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The MiS (Miljøregistrering i skog — Environmental Inventories in Forests) initiative aims to improve knowledge of biodiversity in forests and thereby contribute to improved detection, monitoring and management of environmental assets in forests.
Ivar Gjerde
Research Professor
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Division of Forest and Forest Resources
(+47) 915 15 139 ivar.gjerde@nibio.no Office Location: Bergen
This is a major initiative financed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Food, and consists of research, development, communication and guidance for the implementation of the forestry sector's responsibility to safeguard environmental assets in forests.
The theoretical basis for a registration tool was developed between 1997 and 2000, introducing the so-called CHI approach, which combines forest habitats with a high number of target species and environment that differ in target species composition. MiS is based on the registration of 12 main types of habitats of particular importance to biodiversity in forests. MiS became part of forest planning in 2002, and later came to be an important part of environmental certification in forests.
The inventory provides forest ownership information about areas with environments that are particularly important to safeguard. 120,000 habitats were registered in 2015 and, of these, 87,000 were identified as key biotopes. There is a map database of registered habitats and environmental qualities that is continuously updated with data from several municipalities. In addition, MiS data is recorded in the National Forest Inventory to monitor developments in MiS habitats.
In 2017, a new guide, in which the registration of MiS environments is described according to the NiN (Natur i Norge) system, was released. From the beginning, one of the core focuses has been to document the functions of registered habitats and, since data from MiS records in forestry planning and in the National Forest Inventory was made available, the evaluation and improvement of the method have also been important.
Knowledge of how species are distributed throughout the forest landscape and how these patterns change over time is of great significance in terms of how different strategies will work in the management of biological diversity. These patterns are determined by species- specific properties, such as their ability to reproduce and their competitiveness, by the distribution of suitable habitats over time, and by stochastic factors.
A key aim of the project is to produce new knowledge in these areas and to ensure that this knowledge is shared so that the registration and management of environmental assets for biodiversity is as up-to-date as possible. The scientific results are also significant for the management of biodiversity beyond forestry.
I rapporten undersøkes og diskuteres mulighetene for å forenkle MiS-registreringer i kyststrøk med mye krevende terreng i forbindelse med feltregistreringer. Vi benyttet registreringer av MiS i Landsskogtakseringen og hogststatestikk som grunnlag for vurderingene. Forutsetningene for forenklinger vurderes å være særlig gode på Vestlandet, men også i Trøndelag finnes muligheter for å redusere arbeidet i felt samtidig som de viktigste livsmiljøene blir registrert.
Knowing the historical variation in fire regimes is instrumental in managing forests today and in predicting what may happen in the future. By cross-dating 745 fire scars in 378 samples of remnant Scots pines, we delineated 254 individual forest fires during the past 700 years in a 74-km2 section of Trillemarka-Rollagsfjell Nature Reserve in south-central Norway. Fire sizes, numbers, burn rates, and frequencies were compared with historical climate proxies, vegetation maps, and written sources. The results revealed patterns consistent with a predominantly climate-driven fire regime up to 1625, followed by periods of strong anthropogenic influence that increased fire frequency during 1600–1700s and diminished fires during 1800–1900s. This was documented by an abrupt increase in number of small fires from the early 1600s that markedly shortened fire intervals from a median of 73 to 37 yr. This shift in fire frequency coincided with a sudden appearance of early-season fires from 1625 and onward. Whereas late-season burn rate increased with summer temperature, no such relationship was found for early-season fires. These results were corroborated by written sources that describe anthropogenic forest fires and slash-and-burn cultivation expanding with the increasing population from the late 1500s and subsequently diminishing due to increasing timber values during 1700–1800s. Whereas human activity strongly influenced the fire regime at multidecadal to centennial scales, it was the interannual variability in climate that triggered large fire events, especially during the pre-1625 period. Prior to 1625, the percentage of years with fire tripled from 7% during cold summers (10–12°C) to 21% during warm summers (14–16°C). Burn rate increased even more, from 0.01% to 1.3% for the same temperature intervals. Ecologically, the post-1625 period is remarkable in such a way that human activity, first by greatly increasing fire frequency and subsequently almost eradicating fires, possibly influenced the fire regime to such an extent that it may be unprecedented for millennia.
No abstract has been registered
Skogen har vært, er og vil være en viktig ressurs i Norge. Skogen leverer biomasse til produksjon av en mengde forskjellige varer: bioenergi i mange former, treprodukter til bygningsindustri, papir og papp, og avanserte produkter fra bioraffineringsprosesser. I fremtiden vil trolig trebaserte produkter dekke et enda bredere produktspekter. Tilgangen på biomasse er imidlertid begrenset, selv om bevisst forvaltning kan øke tilgangen utover dagens nivå. Skogen leverer også andre økosystemtjenester, som biodiversitet og friluftsliv, og kan ikke minst spille en rolle i det grønne skiftet. Men optimal forvaltning for klima og næring kan stå i motsetning til optimal forvaltning for andre økosystemtjenester.
