-sibs with a warmer embryonic history.