Publications
NIBIOs employees contribute to several hundred scientific articles and research reports every year. You can browse or search in our collection which contains references and links to these publications as well as other research and dissemination activities. The collection is continously updated with new and historical material.
2020
Authors
Hans Renes Csaba Centeri Sebastian Eiter Bénédicte Gaillard Alexandra Kruse Zdenek Kucera Oskar Puschmann Michael Roth Martina SlámováAbstract
From the Middle Ages until the twentieth century, water meadows in Europe were primarily irrigated to improve their productivity and to lengthen the growing season. They were water management systems designed to collect and use water and to discharge it: water had to be kept moving. This chapter presents a general overview and a history of research on European water meadows. It also examines examples from the sandy landscapes of northwestern Europe, from Slovakia, and Norway. Three main types of water meadows are distinguished: simple dam systems, more elaborate catchworks, and highly developed bedworks. Of these, bedworks were technically and organizationally the most complex; they were also the most costly in construction and maintenance. Most water meadows were abandoned in the twentieth century; in many places, however, their traces can still be recognized in the landscape. They are both an interesting part of European agrarian and landscape heritage and a carrier of regional identity. In recent years, a number of water meadows have been restored, for ecological, water management, tourism, and heritage purposes.
Abstract
No abstract has been registered
2019
Authors
Ursula BrandesAbstract
Antall fremmede invaderende arter øker kontinuerlig. De truer miljøet, og skjøtselen av dem er utfordrende og ressurskrevende. Biologiske invasjoner er komplekse. Ved kryptiske invasjoner, er det usikkert om en art er stedegen eller fremmed i det undersøkte området. Nyere forskning har fokusert på introduksjonshistorien til fremmede arter og hvordan dette påvirker invasjonen. Introduksjonshistorien påvirker den genetiske strukturen til fremmede populasjoner, og dette kan være en viktig faktor ved biologiske invasjoner. I dette PhD-prosjektet, fokuserer jeg på den nordligste spredningen av busken C. scoparius. Ved å undersøke de nordligste populasjonene genetisk forsøker vi å skille mellom naturlig ekspansjon og menneskelige introduksjoner. Jeg beskriver hvordan introduksjonshistorien kan påvirke invasjonen av gyvel (Cytisus scoparius). Videre ble genetiske mønstre undersøkt innenfor det naturlige utbredelsområdet i Europa, og samspillet mellom stedegne populasjoner og innførte populasjoner i det naturlige utbredelsområdet ble undersøkt. Til slutt undersøkte vi effekten av C. scoparius på vegetasjonssammensetningen i et truet lynghei-økosystem i det invaderte området. Vi fant ut at C. scoparius har blitt introdusert til Norge ved flere anledninger og fra flere forskjellige områder, med høye nivåer av genetisk blanding. Det høye propagultrykket og det store genetiske mangfoldet øker trolig invasjonssuksessen. Genetiske mønstre i det naturlige utbredelsesområdet viste at de ulike populasjonene faktisk har blitt transportert rundt her. Dette kan føre til blanding av populasjoner av ulikt opphav allerede i artenes opprinnelige utbredelsesområde, og videre være kilde til videre introduksjoner i det nye området. Tidligere studier av C. scoparius i Danmark har antydet at vi både finner en stedegen og en introdusert populasjon. Vi fant ut at de ulike populasjonene hybridiserer og at den stedegne populasjonene er truet av genetisk innblanding fra den fremmede populasjonen. Dette fører til at den stedegne populasjonens fenotype med dvergformet vekst er truet av utryddelse. Vår undersøkelse av en lynghei i Norge viste at C. scoparius hadde en negativ påvirkning på vegetasjonen. Dekningen av dvergbusker ble redusert og tilgangen på nitrogen økte. Resultatene viser at C. scoparius er fremmed i Norge, den påvirker truede økosystemer, og det er tydelig behov for skjøtsel av disse områdene.