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Usnea longissima Ach. is a circumboreal epiphytic lichen draping tree canopies in moist coastal and mountainous forests. It is extinct from many European and North-American localities, presumably due to industrial forestry and air pollution, but still has a stronghold in parts of Scandinavia and U.S. and Canadian Pacific Northwest. In 2005/06 we used a comparative and retrospective approach to evaluate how present and historic tree and stand characteristics influenced the occurrence and abundance of the lichen (Storaunet et al. 2008). In 2012, we re-inventoried ten Norway spruce forest stands with 401 U. longissima-bearing trees and recorded changes in the number of U. longissima thalli. Seven of the stands had been experimentally, selectively logged 5–8 years before, where the lichen-bearing trees had been marked in the field and were avoided during the logging operation. Total number of lichen-bearing trees decreased slightly (2.9%), whereas the number of thalli had increased with 34%. Number of thalli increased more where the forest was open (low basal area, m2ha-1) whether or not the low tree density was caused by the logging events. At high tree densities the change in number of thalli was negligible. We suggest that selective logging, securing lichen-bearing trees, may be a viable management option to keep tree density from becoming too dense, thereby enhancing growth and establishment of U. longissima.
Huldrestry (Usnea longissima) er en epifyttisk hengelav kategorisert som sterkt truet på Rødlista fordi det de siste 10-årene er registrert en betydelig bestandsreduksjon. I 2005-2006 gjennomførte vi undersøkelser av skogstruktur og skoghistorie i 24 huldrestrylokaliteter, i produktive granskogbestand (Picea abies) med relativt høy kubikkmasse i Saksumdalen, Lillehammer. I sju delområder ble det i 2004-2007 gjennomført hogstforsøk i form av gjennomhogst, småflatehogst eller stripehogst, der kubikkmassen ble redusert med 30 – 50 %. Ti av områdene fra 2005/06 ble undersøkt igjen i 2012, hvorav tre ikke var påvirket av forsøkshogstene. Her ble antall tråder med huldrestry på til sammen 401 trær telt på nytt for å se hvordan laven hadde utviklet seg. Rundt huldrestrytrærne ble grunnflatesum (m2/ha) målt med relaskop før og etter hogst, for å estimere tettheten av skogen og hogstuttaket. Totalt antall trær med huldrestry endret seg ikke vesentlig, mens totalt antall huldrestrytråder på trærne hadde økt med 34 % fra 2005/06 til 2012. Det var større økning i antall tråder med huldrestry på trærne som var påvirket av hogstinngrepene (ca 50 % økning) sammenlignet med de trærne som ikke var påvirket av hogst (ca 10 % økning). Det var en markert økning i mengde huldrestry der skogen var glissen (lav grunnflatesum enten naturlig eller på grunn av hogstinngrepene), mens det var uendret mengde eller litt mindre huldrestry der skogen var tett (høy grunnflatesum). Det var ikke størrelsen på hogstinngrepene i seg selv som påvirket mengden huldrestry, men derimot hvordan skogen ble seende ut etter hogsten. [...]
This study combines tree-ring and charcoal data to explore possible drivers of the charcoal record and its spatial variation in a boreal Norwegian forest landscape. Peat and mineral soil samples were collected in a multiple site sampling approach and the amount of charcoal in the peat is related to fire history, Holocene climate variation, major shifts in the vegetation composition, and fuel availability. Dendrochronologic dating was used to reveal the fire history over the last 600 years with spatial and temporal accuracy, and AMS radiocarbon dating of 20 peat columns and their charcoal records from four peatlands was used to elucidate the fire history over the Holocene. The average amount of charcoal was about 2.5 times higher in the mineral soil than in the peat (270 versus 100 g/m², respectively), and there were considerable between- and within-site variations. There was no relationship between the age of a given peatland and its content of charcoal, nor between the amount of charcoal in a given peatland and in the neighboring mineral soil. Although most of the charcoal mass in the peatlands was found in parts of the peat columns originating from relatively warm climatic periods and from the period before the local establishment of Norway spruce (Picea abies), charcoal accumulation rates (per 1000 yr) were higher during cold climatic periods and similar before and after spruce establishment. Recent fires showed up to a low degree in the peat columns. On fine spatial scales (1–10 m), fuel quality and distribution together with fire behaviour throughout millennia are likely to be responsible for variations in the charcoal record. On the landscape scale (100–1000 m), the charcoal records were site-specifically idiosyncratic, presumably due to topography, distribution of fire breaks and fuel types, and human land use, coupled with long-term variations inherent in these factors.
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To better understand the historic range of variability in the fire regime of Fennoscandian boreal forests we cross-dated 736 fire scars of remnant Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood samples in a 3.6 km2 section of the Trillemarka-Rollagsfjell Reserve of south-central Norway. Using a kernel range application in GIS we spatially delineated 57 individual forest fires between 1350 and the present. We found a strong anthropogenic signal in the fire regime from 1600 and onwards: (i) infrequent variably sized fires prior to 1600 shifted to frequent fires gradually decreasing in size during the 1600s and 1700s, with only a few small fires after 1800; (ii) time intervals between fires and the hazard of burning showed substantial differences pre- and post-1600; (iii) fire seasonality changed from late- to early-season fires from the 1626 fire and onwards; and (iv) fire severity decreased gradually over time. Written sources corroborated our results, narrating a history where anthropogenic forest fires and slash-and-burn cultivation expanded with the increasing population from the late 1500s. Concurrently, timber resources increased in value, gradually forcing slash-and-burn cultivators to abandon fires on forest land. Our results strengthen and expand previous Fennoscandian findings on the anthropogenic influence of historic fire regimes.
