Divisjon for matproduksjon og samfunn
RESTORE: Restaurering av økosystemfunksjoner og biodiversitet i semi-naturlige naturtyper under sterkt arealpress
Slutt: des 2025
Start: okt 2021
I RESTORE skal vi utvikle nye løsninger for restaurering av semi-naturlige natur som er i fare for tap og forringelse på grunn av endringer i arealbruk. Resultatene skal gi grunnlag for en bedre ivaretagelse av det biologiske mangfoldet og de økologiske funksjonene som finnes i semi-naturlig natur.
Prosjektmedarbeidere
Rob J.F. Burton Hilde Ely Astrup Aveliina Helm Liv Byrkjeland Sigrun Aune Sølvi Wehn Dag-Inge Øien Anders Lyngstad Pål Thorvaldsen Marie Vestergaard Henriksen Annette Bär Liv Guri Velle
| Status | Pågående |
| Eksternt prosjektnettsted | United nations decade on ecosystem restoration 2021-2030 |
| Start- og sluttdato | 01.10.2021 - 31.12.2025 |
| Prosjektleder | Line Johansen |
| Divisjon | Divisjon for matproduksjon og samfunn |
| Avdeling | Kulturlandskap og biomangfold |
| Samarbeidspartnere | NIBIO (prosjekteier), Møreforsking, Ruralis, NTNU, Multiconsult, Miljødirektoratet, SNO, Statsforvalteren i Trøndelag og University of Tartu. |
| Finansieringskilde | Norges Forskningsråd |
Tap og ødeleggelser av natur er en av de største truslene mot både naturmangfoldet og mennesker sin velferd både i Norge og globalt. Ødeleggelsene av naturen må stoppe og FN har erklært 2021-2030 som årtiet for naturrestaurering. Restaurering innebærer at man bidrar til å gjenopprette natur som har blittutsatt for inngrep, opphør i bruk eller andre ødeleggelser. Semi-naturlig har et høyt biologisk mangfold og representerer viktige jordressurser som bidrar til matproduksjon. Areal av semi-naturlig natur forsvinner raskt og naturtypene er ansett som truet både i Norge og Europa. Det er derfor spesielt viktig å restaurere semi-naturlige naturtyper slik at ytterligere arealer ikke går tap.
I RESTORE skal vi utvikle verktøy for å vurdere restaureringspotensialet til utvalgte semi-naturlige naturtyper (semi-naturlig eng, semi-naturlig myr og kystlynghei), samt verktøy for å vurdere effekten av restaureringen. Vi skal også undersøke nye og innovative metoder og tilskuddsordninger som kan bidra til mer målrettet restaurering. Alle resultater fra prosjektet skal benyttes til å utvikle nye effektive løsninger for restaurering som kan benyttes av ulike aktører i samfunnet som utfører restaurering av semi-naturlig natur. Prosjektet er et samarbeidsprosjekt mellom forskere og samfunnsaktører som naturforvaltningen og næringsliv.