Authors
Sissel Hansen Randi Berland Frøseth Maria Stenberg Jaroslaw Stalenga Jørgen E. Olesen Maike Krauss Paweł Radzikowski Jordi Doltra Shahid Nadeem Torfinn Torp Valentina Pappa Christine A. WatsonAbstract
bstract. The emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) and leaching of nitrate (NO3) have considerable negative impacts on climate and the environment. Although these environmental burdens are on average less per unit area in organic than in non-organic production, they are not smaller per unit of product. If organic farming is to maintain its goal of being an environmentally friendly production system, these emissions should be mitigated. We discuss the impact of possible triggers within organic arable farming practice for the risk of N2O emissions and NO3 leaching under European climatic conditions, and possible strategies to reduce these. Organic arable crop rotations can be characterised as diverse with frequent use of legumes, intercropping and organic fertilizers. The soil organic matter content and share of active organic matter, microbial and faunal activity are higher, soil structure better and yields lower, than in non-organic, arable crop rotations. Soil mineral nitrogen (SMN), N2O emissions and NO3 leaching are low under growing crops, but there is high potential for SMN accumulation and losses after crop termination or crop harvest. The risk for high N2O fluxes is increased when large amounts of herbage or organic fertilizers with readily available nitrogen (N) and carbon are incorporated into the soil or left on the surface. Freezing/thawing, drying/rewetting, compacted and/or wet soil and mixing with rotary harrow further enhance the risk for high N2O fluxes. These complex soil N dynamics mask the correlation between total N-input and N2O emissions from organic arable crop rotations. Incorporation of N rich plant residues or mechanical weeding followed by bare fallow increases the risk of nitrate leaching. In contrast, strategic use of deep-rooted crops with long growing seasons in the rotation reduces nitrate leaching risk. Reduced tillage can reduce N leaching if yields are maintained. Targeted treatment and use of herbage from green manures, crop residues and catch crops will increase N efficiency and reduce N2O emissions and NO3 leaching. Continued regular use of catch crops has the potential to reduce NO3 leaching but may enhance N2O emissions. A mixture of legumes and non-legumes (for instance grasses or cereals) are as efficient a catch crop as monocultures of non-legume species.
Authors
Solrun Karlsen LieAbstract
No abstract has been registered
Authors
Vetle Schwensen LindgrenAbstract
No abstract has been registered
Authors
Jan Magnusson Stephanie Eisner Shaochun Huang Cristian Lussana Giulia Mazzotti Richard Essery Tuomo Saloranta Stein BeldringAbstract
No abstract has been registered
Authors
Günter Blöschl Marc F.P. Bierkens Antonio Chambel Christophe Cudennec Georgia Destouni Aldo Fiori James W. Kirchner Jeffrey J. McDonnell Hubert H.G. Savenije Murugesu Sivapalan Christine Stumpp Elena Toth Elena Volpi Gemma Carr Claire Lupton Josè Salinas Borbála Széles Alberto Viglione Hafzullah Aksoy Scott T. Allen Anam Amin Vazken Andréassian Berit Arheimer Santosh Aryal Victor Baker Earl Bardsley Marlies H. Barendrecht Alena Bartosova Okke Batelaan Wouter R. Berghuijs Keith Beven Theresa Blume Thom Bogaard Pablo de Amorim Borges Michael E. Böttcher Gilles Boulet Korbinian Breinl Mitja Brilly Luca Brocca Wouter Buytaert Attilio Castellarin Andrea Castelletti Xiaohong Chen Yangbo Chen Yuanfang Chen Peter Chifflard Annette Dathe Holger Lange Jacob Sebastian Haugaard Mernild Thomas Skaugen Ingelin SteinslandAbstract
© 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Abstract
A robust hydrological modeling at a fine spatial resolution is a vital tool for Norway to simulate river discharges and hydrological components for climate adaptation strategies. However, it requires improvements of modelling methods, detailed observational data as input and expensive computational resources. This work aims to set up a distributed version of the HBV model with a physically based evapotranspiration scheme at 1 km resolution for mainland Norway and to calibrate/validate the model for 124 catchments using regionalized parameterizations. The Penman-Monteith equation was implemented in the HBV model and vegetation characteristics were derived from the Norwegian forest inventory combined with multi-source remote sensing data at 16 m spatial resolution. The estimated potential evapotranspiration (Ep) was compared with pan measurements and estimates from the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MOD16) products, the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) and Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrological model. There are 5 climatic zones in Norway classified based on 4 temperature and precipitation indices. For each zone, the model was calibrated separately by optimizing a multi-objective function including the Nash-Sutcliff efficiency (NSE) and biases of selected catchments. In total, there are 85 catchments for calibration and 39 for validation. The Ep estimates showed good agreement with the measurements, GLEAM and VIC outputs. However, the MOD16 product significantly overestimates Ep compared to the other products. The discharge was well reproduced with the median daily NSE of 0.68/0.67, bias of −3%/−1%, Kling-Gupta efficiency (KGE) of 0.70/0.69 and monthly NSE of 0.80/0.78 in the calibration/validation periods. Our results showed a significant improvement compared to the previous HBV application for all catchments, with an increase of 0.08–0.16 in the median values of the daily NSE, KGE and monthly NSE. Both the temporal and spatial transferability of model parameterizations were also enhanced compared to the previous application.
Authors
El Houssein Chouaib HarikAbstract
No abstract has been registered