North European epiphytic lichens are often genetically impoverished compared with their North American counterparts. This has been hypothesized to impede sexual reproduction due to reduced chances of finding compatible mating type partners. We compared genetic variation and reproductive mode in two threatened Scandinavian lichens, Evernia divaricata and Usnea longissima, with more viable populations in North America to see (i) if these species also show genetical depletion in northern Europe and (ii) if the occurrence of sexual propagules (ascospores in apothecia) is more prevalent in genetically diverse populations. Genetic variation of the fungal component was assessed by sequencing two nuclear rDNA gene regions (ITS and IGS) in 1005 and 1477 thalli, collected from 92 and 160 localities of E. divaricata and U. longissima, respectively. Scandinavian populations of both species were almost devoid of genetic variation compared with much higher genetic diversity in North America.We found no support for the proposed relationship between genetic diversity and fertility. Fertile thalli were found in several genetically invariable populations. Fertility increased with population size and regional abundance in E. divaricata, but not in U. longissima. In Scandinavia, E. divaricata was more fertile than previously recorded, whereas all sampled populations of U. longissima were sterile and possibly clonal.
No abstract has been registered
The redlisted epiphytic lichen Evernia divaricata has only rarely been found with fruiting or sorediate thalli, and never so in Norway. August 2009, we reinvented a previously known locality within the Trillemarka-Rollagsfjell nature reserve and found, for the first time in Norway, fertile thalli abundantly along a 1.2 km part of a small brook. Closer examination of samples taken from the same locality in 2003 revealed that immature fruiting-bodies (apothecia) were present on a few thalli at that time. Today the site is characterized by old mixed conifer forest and small bogs. Two additional Norwegian localities have been found to harbor fertile E. divaricata. At yet another locality we found one thallus with abundant large soralia, also recorded for the first time in Norway. Lack of small sprouting thalli with basal holdfasts suggests that dispersal, up till now, mainly have occurred by means of thallus fragmentation, thereby hampering efficient long-distance dispersal.
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Det internasjonale biomangfoldåret er på hell. Norge har, i likhet med flere andre land, satt 2010 som frist for å ”stoppe tapet av det biologiske mangfoldet”. Som en del av dette arbeidet fikk Norge i 2009 ny Naturmangfoldlov (Lov om forvaltning av naturens mangfold). I §23 i loven heter det at ”Kongen i statsråd kan ved forskrift utpeke nærmere angitte arter som prioritert.” Dette åpner for særskilte tiltak, og skal være et virkemiddel for å ta vare på arter som har problemer med å overleve. Men hvilke av de rundt 40.000 naturlig forekommende arter av dyr, planter og sopp i Norge skal prioriteres, og hvilke kriterier skal legges til grunn for utvelgelsen av disse artene?
Rasmarker, berg og bekkekløfter utgjør særegne levesteder med et stort biologisk mangfold, på grunn av variasjon i miljøforhold og gunstige kombinasjoner av miljøfaktorer. Både blant moser, lav, sopp og karplanter finnes mange rødlistearter i disse naturtypene, og rasmarkene er særlig viktige for insektene. Ustabile naturforhold og vanskelig tilgjengelig terreng gjør disse områdene lite tilgjengelige for inngrep. Likevel påvirkes artssamfunnene negativt av vassdragsregulering, skogbruk og gjengroing.
Effekter av skogbruk på biologisk mangfold er i dag et viktig tema innen skogforskningen. Vi vet en hel del om artenes biologi, og hvilken type skog og habitater de finnes i. Dette har blant annet gitt mulighet for å registrere og ta vare på arealtyper som er spesielt viktige for biologisk mangfold. Det vi vet mindre om er hvordan bestandsskogbruket påvirker artenes populasjoner over tid.
