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Publications

NIBIOs employees contribute to several hundred scientific articles and research reports every year. You can browse or search in our collection which contains references and links to these publications as well as other research and dissemination activities. The collection is continously updated with new and historical material.

2025

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Abstract

Abstract Bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus L.) fruit are one of the best natural sources of anthocyanins. Anthocyanin and flavonoid biosynthesis are transcriptionally regulated by the conserved MBW complex, including R2R3 MYB, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) and WD40 proteins. In this study, homology-search in the bilberry genome identified three putative anthocyanin biosynthesis-regulating bHLH genes, all containing a MYB binding domain, indicating their possible interaction with R2R3 MYBs. Phylogenetic analysis assigned the VmbHLHs to three different clusters within the IIIf subgroup of bHLHs. The expression of VmbHLH2 elevated at berry ripening, while VmbHLH1 and VmbHLH3 showed decreasing expression towards berry maturation. When transiently overexpressed together with MdMYB10 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, VmbHLH2 and VmbHLH3 were able to complement MdbHLH3 and upregulate a full set of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes leading to anthocyanin accumulation. In contrast, VmbHLH1 induced a reduced set of flavonoid pathway genes. Our results provide the first functional characterization of flavonoid-regulating bHLHs that contribute to the MBW complex in the economically important genus Vaccinium. We propose that the TT8-type VmbHLH2 is involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in ripening bilberry fruit, while the MYC1-type VmbHLH1 and GL3/EGL3-type VmbHLH3 are associated with anthocyanin and PA biosynthesis, mainly in tissues other than berries.

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Abstract

Abstract The cuticle and cuticular waxes play vital roles as the interface between a plant and its environment. Cuticular waxes are composed of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and their derivatives as well as triterpenoids, which are specialized metabolites. Although triterpenoids constitute a major fraction of cuticular waxes, their functions remain poorly understood. In this review, we provide an overview of the chemical diversity of triterpenoids in the cuticular waxes of leaves and fruits of angiosperms and discuss changes in triterpenoid content during their development. The methods and challenges for the analysis of cuticular wax triterpenoids are summarized. The biosynthesis of triterpenoids is also reviewed along with recent knowledge of the potential mechanisms of triterpenoid transportation and secretion from the site of biosynthesis to the plant surface. Considering ongoing climate change, the current understanding of the effects of environmental conditions and abiotic stress factors on cuticular wax triterpenoids is reviewed. We also present an overview of the current knowledge on the roles of triterpenoids in cuticular waxes in transpiration and defense against biotic stressors and their possible role in cuticle stabilization. Moreover, owing to the generally high levels of triterpenoids in fruit cuticular waxes, the provided information on the variation and role of cuticular wax triterpenoids during postharvest fruit storage might help in the development of strategies for better fruit quality maintenance and preservation.