Publikasjoner i prosjektet
Forfattere
Elena Arrigoni Ruairi Hafferty-Hay Pino-Raquel Bodas Liv Guri Velle Kerry Bradshaw Zeren Yang Amanda Cooper Tim Wilkinson Jeffrey G. Duckett Silvia Pressel Rachael Howlett Justin Moat Susan Zappala Martin I. Bidartondo Laura M. Suz Jill KowalSammendrag
Heathlands are among the most iconic habitats in Northern Europe, with 20% of the world’s total area in the UK. Their wide, open landscape is dominated by low-growing Ericaceae shrubs on nutrient poor, acidic, organic soils, dry or waterlogged. Urbanisation, tree encroachment and nitrogen (N) pollution, contributed to their sharp decline, gaining them the status of priority habitats in country legislation. Heathlands provide ecosystem services such as flood mitigation and climate regulation, and their soils constitute a stable, long-lasting carbon (C) stock. However, the effects of air pollution on their C pool are not well understood. Ericaceae roots (e.g., Calluna vulgaris, Erica spp.) form symbiotic associations with ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (ErM), which enhance their hosts’ N and phosphorous (P) uptake in exchange for C, hence playing a crucial role in in nutrient cycling and contributing to soil C stocks. Our recent study conducted in a lowland dry heathland at Thursley National Nature Reserve (Surrey, UK) showed lingering effects of N deposition on soil chemistry, soil fungal communities, and ErM root colonisation eleven years after simulation of N deposition ceased. While the detrimental effects of N deposition on heath lichens and bryophytes are well documented, soil microbiome and mycorrhizal associations are largely overlooked, as is heathland recovery after pollution declines. This led to Kew’s partnership with Joint Nature Conservation Committee’s Air Pollution Recovery Indicators (APRI) project, investigating ErM response and recovery from air pollution, and their suitability as indicators. We established thirty 4x4 m plots in a dry heath at Thursley, 15 fertilised with cumulative 30 kg/ha of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), and 15 with water as control. Combining DNA techniques and microscopy, we are monitoring ErM root colonisation, root and soil fungal communities, and soil fungal biomass post treatments. Belowground measurements will be integrated with vegetation structure changes measured with LiDAR, RGB and multispectral drone imaging to develop a C calculation method. A lichen survey was conducted to assess differences in postfire recovery on N-fertilised vs control plots. Thursley’s background deposition is 13.4 kg N/ha/yr, the higher end of critical load for heathlands (5-15 kg N/ha/yr), possibly beyond the tipping point for fungal communities, and recovery may not be apparent. To address this, we sampled six wet heathlands in Norway, along a south-north N deposition gradient (1-6 kg N/ha/yr), and a comparable wet heathland at Thursley. By studying Norwegian root and soil fungal communities, we are investigating potential mycorrhizal indicators of “healthy” heathlands below the critical load. Preliminary results show ErM fungi are more diverse than thought, with ongoing analyses linking root colonisation to N deposition and climate data to understand heathland recovery and identify key indicators.
Forfattere
Elena Arrigoni Ruairi Hafferty-Hay Pino-Raquel Bodas Liv Guri Velle Kerry Bradshaw Zeren Yang Amanda Cooper Tim Wilkinson Jeffrey G. Duckett Silvia Pressel Rachael Howlett Justin Moat Susan Zappala Martin I. Bidartondo Laura M. Suz Jill KowalSammendrag
The Joint Nature Conservation Committee (UK) launched the Air Pollution Recovery Indicators Programme (APRI) in 2023. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew’s APRI experimental work focuses on heathland recovery where nitrogen (N) pollution has significantly impacted ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration and biodiversity. Despite the important ecosystem services they provide, little is known about how heathlands might recover from N pollution, especially below ground. We are investigating the potential of ericoid mycorrhizal (ErM) fungi, in both soil and roots, as novel indicators of recovery from N pollution in southern England, and comparing these results to soil and heather roots sourced in less polluted Norway heathlands. ErM fungi form symbiotic associations with heather roots and liverwort rhizoids, mining organic N and phosphorus from nutrient-poor heathland soils; in exchange, the plants supply carbon to the fungi. As such there is an expectation that ErM fungi will respond rapidly to changes in N pollution. Our field experiments are also assessing changes in lichen community composition and evaluating the practicality of using LiDAR, RGB and multispectral drone technology to measure and link biomass changes above ground to N fertilization. We have the following research questions regarding above and below ground heathland condition: How are ErM and soil fungal communities impacted by, and how do they recover from, N pollution? How do changes in above ground vegetation (plants, lichens) link with ErM and soil fungal communities? What are the ErM and non-mycorrhizal fungal communities across a N pollution gradient, in southern England and coastal Norway?