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Arthropods were collected by fogging the canopy of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris selected from a 2 km2 boreal forest area in Sigdal, Norway with the overall purpose to examine whether there were faunal differences in the representation of arthropods among mature and old trees, and specifically for this paper, the biting midges (Ceratopogonidae). Target trees were chosen as pairs, one mature (70-110 years) and one old (250 years or older) tree from six different stands. All knock-down treatments were performed in June and July 1999, before dawn and after a dry and windless night. Knocked-down arthropods were collected in plastic funnels placed systematically on the ground. Funnels remained in place for circa one hour after treatment. Among the 61 species records new to Norway, the most frequently encountered taxon of invertebrates was Diptera, and the family of biting midges, Ceratopogonidae, comprised 30 of 61 (49%) of all new records, compared with the overall species numbers showing 40 biting midges of 193 recorded species (21%). Among the Ceratopogonidae new to Norway, two species new to science and two first records from Europe were found. Coleman rarefaction curves were constructed by running 500 iterations without replacements using EstimateS and showed that there were significantly more new records of Diptera in old trees in comparison with mature trees. A similar pattern of significance (by comparing standard deviations estimated by EstimateS) was found for Diptera when Ceratopogonidae was excluded. New species records of Ceratopogonidae were more common in old trees than in mature trees, although not significantly so. No predominance of new records in old trees was found for arthropods other than Diptera. Old trees are rare and may provide a variety of resources (e.g. resting sites, places to over-winter, hiding places, sites for oviposition, larval habitat, etc.) that are rarely found in younger trees. Thus, the high number of new species records probably result from studying a whole arthropod taxon (Diptera) in a part of a forest ecosystem (canopies) with a suite of microhabitats (old pine trees) that in combination has been poorly investigated earlier.
Siden 2001 har det så langt blitt utført miljøregistreringer i forbindelse med skogbruksplanlegging på ca. 65 prosent av alt produktivt skogareal i Norge. Registreringene gjøres etter en metodikk som ble utviklet i prosjektet ”Miljøregistrering i Skog”. Miljøregistreringene gir kartfestet informasjon om forekomst av ulike viktige livsmiljøer i produktiv skog. Bak den praktiske metodikken ligger utarbeidelsen av en generell modell for registrering av biologisk viktige områder. Denne modellen er nå publisert internasjonalt og de viktigste prinsippene er beskrevet her.
Målsetningen med prosjektet har vært (1) å undersøke om det er viktige forandringer fra forrige rødliste i betydningen av livsmiljøer som inngår i skogbrukets miljøregistreringer, og (2) å peke på eventuelle nye livsmiljøer som bør registreres. Arbeidet har tatt utgangspunkt i artsinformasjons-arkene i Artsdatabankens rødlistebase, som omfatter alle opplysninger om habitat- og substrat-tilknytning for de enkelte rødlistearter gitt av artsekspertene under rødlistearbeidet i 2006. Data for i alt 1767 skoglevende arter på rødliste 2006 er sammenlignet med data for et utvalg av 1421 arter på rødliste 1998, der de viktigste organismegruppene med små arealkrav inngår. Fordelinger av arter på rødliste 2006 er vist for to utvalg; ett som omfatter alle artene og ett som omfatter truete rødlistearter kategorisert etter A-, B-, og C-kriteriet. Artsinformasjonen gitt av ekspertene er benyttet i fordelingene uten korreksjoner eller tilføyelser der det mangler data. Artenes tilhørighet til definerte livsmiljøer i MiS er imidlertid forfatterens tolkninger, og forsøkt gjort på samme måte som i kategoriseringen av artene på 1998-rødlisten med hensyn til livsmiljøer. Resultatene viser en betydelig økning av barskogsarter på rødliste 2006. Dette skyldes i stor grad en økning i arter knyttet til stående barved. Det er kun mindre forandringer i den relative betydningen av andre livsmiljøelementer mellom rødliste 1998 og 2006. Samlet utgjør definerte MiS-livsmiljøer habitat for minimum 76,5% av skoglevende arter på rødlisten av 2006. Sandfuruskog og fuktig kystfuruskog utgjør to nye potensielle kartleggingsenheter med konsentrasjon av rødlistearter hovedsakelig knyttet til henholdsvis skogbunn og levende trær. Sandfuruskog tilrås kartlagt gjennom MiS, mens det foreslås utført en feltundersøkelse for å øke kunnskapen om kystfuruskog og teste ut de beste indikatorene på forekomst av rødlistearter i denne skogtypen. Hagemarksskog og kantsoner mellom skog og åpen kulturmark eller strandsone er rikest på rødlistearter blant arealtypene som inngår i Levende Skog-standarder eller andre generelle miljøtiltak i skogbruket. Urterike krattsamfunn som rose- og slåpetornkratt i sommervarme strøk i MiS-region 2a er livsmiljøer for mange sjeldne sydlige rødlistearter. Disse kan defineres som egen kantsonetype for å øke fokus på disse arealtypene ved avvirkning. 95,9 prosent av rødlisteartene som er avkrysset for parameteren ”Skogtilstand” er bare angitt i ”naturpreget/plukkhogd” skog. Åpen skog er viktig for et stort antall rødlistearter, særlig insekter, og for disse artene vil fortetting kunne utgjøre en trussel mot populasjonene. [...]
Huldrestry er en epifyttisk lavart som står på den norske rødlista som sterkt truet (EN). Arten synes å være i sterk tilbakegang i mange av de kjente lokalitetene i hele Norge. Det er mangelfull kunnskap om artens økologiske krav og toleranse for hogst. En av flere grunner til tilbakegangen antas å være at skogen i noen lokaliteter er blitt for tett. Mjøsen Skog har en betydelig andel av huldrestryforekomstene i landet i sitt område og har dermed et ansvar for å bidra til å ivareta lavarten. Mjøsen har derfor gjennom prosjektet tatt initiativ til å skaffe fram et bedre grunnlag for å forvalte arten. Prosjektet har gått over 3 år, 2005 – 2007. Huldrestryforekomstene i Lillehammer ble registrert under kartlegging av biologisk viktige områder (MiSregistreringer) i 2003. Huldrestry er her mest tallrik i hogstmoden granskog i produktive skoglier. Historisk utvikling Forskere ved Norsk institutt for skog og landskap har gjennomført undersøkelser av huldrestry og skoghistorie. I forsøksområdet, Saksumdalen og Korsåsen i Lillehammer, ble tidligere tiders plukkhogst erstattet av flatehogst og kulturskogbruk fra 1950tallet. Den eldre skogen i dag framstår som rester etter de gamle hogstene...
Whereas lichen growth rates have received considerable attention, comparatively few detailed studies of growth patterns have been carried out. Generally, most lichens seem to grow apically, with pseudomeristomatic tissue confined to lobe margins and branch tips. However, some species appear to retain the capacity to expand throughout the thallus. Such intercalary growth processes have proved difficult to confirm in the field for two- and three-dimensionally growing folious and fruticose forms. Using transplants of the conspicuous, one-dimensionally growing Usnea longissima Ach., we document that intercalary growth actually does occur, with thalli expanding geometrically in length with a doubling time of less than a year under favorable conditions.
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Ken Olaf Storaunet, Rune Groven, Erlend Rolstad, ...
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In recent years attention has focused on the consequences of modern forestry on biological diversity. Additionally, past forest management has reduced the structural heterogeneity of forest landscapes, increasing the interest in assessing forest naturalness. General forest history of Norway shows that single-tree and selective logging was the main silvicultural method up to the mid-twentieth century when clearcutting practice took over as the dominating logging regime. Thus, regenerating forests on former clearcut areas have barely reached the stages of maturity, implying that mature forests of today for the most part are remnants from the period of selective logging. This thesis has been part of a comprehensive research project where one of the general objectives was to gain knowledge on the distribution and abundance of rare and threatened species in Norwegian forests....
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We investigated the relationship between site productivity and diversity of vascular plants, bryophytes, lichens, and polypore fungi in forests based on species richness data in 0.25 ha forest plots (grain size), selected from six 150-200 ha study areas (focus), and spanning over a latitudinal distance of 1350 km (extent) in Norway. We (1) searched for prevailing productivity-diversity relationships (PDRs), (2) compared PDRs among taxonomic groups and species found in different micro-habitats, and (3) investigated the effect of increasing plot (grain) size on PDRs. Using vegetation types as a surrogate for site productivity, we found a general pattern of increasing species richness with site productivity. On average total species richness doubled with a ten-fold increase in productivity. Lichens PDRs stood out as less pronounced and more variable than for other species groups investigated. PDRs of species associated with downed logs tended to level off at high-productive sites, a pattern interpreted as an effect of disturbance. Increasing the grain size >10-fold did not change the proportional difference in species richness between sites with high and low productivity.
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The potential as indicators of species richness were investigated for 178 species belonging to six ecologically defined species groups (epiphytic bryophytes on nutrient-rich bark, epiphytic macrolichens on nutrient rich bark, pendant lichens on conifer trees, bryophytes on siliceous rocks, bryophytes on dead conifer wood, and polypore fungi on dead conifer wood), using species data from 0.25 ha plots from three different coniferous forest areas (ca. 200 ha each). A species was defined as a potential indicator species for a species group within a study area if its distribution was statistically significantly nested within the species-plot matrix ranked according to species richness, and if the plot frequency of the species was less than 25%. Only two species were identified as potential indicators within all three areas and on average ≈80% of the potential indicator species were lost from one area to another. The results indicate that inconsistency between areas in the species’ frequency distributions and their position in nested hierarchies may strongly reduce the general predictive power of indicator species of species richness, even if significantly nested patterns are found at the community level. We suggest that indicators related to amount and quality of habitats may be an alternative to lists of indicator species of species richness.
Vascular plants were investigated as a potential surrogate group in complementary small scale site selection, such as woodland key habitats in Scandinavia. We compared the response of vascular plants to environmental gradients to that of seven other plant, fungal and animal groups within a forest reserve in western Norway using data from 59 plots of 0.25 ha. We also examined whether the spatial changes in species (beta-2 index) of vascular plants matched that of the other groups. All seven groups responded to the same gradients in nutrient richness and humidity as the vascular plants. Furthermore, changes in species composition of vascular plants were reflected in comparable degrees of change among the “target“ groups. The lower the degree of change in species composition between plots in the “target“ groups relative to that of vascular plants, the higher the percentage “target“ species encompassed in a complementary selection of sites based on vascular plants. We conclude that in practical site selection of small scale sites of conservation value, such as woodland key habitats, vascular plants may be used in combination with an inventory of important habitats for rare and/or redlisted forest species, such as dead wood, old trees, deciduous trees, and cliffs.