Forfattere
Elena Arrigoni Ruairi Hafferty-Hay Pino-Raquel Bodas Liv Guri Velle Kerry Bradshaw Zeren Yang Amanda Cooper Tim Wilkinson Jeffrey G. Duckett Silvia Pressel Rachael Howlett Justin Moat Susan Zappala Martin I. Bidartondo Laura M. Suz Jill KowalSammendrag
Heathlands are among the most iconic habitats in Northern Europe, with 20% of the world’s total area in the UK. Their wide, open landscape is dominated by low-growing Ericaceae shrubs and associated ericoid mycorrhizal (ErM) fungi on nutrient poor, acidic, dry or waterlogged, organic soils. ErM fungi enable N and phosphorus uptake by their plant hosts in exchange for carbon, playing a crucial role in nutrient cycling and contributing to carbon stocks. These fungi also form intimate associations with the rhizoids of several leafy liverworts, including the widespread heathland liverwort Cephaloziella divaricata. In the 20th Century, nitrogen (N) pollution alongside urbanisation and tree encroachment, have severely impacted heathlands, contributing to their sharp decline. The effects of N pollution on heathland vegetation are well documented, with useful indicators including lichens and bryophytes. However, little is known about how the soil microbiome, including mycorrhizal-forming fungi, is impacted by N pollution. Also lacking is understanding of how heathland might recover; with N pollution now declining across parts of Europe, there is demand from managers and policymakers for novel indicators of heathland recovery. Our research investigates responses of ErM fungi to, and recovery from N pollution, and evaluates their suitability as recovery indicators. 18In 2021, we reinstated a dormant experiment in a dry heathland at Thursley National Nature Reserve (Surrey, UK) where N additions ceased in 2010. Results showed lingering effects of N additions on heather vegetation, moss ground cover, lichen communities, soil chemistry and soil fungal communities, while a negative trend was observed in root ErM colonisation in N-treated plots. In 2023, we established thirty new plots, 15 fertilised with 30 kg/ha of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), and 15 as controls. To account for plant age, 20 plots were located within mature C. vulgaris stands, and 10 on pioneer vegetation (wildfires occurred in 2006 and 2020, respectively). Combining eDNA techniques and microscopy, we are monitoring ErM root and rhizoid colonisation in C. vulgaris and C. divaricata respectfully, diversity of fungal communities in roots and soil, and soil fungal biomass. A lichen survey was conducted to assess differences in postfire recovery. Vegetation structure and biomass changes are monitored with LiDAR, RGB and multispectral drone imaging to develop a complementary carbon calculation method. We also sampled six coastal heathlands in Norway, along a south-north N deposition gradient (1-6 kg N/ha/yr), and a comparable wet heathland at Thursley (13 kg N/ha/yr) to investigate potential mycorrhizal indicators of healthy heathlands below the N critical load. Preliminary results show ErM fungi are more diverse than expected, with ongoing analyses linking root colonisation to N deposition and climate data to understand heathland recovery and identify potential nitrophilic and nitrophobic ErM fungi as recovery indicators.
Sammendrag
The 2025 update of the Norwegian Red List shows that coastal heathlands remain threatened. Key ongoing threats include abandonment of traditional land use and development of the areas. Recently compiled statistics from habitat mapping provide insights into the ecological condition of the heathlands. The data reveal that more than half of the remaining coastal heathland areas lack active management, putting them at risk of encroachment in the coming years. Moreover, data show that the proportion of areas in the late successional phase is surprisingly low, just over ten percent, despite widespread degradation due to encroachment. This suggests that degraded coastal heathlands are difficult to identify and are likely being misclassified as other habitat types, such as forest. To help field surveyors avoid misidentification, a map illustrating the potential distribution of coastal heathlands in Norway has been developed, along with clear inclusion and exclusion principles. The map extends the previously known northern range of heathlands and reaches south eastward toward heathland areas in Sweden. Norway currently lacks representative monitoring of coastal heathland, as existing programs miss rare habitats. It is therefore a welcome step that the Norwegian Environment Agency now proposes the development of a dedicated monitoring program.
Sammendrag
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Forfattere
Liv Guri VelleSammendrag
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Liv Guri VelleSammendrag
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Liv Guri VelleSammendrag
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Liv Guri VelleSammendrag
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Forfattere
Line Johansen Liv Guri Velle Annette Bär Marie Vestergaard Henriksen Pål Thorvaldsen Dag-Inge Øien Liv Byrkjeland Sigrun AuneSammendrag
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Forfattere
Line Johansen Annette Bär Pål Thorvaldsen Marie Vestergaard Henriksen Liv Guri Velle Anders Lyngstad Dag-Inge Øien Sølvi Wehn Hilde Ely-Astrup Sigrun Aune Liv Byrkjeland Aveliina Helm Rob J.F. Burton Madelene GustavssonSammendrag
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