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Number of years since death was estimated by dendrochronological cross-dating of 107 standing dead trees (snags) of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] in a submountainous old-growth forest in south-central Norway. Snag characteristics (size, bark cover, branch order present and variables derived from tree-ring analyses) were used in stepwise linear regression procedures to identify variables that explained time since death.Number of branch orders present (where branches growing directly on the stem were branch order 1, branches growing on order 1 branches were order 2, and so on) explained two-thirds of the variation in time since death. Adding other significant variables, such as diameter, relative height of snags, percentage bark cover and average tree-ring width in the final years before death, increased model precision only moderately.The models were validated by the PRESS statistic, which showed that new observations were predicted fairly well with 65-69% of the variation explained.
We estimated time from death to fall (standing time) of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) snags in a submountainous old-growth forest in south-central Norway, applying four calculation methods to 124 dendrochronologically cross-dated still-standing snags and 64 fallen logs. The calculation methods consistently estimated expected standing time of snags at 26–34 years, with a median of 16–21 years and 20% of snags standing for >48–58 years. The survival function from all methods took the approximate form of a negative exponential, with a 3%–4% annual fall rate for snags. In the distribution of time since death, a small peak in dead trees 20–30 years ago (late 1970s) coincides with a historic epidemic of bark beetles. The method using only time since death of still-standing snags appears to be the most feasible for estimating total standing time of snags in old-growth forests with constant tree mortality.
We fogged trees in two pine dominated forests in Norway with a synthetic pyrethroid in order to compare the canopy-dwelling fauna of arthropods between costal (Kvam) and boreal (Sigdal) sites and between old (250-330 years) and mature (60-120 years) trees at Sigdal. Almost 30,000 specimens were assigned to 510 species; only 93 species were present at both sites. Species diversity, as established by rarefaction, was similar in old and mature trees. However, the number of species new to Norway (including nine species new to science) was significantly higher in the old trees. We suggest that the scarcity of old trees, habitat heterogeneity and structural differences between old and mature trees may explain these patterns. Productivity and topographic position at the site of growth explained the between-tree variation in species occurrence for the more abundant species, which were mainly Collembola and Oribatida. Species diversity was similar at the boreal and coastal sites, but there were clear differences in species composition
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We studied four south-facing and three north-facing boreal spruce forest stands (ca. 0.1ha each) in SE Norway with the aim of testing the hypothesis that former logging has long-term effects on boreal forest-floor vegetation. The stand series comprised unlogged natural forests and forests that were selectively or clear cut 6070 years prior to our study. Each stand was described with respect to history of forestry impact and tree-stand structure.Environmental, species number, species abundance and species composition (vegetation gradients obtained as ordination axes) variables obtained for 25 m1m plots in each stand were tested for among-stand differences. Significant among-stand differences were found, partly related to former forest management and partly due to among-stand differences in topography.Differences among stands related to management were found for tree stand density, highest in managed stands, and for Dryopteris expansa agg. and Luzula pilosa abundances, peaking in formerly clear-cut stands. Species number (at plot or stand scales) was weakly related to former management.On southerly as well as northerly aspects, gradients in species composition were found that separated plots according to former management. Differences among stand conditioned on topography resulted in opposite patterns in the two series of stands because among southerly stands the clear cut was the least while among northerly the clear cut was the most strongly sloping. Low-inclination sites tended more strongly to be paludified and to have high Sphagnum cover, and to have low abundance of specific microsites with small mosses and hepatics. Vegetation gradients related to soil moisture and microtopography were found for both aspects.A strong gradient in species composition related to tree influence at within-stand scales was found, with variation in species number. Existence of such a gradient should provide for significant biotic effects (of short or long duration) of the environmental changes that take place during forest re-growth: (1) the immediate creation of small or large tree-layer gaps by tree felling; and (2) the closing of the tree layer during the regeneration phase.Most notably, the phases at which the tree layer reaches minimum and maximum cover, respectively, may act as `bottlenecks\" for survival of forest-floor species. We conclude that forestry impacts understorey vegetation by way of changes in tree-layer structure and, to a lesser extent, substrate availability and the local environment, during forest regrowth. The extent and duration of this impact will depend on a complex set of factors.Our results are consistent with the view that if maintenance of species diversity is aimed at, environmental considerations should be built into forest management practices, preferably by mimicking the natural structural dynamics of the tree layer.
Previous studies point at biogeographic (i.e. evolutionary and demographic) and ecological (i.e. habitat differentiation and disturbance) processes as the most important causes of spatial variation in species richness and species composition. We examined patterns of variation in similarity of vascular plant and bryophyte species composition among 150 1-m2 plots distributed semi-randomly over 11 Norwegian boreal swamp-forest localities that were species-rich islands in an otherwise species-poor forest landscape. For each plot, 53 environmental variables were recorded. By using CCA analyses, we found that c. 20% of the explainable variation in species composition was due to swamp-forest affiliation, in addition to the c. 35% that was due to environmental differences between swamp-forest localities. The unique component of the species composition of each swamp forest was also emphasised by analyses of floristic dissimilarity: plots were significantly more floristically dissimilar if situated in different than if situated in the same swamp forest, even after environmental differences had been corrected for. The lack of any significant relationship between floristic dissimilarity and geographical distance or swamp-forest area indicated that this pattern was not mainly due to demographic processes. We argue that the floristic distinctness of swamp forests, in particular those richer in species and soil nutrients, is due to a combination of factors among which randomness in establishment in infrequently occurring gaps ( ‘windows of opportunity’) are likely to be important. The unique combination of important determinants of the species composition found for boreal swamp forests supports the view that there exists a diversity of explanations for diversity and that these, to a large extent, are system- and/or area-specific.
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Håndboka består av heftene: Bakgrunn og prinsipper (Hefte 1) - Livsmiljøer i skog (Hefte 2) - Instruks for registrering 2001 (Hefte 3) - Veileder for rangering og utvelgelse 2002 (Hefte 4)
Historical reconstructions of past forest dynamics and stand structures have been used to establish reference conditions for managing present forest ecosystems. In this study we (1) developed and combined a suite of stand reconstruction techniques to describe past stand characteristics, and (2) applied these stand histories to evaluate the relationship between wood-decay fungi and forest continuity. Ten previous selectively logged stands of Norway spruce (<i>Picea abies</i> (L.) Karst.), in the middle boreal zone of southeastern Norway, were studied. We reconstructed stand structures during the 20th century using tree-ring series, growth patterns, age structures, and decay classification and datings of stumps and logs. All stands were selectively logged between 1890 and 1965, with a mean logging interval of 25 years. Harvested volumes (1900-1965) constituted 25-99% of present standing volumes and present volumes were 2.6-21 (median 4) times higher than the lowest estimated historic volumes. Dead wood was categorized into eight decay classes, where one is recently fallen, and eight is almost completely decayed. Six fungus species, assumed to indicate dead-wood continuity, were found on logs in decay classes 2-4, all of which were estimated to be<30 years old. Logs in decay classes 1-4 constituted 85% of logs >=20 cm. Expectedly, fungus abundance increased linearly with increasing number of available logs, but we failed to find a positive correlation between fungi abundance and number of old logs present (decay classes 5-8), when the effect of younger logs (2-4) was accounted for. This finding, together with the stand histories, does not lend support to the hypothesis that a continuous supply of dead wood, at the scale of forest stands, is crucial for the occurrence of the surveyed wood-decay fungi. We propose forest stand reconstructions to hold promise as a tool to assess the role of structural continuity for the occurrence of late-successional and old-growth species
To estimate the age of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) logs by means of decay classes, and to assess how long it takes for downed logs to decompose, we dated logs dendrochronologically by applying 5- and 8-grade decay classification systems. Study sites were chosen in old-growth and previously selectively cut forest stands in boreal south-central Scandinavia; 113 logs were dated to the number of years since death, 120 were dated to the number of years since fall, and 61 logs were dated to both. The number of years from death to fall showed a negative exponential distribution, with a mean of 22 years and a range of 0–91 years. Decay classes of logs (8-grade scale) reflected time since fall (R2 = 0.58) better than time since death (R2 = 0.27) in a linear regression model. This result is due to the lower decomposition rate of standing snags. Therefore, the decomposition time of logs should be divided into two periods: time from death to fall, which varies considerably, and time after fall, which appears to follow a linear relationship with decay class. The model predicted that it takes 100 years after fall for downed logs to decompose completely (reaching decay class 8) in old-growth stands. Logs in selectively cut stands appeared to decompose faster (64 years), which is explained by a sample shortage of old logs resulting from previous cuttings. We conclude that the decomposition time of downed logs may be severely underestimated when data is retrospectively compiled from previously logged forest stands.
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Epiphytic lichens (and some non-lichenized fungi) on 34 coppices (204 stems) of Corylus avellana were investigated in a 140 ha study area in south-western Norway. A total of 65 species were recorded on a total bark area of 63 m2. Corylus in broad-leaved deciduous forest supported more species of macrolichens, and fewer species of icrolichens, than Corylus in pine forest. The macrolichen flora of the deciduous forest differed from that of the pine forest by having a rich flora of species belonging to the Lobarion alliance. Old Corylus coppices with tall stems (>8 m), large girth (>8 cm diameter at breast height) and a noticeable cover of macrolichens (>10% of bark area) supported the highest number of rare species, and overall, species of mcrolichens. More than 50% cover of icrolichens indicated richness and rarity of microlichens on Corylus
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Undervegetasjonens artssammensetning er undersøkt i 150 prøveflater á 1 m2 i 11 gransumpskogslokaliteter i Østmarka naturreservat, Akershus. 53 miljøvariabler er registrert i tilknytning til hver prøveflate. Det ble funnet to hovedgradienter i artssammensetning i sumpskogene. Begge kunne relateres til økologiske hovedkompleksgradienter; jordas (og grunnvannets) nærings- og surhetsstatus, og dybden til det mediane grunnvannsspeilet. En rekke arter har klare fordelingsmønstre langs disse gradientene og kan derfor nyttes som indikatorer på ulike voksestedsforhold. Variasjonen langs de to hovedkompleksgradientene blir lagt til grunn for beskrivelse av seks voksestedstyper i gransumpskog.. Det blir vist at grensa mellom sumpskog og granskog på fastmark er relativt skarp, og at artsmangfoldet i sumpskoger er høyt, både på grunn av høyt nisjemangfold og på grunn av høyt antall mindre vanlige arter. Fordi artsinventaret i sumpskogene bare i begrenset grad kan forutsies på grunnlag av økologiske forhold anbefales at man, dersom man ønsker å ta vare på det biologiske mangfoldet i skog, sikrer alle intakte sumpskoger på næringsrik grunn og et representativt utvalg av øvrige sumpskoger mot grøfting og andre irreversible inngrep.
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I de senere årene har det blitt gjennomført registreringer av såkalte nøkkelbiotoper (Haugset m.fl. 1996), som vanligvis er mindre flekker av skog som anses for å være særlig viktig for mangfoldet av arter i skog. Metoden ble opprinnelig utviklet av feltbiologer i Nord-Sverige (Karström 1992) som igjen var inspirert av britiske undersøkelser (f.eks Peterken 1974, Rose 1976). Den bygger i stor grad på registrering av såkalte indikatorarter eller signalarter (særlig av lav og vedboende sopp), som skal indikere spesielle skogtilstander og forekomst av sjeldne og truete arter (rødlistearter). Interessen for slike registreringer har vært stor i skogbruket, ikke minst fordi næringen er inne i en prosess med miljøsertifisering, der hensyn til biologisk mangfold i utøvelsen av praktisk skogbruket står sentralt. I skogbruksmiljøene har man naturlig nok også funnet det interessant at man mener å kunne bevare en stor andel av mangfoldet gjennom å bevare en liten andel av skogen som nøkkelbiotoper (ca1% i Sverige, Skogsstyrelsen 1999 ). MiS-prosjektet har lagt ned et betydelig arbeid for å undersøke de faglige forutsetningene for bevaring av biologisk mangfold i skog, og for å videreutvikle en registreringsmetodikk for norske forhold. Arbeidet med å publisere resultatene er nå igang. I denne artikkelen skal jeg ta for meg noen grunnleggende prinsipper for hvordan MiS-registreringene er bygget opp, og hvordan de er knyttet til viktige resultater fra prosjektet.
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Arthothelillm lirellans and A. orbilliferum are reported new to Scandinavia. Both species were found in Hordaland, western Norway. Their ecology and European distribution are discussed, and distribution maps presented.
Undervegetasjon og økologiske forhold i felter med forskjellig hogsthistorie - naturskog uten hogstspor, tidligere plukkhogd skog og tidligere flatehogd skog - er undersøkt på sørvendte og nordvendte eksposisjoner i granskog i Oppkuvenområdet på Ringerike i Buskerud. Hovedformålet var å finne eventuelle forskjeller i vegetasjonssammensetning og artsmangfold relatert til forskjellige typer hogstpåvirkning. Det ble funnet få direkte effekter av hogst (og dermed få forskjeller som kunne relateres til type av hogst) på artsmangfoldet i skogbunnen. Resultatene viste imidlertid at hogst påvirker undervegetasjonen i granskog gjennom et komplekst samspill med økologiske faktorer, som topografi (helning, eksposisjon og ujevnheter), klima og endringer i tresjiktsstruktur (indirekte effekter). Ønsker man å ta vare på biologisk mangfold, bør det tas økologiske hensyn ved skogbruksplanleggingen, fortrinnsvis ved at den naturlige tresjiktsstrukturen etterlignes. Resultatene tilsier at indikatorarter bør brukes med forsiktighet og bare når deres økologiske krav er godt dokumentert.
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Magne Sætersdal
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Kystgranskogen i Midt-Norge er karakterisert av en frodig og artsrik flora av epifyttiske lavarter. Blant disse lavene er det en rekke sjeldne og truede arter som i Europa enten har sitt eneste eller sitt viktigste utbredelsesområde her. Namdalsregionen utmerker seg spesielt ved at lungenever-samfunnet (Lobarion pulmonariae), som vanligvis er knyttet til lauvtrær, her også vokser rikelig på gran i eldre skogbestand. Disse lokalitetene finnes hovedsakelig i lavereliggende områder på marin leire i raviner og bekkedaler. Det er allment kjent at disse skogene har vært relativt hardt utnyttet gjennom flere hundre år, og det antas at lavartene tåler en viss grad av hogstpåvirkning. Det er imidlertid lite undersøkt hvor omfattende hogstaktiviteten har vært, og hvordan hogstene har påvirket dagens skogstruktur og tilhørende lavflora. Ved hjelp av dendrokronologi (årring-analyser) har vi i dette prosjektet datert tidligere hogstinngrep og estimert omfanget av hogstene. Vi har undersøkt sammenhengene mellom tidligere hogstinngrep, dagens skogstruktur og lavflora....
